Voiceless palatal affricate | |
---|---|
cç | |
IPA Number | 107 (138) |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | c͡ç |
Unicode (hex) | U+0063 U+0361 U+00E7 |
X-SAMPA | c_C |
The voiceless palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨c͡ç⟩ and ⟨c͜ç⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c_C
. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨cç⟩ in the IPA and cC
in X-SAMPA.
This sound is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
The voiceless palatal affricate occurs in such languages as Hungarian and Skolt Sami, among others. The consonant is quite rare; it is mostly absent from Europe (with the Uralic languages and Albanian being exceptions). It usually occurs with its voiced counterpart, the voiced palatal affricate.
There is also the voiceless post-palatal affricate[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal affricate, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar affricate. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨c̠͡ç̠⟩, ⟨c͡ç˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨c͡ç⟩) or ⟨k̟͡x̟⟩ (advanced ⟨k͡x⟩) - this article uses only the first symbol. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_-_C_-
and k_+_x_+
, respectively.
Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal affricate may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar affricate (⟨k͡xʲ⟩ or ⟨k͜xʲ⟩ in the IPA, k_x'
or k_x_j
in X-SAMPA).
Features of the voiceless palatal affricate:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | Standard[2] | qaj | [c͡çaj] | 'I cry' | May merge with [t͡ʃ] in some dialects. Retained as [c] in some Tosk Albanian varieties, or alternatively [c͡ç]. See Albanian language |
Asturian | Western dialects[3] | muyyer | [muˈc͡çeɾ] | 'woman' | Alternate evolution of -lj-, -c'l-, pl-, cl- and fl- in the Brañas Vaqueiras area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as [c] or [ɟ͡ʝ] |
Kaingang[4] | [c͡çɔi̯ɟ] | 'cranefly' | Possible word-initial realization of /ç/.[5] | ||
Dutch[6] | bakje | [ˈbɑc̠͡ç̠jə] | 'tray' (dim.) | Post-palatal; allophone of /k/ before /j/.[6] See Dutch phonology | |
Korean | 켜다 / kyeoda | [c͡çɘː.dɐ] | 'turn on' | Allophone of /kʰ/ before /i/ and /j/. See Korean phonology | |
Makassarese | pacce | [ˈpʰac.c͡çe] | 'empathic pain' | Allophone of /c/. | |
Navajo | ashkii | [aʃc͡çiː] | 'boy' | Allophone of /kʰ/ before the front vowels /i, e/. See Navajo phonology | |
Norwegian | Central and Western dialects[7] | ikkje | [ic͡çə] | 'not' | See Norwegian phonology |
Skolt Sami | sääˊmǩiõll | [ɕa̟ːmʰc͡çjɘhlː] | 'Skolt Sami' | ||
Tamil | Tirunelveli Tamil | கசப்பு / kacappu | [kɐc͡çɐpːɯ] | 'bitterness' | Realization of medial ச in Tirunelveli/Teṉpāṇṭi dialect. Contrasts with /s/ in most other dialects. |