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((Short description|Section of text in a book))
((refimprove|date=April 2021))
[[File:Sahih_Al-Bukhari_in_English.png|thumb|Book of [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih Bukhari]], featuring 3882 chapters.]]

A '''chapter''' (c''apitula'' in Latin; ''sommaires'' in French) is any of the main thematic divisions within a writing of relative length, such as a [[book]] of [[prose]], [[poetry]], or [[law]]. A book with chapters (not to be confused with the [[chapter book]]) may have multiple chapters that respectively comprise discrete topics or themes. In each case, chapters can be numbered, titled, or both. An example of a chapter that has become well known is "Down the [[White Rabbit|Rabbit]]-Hole", which is the first chapter from ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''.

==History of chapter titles==
Many ancient books had neither word divisions nor chapter divisions.<ref name=":0" /> In ancient Greek texts, some [[manuscript]]s began to add summaries and make them into tables of contents with numbers, but the titles did not appear in the text, only their numbers. Some time in the fifth century CE, the practice of dividing books into chapters began.<ref name=":0">((Cite web|title=Capituli: Some notes on summaries, chapter divisions and chapter titles in ancient and medieval manuscripts|url=https://www.roger-pearse.com/tertullian/rpearse/manuscripts/chapter_titles.htm|access-date=2021-03-20|website=www.roger-pearse.com))</ref> [[Jerome]] (d. 420) is said to use the term ''capitulum'' to refer to numbered chapter headings and ''index capitulorum'' to refer to tables of contents.<ref>((Cite book|last=Wordsworth|first=Christopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57FCAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jerome+capitulum&pg=PA154|title=The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ: In the Original Greek|date=1886|publisher=Rivingtons|language=en))</ref> [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] did not divide his major works into chapters, but in the early sixth century [[Eugippius]] did.  Medieval manuscripts often had no titles, only numbers in the text and a few words, often in red, following the number.

==Chapter structure==
[[File:The wood beyond the world by William Morris (cropped).jpg|thumb|The opening page of ''[[The Wood Beyond the World]]'' (1894) by William Morris. The chapter title is at the top, in red text.]]
Many [[novel]]s of great length have chapters. [[Non-fiction]] books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into [[Section (writing)|sections]]. Larger works with a lot of chapters often group them in several 'parts' as the main subdivision of the book.

The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a [[table of contents]]. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always. If chapters are used they are normally numbered sequentially; they may also have titles, and in a few cases an [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] or prefatory quotation. In older novels it was a common practice to summarise the content of each chapter in the table of contents and/or in the beginning of the chapter.
==Unusual numbering schemes==

In works of fiction, authors sometimes number their chapters eccentrically, often as a [[metafictional]] statement.  For example:
* ''[[Seiobo There Below]]'' by [[László Krasznahorkai]] has chapters numbered according to the [[Fibonacci sequence]].
* ''[[The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time]]'' by [[Mark Haddon]] only has chapters which are [[prime numbers]].
* ''[[At Swim-Two-Birds]]'' by [[Flann O'Brien]] has only one chapter: the first page is titled ''Chapter 1'', but there are no further chapter divisions.
* ''God, A Users' Guide'' by [[Seán Moncrieff]] is chaptered backwards (i.e., the first chapter is chapter 20 and the last is chapter 1). The novel ''[[The Running Man (King novel)|The Running Man]]'' by [[Stephen King]] also uses a similar chapter numbering scheme.
* Every novel in the series ''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' by [[Lemony Snicket]] has [[triskaidekaphobia|thirteen]] chapters, except the final instalment (''[[The End (A Series of Unfortunate Events)|The End]]''), which has a fourteenth chapter formatted as its own novel.
* ''[[Mammoth (John Varley)|Mammoth]]'' by [[John Varley (author)|John Varley]] has the chapters ordered chronologically from the point of view of a non-time-traveler, but, as most of the characters travel through time, this leads to the chapters defying the conventional order.
* ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' by [[James Joyce]] has its 18 chapters labelled as episodes, with 3 books split between them.

==Book-like==
In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of [[papyrus]] or [[parchment]] [[scroll]]s, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2" etc.

In the early printed era, long works were often published in multiple volumes, such as the Victorian [[Three-volume novel|triple decker novel]], each divided into numerous chapters. Modern omnibus reprints will often retain the volume divisions. In some cases the chapters will be numbered consecutively all the way through, such that "Book 2" might begin with "Chapter 9", but in other cases the numbering might reset after each part (i.e., "Book 2, Chapter 1"). Even though the practice of dividing novels into separate volumes is rare in modern publishing, many authors still structure their works into "Books" or "Parts" and then subdivide them into chapters. A notable example of this is ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' which consists of six "books", each with a recognizable part of the story, although it is usually published in three volumes.

==See also==
((div col))
* [[Asterism (typography)]]
* [[Chapter book]]
* [[Chapters and verses of the Bible]]
* [[Index (publishing)]]
* [[Section (typography)]]
* [[Table of contents]]
((div col end))

==References==
((reflist))

((Book structure|state=collapsed))
((Books))
((Academic publishing))

[[Category:Book design]]
[[Category:Book terminology]]
[[Category:Components of intellectual works]]
[[Category:Narrative units]]

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