I have never [found] in any man's book or... talk anything... to stand up... against my deep-seated sense of fatality governing this man-inhabited world.... The only remedy for Chinamen and for the rest of us is [a] change of hearts, but looking at the history of the last 2000 years there is not much reason to expect [it], even if man has taken to flying – a great "uplift" no doubt but no great change....
Einstein described himself as a determinist.
Einstein has been quoted as saying that he loved humanity in the aggregate but not individual humans. It would be well to track down the exact quotation.
[23] Australia BC
Nicolaus Copernicus (German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; Italian: Nicolò Copernico; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.
Copernicus was born, lived and died in the Royal Prussia region of the Kingdom of Poland. He studied at Jagiellonian University in Poland's capital, Kraków, and subsequently at the Universities of Bologna, Padua and Ferrara, in Italy. During the Polish-Teutonic War of 1519-21, Copernicus defended Olsztyn (Allenstein) and Warmia (Ermland) at the head of Polish troops against the invading Teutonic Knights.
The publication of Copernicus' book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543, is considered a major event in the history of science. It began the Copernican Revolution and contributed importantly to the rise of the ensuing Scientific Revolution.
One of the great polymaths of the Renaissance, Copernicus was also a jurist with a doctorate in law, a physician, quadrilingual polyglot, classics scholar, translator, artist, governor, diplomat and economist who formulated Gresham's Law in the year (1519) of Thomas Gresham's birth.[1]
Notes:
Nicolaus Copernicus (German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center of the universe.[1]
Copernicus lived in Royal Prussia, which had become a region of the Kingdom of Poland in 1466, seven years before Copernicus' birth. He studied at Kraków and subsequently at Bologna, Padua and Ferrara.
The publication of Copernicus' book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543, is a watershed event in the history of science. It began the Copernican Revolution and was seminal to the ensuing Scientific Revolution.
One of the great polymaths of the Renaissance, Copernicus was also a jurist with a doctorate in law, a physician, quadrilingual polyglot (he knew German, Polish, Greek and Latin, and probably also Italian), classics scholar, translator, artist, governor, diplomat, and economist who in 1517 set down a quantity theory of money,[2] a principal concept in economics to the present day, and formulated "Gresham's Law" in the year, 1519, of Thomas Gresham's birth.[3]
Notes:
google1
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Copernicus' four years at Kraków played an important role in the development of his critical faculties and initiated his analysis of the logical contradictions in the two most popular systems of astronomy—Aristotle's theory of homocentric spheres, and Ptolemy's mechanism of eccentrics and epicycles—the surmounting and discarding of which constituted the first step toward the creation of Copernicus' own doctrine of the structure of the universe. [Jerzy Dobrzycki and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj", Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. XIV, p. 5.]
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.... [T]he publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human body) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution.
Nihil novi (talk) 00:25, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
[Walkee's specific concerns:]
"Encyclopædia Britannica,[114] Encyclopedia Americana,[115] The Columbia Encyclopedia,[116] The Oxford World Encyclopedia[117] and World Book Encyclopedia[118] identify Copernicus as a Polish astronomer."
Notes:
Władysław Elbow-high • Copernicus • Kochanowski • Krasicki • Kościuszko
Staszic • Chopin • Łukasiewicz • Wieniawski • Prus
Malczewski • Conrad • Zamenhof • Skłodowska-Curie • Piłsudski
Malinowski • Tatarkiewicz • Banach • Rejewski • Rotblat
Sendler • Koprowski • Lem • Wajda • Wolszczan
[...]
– This SPI case is closed and will be archived shortly by an SPI clerk or checkuser.
[...]
The editors show interest in many of the same articles, [26], making the same (flawed) points and are creating a WP:WALLEDGARDEN, Nihil novi restoring crawiki's edits (and vice versa) ([27], [28], [29], "see also"'s pointing to crawiki's Ideocracy), seamlessly support each others points (eventhough flatly contradicting MOS:SEEALSO, [30]) and frequently comment on each others talkpages ([31], [32] . Walled garden articles include Ideocracy, Political midlife crisis, Political stagnation, Political fiction, State collapse and others. RWood128 is also a frequent contributor to the articles in the walled garden ([33], [34]). Kleuske (talk) 11:42, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
Accused parties may also comment/discuss in this section below. See Defending yourself against claims.
User: Nihil novi and User: Rwood128 have been very helpful in pointing out my various errors and I am grateful. That is not evidence of a conspiracy. For my part I have never written on their talk pages as alleged. All communication is on the article's talk pages. It is alleged that we have backed up each other's 'flawed points'. Is there any specific evidence for this sweeping allegation? Please refer to talk pages on State collapse and The Meaning of Hitler (book) to see that, far from colluding, Rwood128 and I have often vehemently disagreed. Also please see talk pages for Genocide and Ethnic cleansing where I appealed for more editors to contribute to State collapse. Again, not what you'd expect to see if there were a garden walling conspiracy. Crawiki (talk) 16:57, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
It appears that State collapse has been shorn of entire sections notably 'history of the concept', 'examples', and others. This done without any consultation or discussion.
I'm struggling to see how this improves the article, especially since similar articles such as Societal collapse and Economic collapse have similar structures. Does User: Kleuske intend to make similar cuts there on the basis of OR and SYNTH? Seems to be a lack of consistency if not. Go figure, as they say in the US Crawiki (talk) 07:55, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
User: Rwood128 while it's true that your copy editing skills exceed mine, it has also been exasperating for me to put you right in matters of political definition. See numerous examples in the state collapse talk page. As far as SYNTH and OR, there was a lengthy and inconclusive discussion with User:PBS on 10th November. Again, a sweeping accusation and when as an inexperienced editor I asked for specifics, I got no reply. Crawiki (talk) 12:39, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
Notifying editors of sock allegations is not required. However, in this instance, I am pinging Nihil novi, Crawiki, and Rwood128 so they can respond to the allegations if they wish.--Bbb23 (talk) 15:44, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
http://www.antyk.org.pl/ojczyzna/jedwabne/strzembosz.htm
One of the more important elements of the postwar history the Jedwabne pogrom, namely, the circumstances surrounding the Stalinist court-case against the 22 individuals accused of participation in the massacre, is not mentioned in this article. Seeing the bigger picture: – Between 1945 and 1949 the communist security police, both Soviet and Polish, conducted bloody roundups of the anti-communist resistance movements in the area. – Article by Krzysztof Sychowicz @ HistoriaLomzy.pl (Henryk Sierzputowski, ed.). As of July 17, 1945 some 727 members of Armia Krajowa and 69 members of Narodowe Siły Zbrojne were jailed in Łomża. The roundups continued for three years ... and only intensified after the fake amnesty announced on 22 February 1947. Many cursed soldiers were sentenced to death in Łomża, others simply bludgeoned to death. The false charges of killing Jews were common, and so were the extortions by the Stalinist functionaries, coupled with wayward claims of ownership of Jewish real-estate (including in Jedwabne). Prisoners had their teeth knocked out; they were being hanged upside-down from the ceiling with water pumped into their nostrils; some were subjected to staged executions with blank ammunition, and most of them beaten with truncheons for hours. (Sychowicz)
Such were the extant circumstances surrounding the arrest of the first 15 men from Jedwabne in January 1949 by PUBP in Łomża. During prolonged beatings, the confessions of their involvement in the Jedwabne massacre were extracted from them in prison. – The May 1949 court-case of Bolesław Ramotowski and 21 men accused of killing Jews lasted for just two days. No one confessed to actually killing Jews. Their confessions included long phrases based on a form letter. – Prof. Tomasz Strzembosz (Rzeczpospolita, Nr 77/01) and Piotr Gontarczyk (IPN), copy of 1949 final judgement (by Wlodzimierz Kaluza), as follows:
1). Bolesław Ramotowski confessed to helping collect Polish Jews from their homes and said, that he does not know who burned them. He also named 41 men who allegedly helped him along the way. – Here's where the number of forty Polish perpetrators comes from. (Strzembosz) He was sentenced to 12 years in prison.
2). Stanisław Zejer confessed to bringing two Polish Jews to the square. He went home after that, and saw nothing else. Sentenced to 10 years in prison.
3). Czesław Lipiński, confessed to bringing one Jew and two Jewish girls to the square. He run away from there after just 15 minutes, and saw nothing else. Sentenced to 10 years in prison.
4). Władysław Dąbrowski confessed to being forced to guard the Jews at the square, he was hit in the face by a German and lost a tooth; escaped from there after two hours and saw nothing else. Sentenced to 8 years in prison.
5). Feliks Tarnacki, confessed to being forced to guard the Jews at the square. He escaped after 15 minutes, grabbed a bicycle and rode to Kaima village to hide; he returned to Jedwabne under the cover of night. Sentenced to 8 years in prison.
6). Roman Górski, confessed to guarding Jews at the square for 3 hours, and said that Sobuta and Wasilewski were humiliating them there. In court, retracted his confession entirely as extracted from him through torture. Sentenced to 8 years in prison.
7). Antoni Niebrzydowski (age 48), confessed to guarding Jews at the square, and opening storage room with kerosene, as ordered. Went home after that. Sentenced to 8 years in prison.
8). Władysław Miciura (age 47), confessed while in prison to guarding Jews at the square, and on their march to the barn. In court, retracted his confession entirely as extracted from him through prolonged beatings. Sentenced to 12 years in prison.
9). Józef Chrzanowski, during pretrial beatings confessed to guarding the Jews on their march from the market square and guarding their entry into the barn. While in court, retracted his confession entirely. Pronounced innocent for lack of further incrimination.
10). Józef Żyluk, confessed to picking up a Jewish man, Mr Zdrojowicz, from the flour mill. He let him escape on Łomżyńska Street. Sentenced to 8 years in prison. In a letter to the court of appeals he wrote that he saved 8 Jews after that and Mr Zdrojowicz is his witness. Pronounced innocent on appeal and released.
11). Jerzy Laudański, former prisoner of KL Auschwitz #63805. Sentenced to 15 years in prison.
12). Zygmunt Laudański, brother of Jerzy. Sentenced to 12 years in prison.
The indictment listed 22 individuals of whom 12 were pronounced guilty including: Karol Bardoń (death sentence, commuted to 15 years in prison), Jerzy Laudański, Zygmunt Laudański (brother of Jerzy), Władysław Miciura, Bolesław Ramotowski, Stanisław Zejer, Czesław Lipiński, Władysław Dąbrowski, Roman Górski, and Antoni Niebrzydowski.
Pronounced innocent and sent free (10) in May 1949 without recompence: Józef Chrzanowski, Marian Żyluk, Czesław Laudański (see above: father of Jerzy, Zygmunt, and Kazimierz Laudański), Wincenty Gościcki, Roman Zawadzki, Jan Zawadzki, Aleksander Łojewski, Franciszek Łojewski, Eugeniusz Śliwecki and Stanisław Sielawa. – Józef Żyluk and Feliks Tarnacki were pronounced innocent the following year. (Strzembosz)
Kazimierz Laudański (son of Czesław Laudański), took Jan T. Gross to court for defamation of his family, after the publication of Neighbors. In the December 2008 court-case, Jan T. Gross admitted to have made an honest mistake – by attributing the confessions of his sons to their father – and subsequently, removed it from the second edition of his book. Judge Katarzyna Polańska-Farion of the Warsaw Court of Appeals declared in her final statement that under the freedom of scientific research Gross had a right to make controversial claims, and possible mistakes weren't intended by him. – Law Society Gazette @ gazetaprawna.plPoeticbent talk 17:17, 14 March 2018 (UTC)
A very important point. Ad nationem arguments should be avoided. Thank you, Dahn. Nihil novi (talk) 22:34, 25 March 2018 (UTC) [Talk:Jan Grabowski (historian)]
https://www.holocaustresearch.pl/index.php?mod=news&show=169
Dariusz Stola reviewed Judenjagd (the 2011 Polish-language edition) in the 12 March 2011 Polityka. Stola wrote: "The book Judenjagd shows how much we do not know about the Polish village—about its complex structure under occupation and about that structure's connection with hunts for Jews.... A key role was played by the institution of hostages—village residents... who would be punished for the unsatisfactory carrying-out of German orders [by the community]. Sometimes the hostages themselves were charged with visiting homes and calling their neighbors to participate in the round-up. In this way, [the community's] solidarity with the hostage... was placed, by the [German] occupier, in the scales against the Jewish fugitive's life. This diabolical mechanism in a certain measure explains the hostility, registered in many rural communities, to persons who harbored Jews: they could bring disaster not only on themselves but on others." After a somewhat turgid statistical discussion, Stola registers "two reservations. First, the author assumed, after an earlier work by Szymon Datner, that the number of fugitives seeking shelter came to about 10% of the number of Jews on the eve of the deportations. It is hard to say whether that was acutally the case. That 10% is not, strictly speaking, an estimate but rather a "guesstimate," as the English say, even if it comes from a person well acquainted with the subject. Secondly, a pall of ignorance to a considerably greater degree enshrouds the histories of the ghetto escapees who were not murdered but died [of malnourishment, exhaustion, exposure, or disease]. We will not find information about their deaths in postwar court records. Judenjagd speaks not only about the killing but also about the sheltering of Jews (sometimes by the same persons), about various kinds of aid tendered [to Jews], about the Righteous—the disinterested rescuers who risked their own lives to save people who were hunted like animals...."[1]
In a 2015 interview given by historian Jan Grabowski, author of the 2013 book Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, his interlocutor asked: "You write that [Polish] villagers hunted for the Jews. How did the Germans get them to do that?" Grabowski replied:
The German policy was based on terror. Poles faced the death penalty for any help they gave to Jews. Also, the Germans created a so-called “hostage” system among the Poles. In every community they designated people who would be rotated every couple of weeks. They were responsible for informing the Polish police, or the Germans, about Jews hiding in their towns. If a Jew was discovered that had not been reported, the so-called hostages would be harshly punished. So everyone was highly motivated to get rid of the Jews.[1]
Another historian, Dariusz Stola, made a similar point in reviewing an earlier, 2011 Polish-language edition of Grabowski's book, Judenjagd (Hunt for the Jews):
The book Judenjagd shows how much we do not know about the Polish village—about its complex structure under occupation and about that structure's connection with hunts for Jews.... A key role was played by the institution of hostages—village residents... who would be punished for the unsatisfactory carrying-out of German orders [by the community]. Sometimes the hostages themselves were charged with visiting homes and calling their neighbors to participate in the round-up. In this way, [the community's] solidarity with the hostage... was placed, by the [German] occupier, in the scales against the Jewish fugitive's life. This diabolical mechanism in a certain measure explains the hostility, registered in many rural communities, to persons who harbored Jews: they could bring disaster not only on themselves but on others.[2]
A BBC radio program about D'Arcy Thompson on 4-7- or 4-8-2018 quoted him saying that advances in science tend to occur at the interface of 2 distinct sciences. It would be well to track down the exact quotation.
Leszek Pietrzak (born 1967) is a Polish historian, archivist, and journalist.
Leszek Pietrzak received his doctorate in history from Lublin Catholic University.[1]
He worked at the Lublin branch of the Institute of National Remembrance[2] In 1991–2000 he was an analyst at the Urząd Ochrony Państwa (the state security office); in 2006–2008, a member of the Military Intelligence Services clearance board (komisja weryfikacyna); in 2008–2010 he worked at the National Security Bureau (Poland).[3]
He has worked with Zeszyty Historyczne WiN-u (Freedom and Independence History)[4] and with Radio Maryja[5]
Since July 2017 he has been editor-in-chief of the monthly, Służby Specjalne (Special Services).[6]