| Scott McCloud | |
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 McCloud in 2007 | |
| Born | Scott McLeod June 10, 1960 Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
| Nationality | American |
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Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod; June 10, 1960) is an American cartoonist and comics theorist. He is best known for his non-fiction books about comics: Understanding Comics (1993), Reinventing Comics (2000), and Making Comics (2006), all of which also use the medium of comics.
He established himself as a comics creator in the 1980s as an independent superhero cartoonist and advocate for creator's rights. He rose to prominence in the industry beginning in the 1990s for his non-fiction works about the medium, and has advocated the use of new technology in the creation and distribution of comics.
McCloud was born in 1960[1] in Boston,[2] Massachusetts, the youngest child of Willard Wise (a blind inventor and engineer)[3] and Patricia Beatrice McLeod,[4] and spent most of his childhood in Lexington, Massachusetts.[5] He decided he wanted to be a comics artist in 1975, during his junior year in high school.[5]
He attended Syracuse University's Illustration program and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1982.[1][5][6][7]
During his high school years, he collaborated on comics with his schoolmate Kurt Busiek, who went on to a career as a successful comics writer. While still teenagers, the two of them, together with fellow teenagers Christopher Bing (a 2001 Caldecott Medal winner) and Richard Howell, created the first licensed Marvel/DC crossover comic Pow! Biff! Pops!, a one-shot sold in conjunction with a 1978 Boston Pops performance of comics-themed music.[8]
While working as a production artist at DC Comics, McCloud created the light-hearted science fiction/superhero comic book series Zot! in 1984, in part as a reaction to the increasingly grim direction that superhero comics were taking in the 1980s.
His other print comics include the 1986 black and white comic Destroy!! (a deliberately over-the-top, oversized single-issue comic book, intended as a parody of formulaic superhero fights), the 1998 graphic novel The New Adventures of Abraham Lincoln (done with a mixture of computer-generated and manually drawn digital images), 12 issues writing DC Comics' Superman Adventures in the late 1990s, the 2005 three-issue series Superman: Strength, and the 2015 graphic novel The Sculptor.[9]
McCloud was the principal author of the Creator's Bill of Rights, a 1988 document with the stated aim of protecting the rights of comic book creators and helping aid against the exploitation of comic artists and writers by corporate work-for-hire practices.[10] The group that adopted the Bill also included artists Kevin Eastman, Dave Sim, and Stephen R. Bissette.[11] The Bill included twelve rights such as "The right to full ownership of what we fully create," and "The right to prompt payment of a fair and equitable share of profits derived from all of our creative work."[12]
In 1990, McCloud coined the idea of a 24-hour comic: a complete 24-page comic created by a single cartoonist in 24 consecutive hours. It was a mutual challenge with cartoonist Steve Bissette, intended to compel creative output with a minimum of self-restraining contemplation.[13] Thousands of cartoonists have since taken up the challenge, including Neil Gaiman; Kevin Eastman, co-creator of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles; Dave Sim, who published some of his work from this challenge in Cerebus the Aardvark;[14] and Rick Veitch, who used it as a springboard for his comic Rarebit Fiends.[15]
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In the early 1990s, McCloud began a series of three books about the medium and business of comics, all done in comics form. The first of these was Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art, published in 1993, which established him as a popular comics theorist, described as the "Aristotle of comics"[16] and the "Marshall McLuhan of comics".[2] The book was a wide-ranging exploration of the definition, history, vocabulary, and methods of the medium of comics,[17] and is widely cited in academic discussions of the medium.[18][19]
In 2000, McCloud published Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form, in which he outlined twelve "revolutions" taking place, that he argued would be keys to the growth and success of comics as a popular and creative medium.
McCloud returned to focus on the medium itself in 2006 with Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels, an instructional guide to the process of producing comics, which he followed with a promotional lecture tour with his family of all 50 U.S. states and parts of Europe.[20]
In November 2022, McCloud was working on a third draft of layouts for an upcoming book on visual communication. McCloud has described the book as "a preposterously ambitious full color project covering the evolution and biology of vision; principles of visual perception; demonstrations of how visual elements behave in the mind’s eye; best practices for clarity, explanation, and effective rhetoric; and some personal reflections on [my] family’s experiences with blindness."[21]
Beginning in the late 1990s, McCloud was an early advocate of micropayments.[22] He was an adviser to BitPass, a company that provided an online micropayment system, which he helped launch with the publication of The Right Number, an online graphic novella priced at US$0.25 for each chapter.
Among the techniques he explores is the "infinite canvas" permitted by a web browser, allowing panels to be spatially arranged in ways not possible in the finite, two-dimensional, paged format of a physical book.[17]
Google commissioned him in 2008 to create a comic serving as the press release introducing their web browser Chrome.[23]
McCloud lives in California.[24] In 1988 he married Ivy Ratafia,[25] and they had two daughters together.[26] Ivy died in a car accident in April 2022.[27]
