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((Short description|Family of maize varieties))
((refimprove|date=July 2015))

'''Quality Protein Maize''' (QPM) is a family of [[maize]] [[Variety (botany)|varieties]]. QPM grain contains nearly twice as much [[lysine]] and [[tryptophan]], amino acids that are essential for humans and [[monogastric]] animals but are [[limiting amino acid]]s in grains. QPM is a product of conventional plant breeding (i.e., it is not genetically modified) and an example of [[biofortification]].

QPM was developed by [[Surinder Vasal]] and [[Evangelina Villegas]] at the [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center|International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)]] in the late 1990s. For their achievement, they won the 2000 [[World Food Prize]].<ref>((cite book|title=Food Systems for Improved Human Nutrition: linking agriculture, nutrition, and productivity |author1=Palit K. Kataki |author2=Suresh Chandra Babu |year=2003|publisher=Haworth Press|isbn=1-56022-103-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OylK4k0SEXgC&dq=%22Quality+Protein+Maize%22&pg=PA193| page=193))</ref>

==Need for quality protein maize==
((See further|Protein quality))
In [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]], several hundred million people rely on maize as their principal daily food, for weaning babies, and for feeding livestock. Unfortunately maize (corn) has two significant flaws; it lacks the full range of [[amino acids]], namely [[lysine]] and [[tryptophan]], needed to produce [[protein]]s, and has its [[Niacin (substance)|niacin]] (vitamin B<sub>3</sub>) bound in an indigestible complex. The Mayans and Aztecs used to boil maize in alkaline limewater, [[nixtamalization]], which broke down the complex so that the Niacin became available. However, in the main this practice did not transfer to the Old World or settlers in the "New World" which resulted in epidemics of Pellagra from the 16th century onwards. In addition diets high in corn produce a condition known as wet-malnutrition((snd)) a person is receiving sufficient [[calories]], but her or his body malfunctions due to a lack of [[protein (nutrient)|protein]]. A chronic lack of protein in the diet leads to [[kwashiorkor]].

Thus, conventional maize is a poor-quality food staple; unless consumed as part of a varied diet((snd)) which is beyond the means of most people in the developing world.

QPM produces 70–100% more of lysine and tryptophan than the most modern varieties of tropical maize. These two amino acids allow the body to manufacture complete proteins, thereby eliminating wet-malnutrition. In addition tryptophan can be converted in the body to Niacin, which theoretically reduces the incidence of [[Pellagra]].

==Development==
Modified maize with higher protein content dated back to the 1920s, and the "opaque-2" variety had been developed in 1963.  While its lysine and tryptophan levels were better than those of conventional maize, opaque-2 had lower yields and a soft, chalky kernel, which made it more susceptible to ear rot and insect damage. Moreover, the taste and kernel appearance dissatisfied consumers, who ultimately rejected the enhanced-protein varieties in the market.<ref>((cite book|title=Enhancing the Contribution of Maize to Food Security in Ethiopia  |author1=Mandefro Nigussie |author2=D. Tanner |author3=S. Twumasi-Afriyie |year=2001|publisher=Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center |url=http://repository.cimmyt.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10883/772/75695.pdf?sequence=1 | page=46))</ref>

=== Vasal–Villegas team ===
[[Surinder Vasal]] and [[Evangelina Villegas]] began their collaborative research in Mexico in the early 1970s while they were working at CIMMYT. Dr. Villegas was in charge of the lab investigating protein quality and Dr. Vasal was a plant breeder newly assigned to work on developing QPM varieties that would gain widespread acceptance.

Integrating cereal chemistry and plant breeding techniques, Drs. Vasal and Villegas collaborated to combine the existing opaque-2 maize with genetic modifiers. Through the 1970s, they produced and analyzed germplasms at an astonishing rate, sometimes processing up to 25,000 samples a year. By the mid-1980s, they had produced a QPM germplasm with hard kernel characteristics and good taste similar to the traditional grain and with much higher quality levels of lysine and tryptophan.

However, their discovery remained unexploited for years because many nutritionists felt that protein could be added to the diets of the most poor in other ways. In the early 1990s, CIMMYT gained the international support and funding to begin promoting QPM in [[Ghana]] and several other African countries. Since then, QPM has also yielded very positive results in [[China]], [[Mexico]], and parts of [[Central America]].

=== Genetics ===
The ''opaque-2'' mutation reduces the [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]] of lysine-lacking [[zein]]-related seed storage proteins and, as a result, increased the abundance of other proteins that are rich in lysine.<ref name="Shewry_2007">((Cite journal|last=Shewry|first=Peter R. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Improving the protein content and composition of cereal grain |journal=Journal of Cereal Science | date = November 2007 |volume=46|issue=3|pages=239–250|doi=10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.006))</ref> The lack of zein causes a soft texture, necessitating further development for "hard endosperm o.2" that lead to QPM.<ref>((Cite journal | vauthors = Prasanna B, Vasal SK, Kassahun B, Singh NN |date=2001|title=Quality protein maize| jstor = 24105845 |journal=Current Science|volume=81|issue=10|pages=1308–1319))</ref>

==Impact==
Babies and adults consuming QPM are healthier and at lower risk for [[malnutrition]] disorders such as [[marasmus]] and kwashiorkor, and data from Latin America and Africa show the grain’s role in reversing the effects of malnutrition in those already affected.((citation needed|date=July 2015)) QPM offers 90% the nutritional value of skim milk, the standard for adequate nutrition value. At a time when [[UNICEF]] reports that 1,000,000 infants and small children are starving each month, the inclusion of QPM in daily rations improves health and saves lives. Additionally, pigs fed QPM experience rapid weight gain and are ready for market sooner or can provide an additional quality protein source for small farm families.((citation needed|date=July 2015))

QPM hybrids have been developed and tested for varying climatic and growing conditions; QPM varieties are grown on roughly 9 million acres (36,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) worldwide. Meanwhile, QPM research and development have spread from Mexico to throughout Latin America and to Africa, Europe, and Asia. In Guizhou, the poorest province in China, QPM hybrid yields are 10% higher than those of other hybrids, and the crop has enabled new pig production enterprises, bringing increased [[food security]] and disposable income. In total, the QPM germplasm has grown to contribute over US$1 billion annually to the economies of developing countries.((citation needed|date=July 2015))
In India Centre of Excellence on Processing & Value Addition of Maize has been established at Udaipur city of Rajasthan under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna to ensure better utilization of quality Protein maize in commercial food products and Industry. This centre has developed several bakery products like Biscuit, cake muffins, extruded products puffcorns and pasta using QPM flour.

==References==
((reflist|2))

((Corn))

[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Maize varieties]]

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