The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in the Middle East, including its client states.
State organisation of
the Ottoman Empire
Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire (1882–1922)
Classic period
Constitutional period

The Ottoman Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history. Its tributary states would regularly send tribute to the Ottoman Empire, which was understood by both states as also being a token of submission. In exchange for certain privileges, its vassal states were obligated to render support to the Ottoman Empire when called upon to do so. Some of its vassal states were also tributary states. These client states, many of which could be described by modern terms such as satellite states or puppet states, were usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Sublime Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.

Functions

Ottomans first demanded only a small yearly tribute from vassal princes, as a token of their submission. They later demanded that a vassal prince's son should be held as hostage, that the prince should come to the Palace once a year and swear allegiance, and that he should send auxiliary troops on the sultan's campaigns. Vassal princes were required to treat the sultan's friends and enemies as their own. If the vassal failed in these duties, his lands would be declared as darülharb (lit. territory of war) open to the raids of the Ghazis.[1]

Forms

There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were (at least nominally) vassals of the khans of Crimea, or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis, who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves.

List

Map showing some vassal states of the Ottoman Empire in 1683
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2010)

See also

References

  1. ^ Halil İnalcık (1973). The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. p. 12.
  2. ^ Romanian historian Florin Constantiniu points out that, on crossing into Wallachia, foreign travelers used to notice hearing church bells in every village, which were forbidden by Islamic law in the Ottoman empire. Constantiniu, Florin (2006). O istorie sinceră a poporului român [A sincere history of the Romanian people] (IV ed.). Univers Enciclopedic Gold. pp. 115–118.
  3. ^ "The Tatar Khanate of Crimea". All Empires. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  4. ^ The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Giancarlo Casale. Oxford University Press
  5. ^ Aregay, Merid W. “A REAPPRAISAL OF THE IMPACT OF FIREARMS IN THE HISTORY OF WARFARE IN ETHIOPIA (C. 1500-1800).” Journal of Ethiopian Studies 14 (1980): 98–121.
  6. ^ a b Miller, William. The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: 1908.
  7. ^ Rinn, Louis (1891). Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie. Algiers: Librairie Adolphe Jourdan. pp. 11.
  8. ^ Georgian Soviet encyclopedia, volume 6, page 658, Tbilisi, 1983
  9. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa by J. D. Fage p.406
  10. ^ Gábor Kármán; Lovro Kunčević (2013). The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. BRILL. p. 429. ISBN 978-90-04-25440-4.
  11. ^ Palabiyik, Hamit, Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age, (Ankara, 2008), 84.
  12. ^ Ismail Hakki Goksoy. Ottoman-Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  13. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa by J. D. Fage p.408-
  14. ^ Peter H. Wilson (2009). The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy. Harvard University Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-674-03634-5.
  15. ^ Riedlmayer, András, and Victor Ostapchuk. "Bohdan Xmel'nyc'kyj and the Porte: A Document from the Ottoman Archives." Harvard Ukrainian Studies 8.3/4 (1984): 453–73. JSTOR. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. Web.
  16. ^ Kármán, Gábor, and Lovro Kunčević, eds. The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Print. p.137
  17. ^ Kármán, Gábor, and Lovro Kunčević, eds. The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Print. p.142
  18. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert. History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. 2nd ed. Toronto: U of Toronto, 2010. Print. p.369
  19. ^ "Princes of Transylvania". Tacitus.nu. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  20. ^ At the beginning of the XVIII century the reinforcing policy of the Safavid in the area of European countries. R Shiraliyev - Гілея: науковий вісник, 2015.
  21. ^ Peacock, A.C.S. "An Embassy from the Sultan of Darfur to the Sublime Porte in 1791", Islamic Africa 12, 1 (2022): 55-91
  22. ^ Page 45 British Relations with Ibn Saud of Najd, 1914-1919 Daniel Nolan Silverfarb University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972
  23. ^ Britain and the Persian Gulf: 1795-1880. John Barrett Kelly. Clarendon Press.
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