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Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility.[1] Especially in earlier medieval periods the term often implied not only a certain status, but also that the count had specific responsibilities or offices. The etymologically related English term "county" denoted the territories associated with some countships, but not all.
Although the term count was not generally used in England, after the 1066 conquest by the Normans, various European terms for count eventually became the normal translations used for the English title of earl, and the wives of earls are still referred to as countesses.
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Main article: Comes |
The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor".
In the late Roman Empire, the Latin title comes denoted the high rank of various courtiers and provincial officials, either military or administrative. Before Anthemius became emperor in the West in 467, he was a military comes charged with strengthening defenses on the Danube frontier.[2]
In the Western Roman Empire, "count" came to indicate generically a military commander[citation needed] but was not a specific rank. In the Eastern Roman Empire, from about the seventh century, "count" was a specific rank indicating the commander of two centuriae (i.e., 200 men).
In the Frankish kingdoms in the early Middle Ages, a count might also be a count palatine, whose authority derived directly from the royal household, the palace in its original sense of the seat of power and administration. This other kind of count had vague antecedents in Late Antiquity too: the father of Cassiodorus held positions of trust with Theodoric, as comes rerum privatarum, in charge of the imperial lands, then as comes sacrarum largitionum ("count of the sacred doles"), concerned with the finances of the realm.[3]
The medieval position of comes was originally not hereditary.[4] The position of count was regarded as an administrative official dependent on the king, until the process of allodialisation during the 9th century in which such titles came to be private possessions of noble families.[5] By virtue of their large estates, many counts could pass the title to their heirs—but not always. For instance, in Piast Poland, the position of komes was not hereditary, resembling the early Merovingian institution. The title had disappeared by the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the office had been replaced by others. Only after the Partitions of Poland did the title of "count" resurface in the title hrabia, derived from the German Graf.
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Main article: County |
Originally, with the emergence of the title came the most powerful symbol of entitlement, that is the ownership of and jurisdiction over land, hence the term county. The term is derived from the Old French conté or cunté denoting a jurisdiction under the control of a count (earl) or a viscount.[6] The modern French is comté, and its equivalents in other languages are contea, contado, comtat, condado, Grafschaft, graafschap, etc. (cf. conte, comte, conde, Graf).
The title of Count was also often conferred by the monarch as an honorific title for special services rendered, without a feudal estate (countship, county) being attached, so it was merely a title, with or without a domain name attached to it. In the United Kingdom, the equivalent "Earl" can also be used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of a duke or marquess. In the Italian states, by contrast, all the sons of certain counts were little counts (contini). In Sweden there is a distinction between counts (Swedish: greve) created before and after 1809. All children in comital families elevated before 1809 were called count/countess. In families elevated after 1809, only the head of the family was called count, the rest have a status similar to barons and were called by the equivalent of "Mr/Ms/Mrs", before the recognition of titles of nobility was abolished.
The following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica.org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, by the territorial circumscription.
| Language | Male title | Female title/Spouse | Territory/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Kont | Konteshë | Konte |
| Armenian | Կոմս (Koms) | Կոմսուհի (Komsuhi) | |
| Bulgarian | Кмет (Kmet), present meaning: mayor; medieval (9th-century) Комит (Komit): hereditary provincial ruler |
Кметица (Kmetitsa), woman mayor Кметша (Kmetsha), mayor's wife |
Кметство (Kmetstvo); medieval Комитат (Komitat) |
| Catalan | Comte | Comtessa | Comtat |
| English | Count | Countess (even where Earl applies) | Earldom for an Earl; Countship or county for a count. (County persists in English-speaking countries as a sub-national administrative division.) "Count" applies to titles granted by monarchies other than the British, for which Earl applies. |
| French | Comte | Comtesse | Comté |
| Greek | Κόμης (Kómēs) | Κόμησσα (Kómēssa) | Κομητεία (Komēteía); in the Ionian Islands the corresponding Italianate terms κόντες kóntes, κοντέσσα kontéssa were used instead. |
| Hungarian | Vikomt | Vikomtessz | Actually meaning viscount. These forms are now archaic or literary; Gróf is used instead. |
| Irish | Cunta | Cuntaois | Honorary title only. |
| Italian | Conte | Contessa | Contea, Contado |
| Latin (medieval and later; not classical) |
Comes | Comitissa | Comitatus |
| Maltese | Konti | Kontessa | |
| Monegasque | Conte | Contessa | |
| Portuguese | Conde | Condessa | Condado |
| Romanian | Conte | Contesă | Comitat |
| Romansh | Cont | Contessa | |
| Spanish | Conde | Condesa | Condado |
| Turkish | Kont | Kontes | Kontluk |
| Language | Male title | Female title / Spouse | Territory |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Graaf | Gravin | Graafskap |
| Belarusian | Граф (Hraf) | Графiня (Hrafinia) | Графствa (Hrafstva) |
| Bulgarian | Граф (Graf) | Графиня (Grafinya) | Графство (Grafstvo) |
| Croatian | Grof | Grofica | Grofovija |
| Czech | Hrabě | Hraběnka | Hrabství |
| Danish | Greve | Grevinde (Count's wife) Komtesse (Unmarried daughter of a count.) |
Grevskab |
| Dutch | Graaf | Gravin | Graafschap |
| English | Grave (for example Landgrave, Margrave), reeve, sheriff | Gravin | Graviate |
| Estonian | Krahv | Krahvinna | Krahvkond |
| Finnish | Kreivi | Kreivitär | Kreivikunta |
| German | Graf | Gräfin | Grafschaft |
| Greek | Γράβος (Gravos) | ||
| Georgian | გრაფი/თავადი (Grapi/Tavadi) | გრაფინია/თავადი (Grapinia/Tavadi) | საგრაფო/სათავადო (Sagrapo /Satavado) |
| Hungarian | Gróf | Grófnő (born a countess), Grófné (married to a count) | Grófság |
| Icelandic | Greifi | Greifynja | Greifadæmi |
| Latvian | Grāfs | Grāfiene | Grāfiste |
| Lithuanian | Grafas | Grafienė | Grafystė |
| Luxembourgish | Grof | Gréifin | |
| Macedonian | Гроф (Grof) | Грофица (Grofica) | Грофовија (Grofovija) |
| Norwegian | Greve | Grevinne | Grevskap |
| Polish | Hrabia, Margrabia (non-native titles) |
Hrabina, Margrabina (non-native titles) |
Hrabstwo (translation of foreign term "county") |
| Romanian | Grof (also Conte, see above), Greav | Grofiță | |
| Russian | Граф (Graf) | Графиня (Grafinya) | Графство (Grafstvo) |
| Serbian | Гроф (Grof) | Грофица (Grofica) | Грофовија (Grofovija) |
| Slovak | Gróf | Grófka | Grófstvo |
| Slovene | Grof | Grofica | Grofija |
| Swedish | Greve | Grevinna | Grevskap |
| Ukrainian | Граф (Hraf) | Графиня (Hrafynya) | Графство (Hrafstvo) |
Apart from all these, a few unusual titles have been of comital rank, not necessarily permanently.
Since Louis VII (1137–80), the highest precedence amongst the vassals (Prince-bishops and secular nobility) of the French crown was enjoyed by those whose benefice or temporal fief was a pairie, i.e. carried the exclusive rank of pair; within the first (i.e. clerical) and second (noble) estates, the first three of the original twelve anciennes pairies were ducal, the next three comital comté-pairies:
Later other countships (and duchies, even baronies) have been raised to this French peerage, but mostly as apanages (for members of the royal house) or for foreigners; after the 16th century all new peerages were always duchies and the medieval countship-peerages had died out, or were held by royal princes
Other French countships of note included those of:
See also above for parts of present France
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Main article: Graf |
A Graf ruled over a territory known as a Grafschaft ('county'). See also various comital and related titles; especially those actually reigning over a principality: Gefürsteter Graf, Landgraf, Reichsgraf; compare Markgraf, Burggraf, Pfalzgraf (see Imperial quaternions).
The title of Conte is very prolific on the peninsula. In the eleventh century, Conti like the Count of Savoy or the Norman Count of Apulia, were virtually sovereign lords of broad territories. Even apparently "lower"-sounding titles, like Viscount, could describe powerful dynasts, such as the House of Visconti which ruled a major city such as Milan. The essential title of a feudatory, introduced by the Normans, was signore, modeled on the French seigneur, used with the name of the fief. By the fourteenth century, conte and the Imperial title barone were virtually synonymous[citation needed].
Some titles of a count, according to the particulars of the patent, might be inherited by the eldest son of a Count. Younger brothers might be distinguished as "X dei conti di Y" ("X of the counts of Y"). However, if there is no male to inherit the title and the count has a daughter, in some regions she could inherit the title.
Many Italian counts left their mark on Italian history as individuals, yet only a few contadi (countships; the word contadini for inhabitants of a "county" remains the Italian word for "peasant") were politically significant principalities, notably:
The principalities tended to start out as margraviate or (promoted to) duchy, and became nominal archduchies within the Habsburg dynasty; noteworthy are:
Apart from various small ones, significant were :
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Further information: Papal count |
Count/Countess was one of the noble titles granted by the Pope as a temporal sovereign, and the title's holder was sometimes informally known as a papal count/papal countess or less so as a Roman count/Roman countess, but mostly as count/countess. The comital title, which could be for life or hereditary, was awarded in various forms by popes and Holy Roman Emperors since the Middle Ages, infrequently before the 14th century, and the pope continued to grant the comital and other noble titles even after 1870, it was largely discontinued in the mid 20th-century, on the accession of John XXIII. The Papacy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies might appoint counts palatine with no particular territorial fief. Until 1812 in some regions, the purchaser of land designated "feudal" was ennobled by the noble seat that he held and became a conte. This practice ceased with the formal abolition of feudalism in the various principalities of early-19th century Italy, last of all in the Papal States.
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Main article: Noble titles in Poland |
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See also: Szlachta |
Poland was notable throughout its history for not granting titles of nobility. This was on the premise that one could only be born into nobility, outside rare exceptions. Instead, it conferred non-hereditary courtly or civic roles. The noble titles that were in use on its territory were mostly of foreign provenance and usually subject to the process of indygenat, naturalisation.
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Main article: Hungarian nobility |
Somewhat similar to the native privileged class of nobles found in Poland, Hungary also had a class of Conditional nobles.
As opposed to the plethora of hollow "gentry" counts, only a few countships ever were important in medieval Iberia; most territory was firmly within the Reconquista kingdoms before counts could become important. However, during the 19th century, the title, having lost its high rank (equivalent to that of Duke), proliferated.
Portugal itself started as a countship in 868, but became a kingdom in 1139 (see:County of Portugal). Throughout the History of Portugal, especially during the Constitutional Monarchy many other countships were created (see: List of Countships in Portugal).
In Spain, no countships of wider importance exist, except in the former Spanish march.[citation needed]
In the First Bulgarian Empire, a komit was a hereditary provincial ruler under the tsar documented since the reign of Presian (836-852)[8] The Cometopouli dynasty was named after its founder, the komit of Sredets.
The title of Serdar was used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as a noble title below that of Voivode equivalent to that of Count.
In Denmark and historically in Denmark-Norway the title of count (greve) is the highest rank of nobility used in the modern period. Some Danish/Dano-Norwegian countships were associated with fiefs, and these counts were known as "feudal counts" (lensgreve). They rank above ordinary (titular) counts, and their position in the Danish aristocracy as the highest-ranking noblemen is broadly comparable to that of dukes in other European countries.[9] With the first free Constitution of Denmark of 1849 came a complete abolition of the privileges of the nobility. Since then the title of count has been granted only to members of the Danish royal family, either as a replacement for a princely title when marrying a commoner, or in recent times, instead of that title in connection with divorce. Thus the first wife of Prince Joachim of Denmark, the younger son of Margrethe II of Denmark, became Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg on their divorce—initially retaining her title of princess, but losing it on her remarriage.
In the Middle Ages the title of jarl (earl) was the highest title of nobility. The title was eventually replaced by the title of duke, but that title was abolished in Denmark and Norway as early as the Middle Ages. Titles were only reintroduced with the introduction of absolute monarchy in 1660, with count as the highest title.
In Sweden the rank of count is the highest rank conferred upon nobles in the modern era and are, like their Danish and Norwegian counterparts, broadly comparable to that of dukes in other European countries. Unlike the rest of Scandinavia, the title of duke is still used in Sweden, but only by members of the royal family and are not considered part of the nobility.
Like other major Western noble titles, Count is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, but which are considered "equivalent" in rank.
This is the case with:
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See also: List of fictional nobility § Counts and countesses |
The title "Count" in fiction is commonly, though not always, given to evil characters, used as another word for prince or vampires:
