Barranquenho
Barranquenhu
Native to	Portugal
Region	Barrancos
Native speakers	(undated figure of 1,500)[1]
Language family	Mixed Portuguese-Spanish Barranquenho
Early forms	Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Galician-Portuguese and Old Spanish Portuguese and Early Modern Spanish Portuguese and Modern Spanish
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Linguist List	1oy
Glottolog	None
Location of Barrancos in the Beja District

Barranquenho (Barranquenhu^[2]) is a Romance linguistic variety spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos, near the Spanish border. It is a mixed language, and can be considered either a variety of Portuguese (Alentejan Portuguese) heavily influenced by the Spanish dialects of neighbouring areas in Spain in Extremadura and Andalusia (especially those from Encinasola and Rosal de la Frontera),^[3] or a Spanish dialect (Extremaduran / Andalusian) heavily influenced by Portuguese.

Barranquenho speakers maintain that they speak neither Spanish nor Portuguese but a third language altogether different. Ethnologue lists Barranquenho (as Barranquian) as a dialect of Extremaduran, perhaps because Barrancos was populated by settlers from Badajoz, a city in Extremadura, though not in an Extremaduran language speaking area.^[4]

The development of Barranquenho seems to be relatively recent, the variety developing no earlier than 1527 and likely by the early 1800s, unlike other minority linguistic varieties in the Iberian Peninsula, which have medieval roots.^[5]

Characteristics

Like Portuguese, Barranquenho has seven oral vowels and contrasts /s/ and /z/.^[6]

The Portuguese base of this dialect is extremely hidden behind the Spanish dialects that mold it. The most characteristic aspect of this dialect is the aspiration of the ⟨s⟩ and ⟨z⟩ in the end of words, as in all the Extremaduran, Andalusian, and other southern peninsular dialects: cruh (Portuguese/Spanish: cruz; English: cross), buhcá (Portuguese/Spanish: buscar; English: search). Sometimes these letters can be completely muted: uma bê (Portuguese: uma vez; English: once).^[7] The Portuguese ⟨j⟩, ⟨ge⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, usually pronounced as [ʒ], are pronounced as [x].

The ⟨l⟩ and ⟨r⟩ in the end of the words are not pronounced: Manué (Manuel), olivá (Spanish: olivar).^[7] But they appear again in the plural form: olivareh (olivares). If the ⟨l⟩ is at the end of a syllable it turns into ⟨r⟩: argo (Portuguese/Spanish: algo). This is due to the influence of Andalusian and Extremaduran Spanish. Like in Spanish, and also some monolingual dialects of Portuguese, there is no differentiation between ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩,^[6] both are pronounced as either [b] or [β]. Just as in Extremaduran and some southern dialects of Portuguese, the -e suffix at the end of a word (for example pobre) is pronounced IPA: [i], as opposed to [ɨ] in standard European Portuguese or [e] in Spanish.^[7]

The Portuguese form of the first person of the plural, nós, is replaced by nusotrus - a variation of the Spanish nosotros. The placing of the pronouns is closer to the Spanish norm than to the Portuguese: se lavô (Portuguese: lavou-se; Spanish: se lavó; English: was washed).

It also contains many verbal forms of clearly Spanish conjugation: andubi (Portuguese: andei, Spanish: anduve); supimos (Portuguese: soubemos; Spanish: supimos).

Barranquenho uses Portuguese definite and indefinite articles, ie o, a, os, as. It prefers the Spanish diminutive -ito to the Portuguese -inho, and it typically uses the present subjunctive for future reference, as in quando eli benha 'when he comes'.^[7]

Recognition

On 26 November 2021, the Parliament of Portugal unanimously voted for the approval of a resolution through which Barranquenho was recognized and protected in the municipality.^[8]