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Officially used writing systems in India
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Indic scripts
Arabic derived scripts
Alphabetical scripts
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The letters of the official scripts of the official languages of India
(Left to right, top row: Kannada, Gujarati, Perso-Arabic, Tamil;
middle row: Meitei, Devanagari, Assamese/Bengali;
bottom row: Malayalam, Odia/Oriya, Gurmukhi, Telugu)
Writing systems (including official and non-official) used by the Scheduled languages of India

The official scripts of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India include abugidas (pseudo-alphabets), alphabetical writing systems and abjads (Arabic-derived writing systems).

Abugida writing systems

Further information: Abugidas and Brahmic scripts

There are ten abugida writing systems, used as the official scripts of India. All these abugidas belong to the Brahmic script family (Indic script family).

Bengali–Assamese script

Further information: Assamese alphabet and Bengali alphabet

Not to be confused with Meitei script.

The Eastern Nagari script or the Bengali–Assamese script is the official script of Assamese language, Bengali language and Meitei language (officially called Manipuri)[a],[1] three of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.[2][3][4]

The Assamese writing system and Bengali writing system are virtually identical, except for 2 letters, that make Assamese different from Bengali in one letter for the /r/ sound, and an extra letter for the /w/ or /v/ sound. For writing Meitei language, the Bengali /r/ and the Assamese /w/ or /v/ are used, making its writing style unique from those of both Assamese and Bengali languages.[5][6][7]

The constitutional names and the native names (in Eastern Nagari and Latin transliterations) of the 3 official languages of the Indian Republic that use the Eastern Nagari writing system as their official scripts
Assamese

Being the official script for Assamese language, it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.[8][9]

Bengali

Being the official script for Bengali language, it is officially used in the Indian state of West Bengal,[10] Tripura,[11] Assam (Barak Valley)[12] and Jharkhand.[13][14]

Meitei (Manipuri)

Being one of the 2 official scripts for Meitei language (besides Meitei script),[15][16] it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Manipur.[17]

It is important to note the following:

"Manipuri Language" means Meeteilon written in Meetei Mayek and spoken by the majority of Manipur population: Provided that the concurrent use of Bengali Script and Meetei Mayek shall be allowed in addition to English language, for a period upto 10(ten) years from the date of commencement of this Act.".

— Section 2 of the "Manipur Official Language Act, 1979", for clause (f)[18]

Devanagari script

Further information: Devanagari transliteration and National Library at Kolkata romanisation

The Devanagari script (देवनागरी, romanized: Devanāgarī) is the official script of Bodo, Dogri, Hindi, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit, Santali[b] and Sindhi[c] languages, 10 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.

Bodo (Boro)

Further information: Boro language (India) § Writing system and script movement

Being the official script for Bodo language, Devanagari is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam (Bodoland Territorial Region), where Bodo enjoys the additional official language status.[19][20]

Dogri

Being the official script for Dogri language, Devanagari is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, preceded by the Jammu and Kashmir (state), where Dogri enjoyed the official language status.[21][22]

Hindi

The Constitution of India says:

The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.

— Part XVII of the Indian Constitution[23]

Being the official script for Hindi, Devanagari is officially used in the Union Government of India as well as several Indian states where Hindi is recognised as their official language, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the Indian union territories of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[24] Gujarat[25][26] and West Bengal also officially uses Devanagari as these 2 states recognises Hindi as their additional official languages.[27]

Konkani

Being the official script for Konkani language, Devanagari is officially used in the coastal Indian state of Goa, where Konkani is the official language.[28][29][30]

Maithili

Being the official script for Maithili language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand, where Maithili enjoys the additional official language status.[31]

Marathi

Being the official script for Marathi language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Maharashtra[32] and Goa, where Marathi is their official language.[33] The Devanagari script that is used for writing Marathi language is in the Balbodh version.[34][35][36][37]

Nepali

Being the official script for Nepali language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Sikkim, where Nepali language enjoys the official language status.[38][39]

Sanskrit

Further information: International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration

Being the official script for Sanskrit language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh[40] and Uttarakhand, where Sanskrit is recognised as their official language.[41][42]

Santali

Being the official script for Santali language, besides the Ol Chiki script, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand and West Bengal, where Santali language enjoys the official language statuses.[43]

Gujarati script

Gujarati script (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લિપિ, romanized: Gujarātī Lipī) is the sole official script used to write Gujarati language, the official language of the Western Indian state of Gujarat[44][45] and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[46]

Gurmukhi script

Not to be confused with Shahmukhi, the Punjabi script used in Punjab, Pakistan.

The Gurmukhi script (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ, romanized: Gurmukhī) is the sole official script of the Punjabi language, the official language of Punjab,[47] Haryana,[48] Delhi[49] and West Bengal[50] inside India.

Kannada script

The Kannada script (Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ, romanized: Kannaḍa lipi) is the sole official script for Kannada language, the official language of the South Indian state of Karnataka.[51][52][53] Kannada script is highly mutually intelligible with Telugu script, due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu-Kannada script.[54][55]

Malayalam script

Not to be confused with Malay script.

The Malayalam script (Malayalam: മലയാളലിപി, romanized: Malayāḷalipi) is the sole official script for Malayalam, the sole official language of the South Indian state of Kerala[56][57] and the Indian union territories of Lakshadweep[58] and Puducherry.[59]

Meitei script

The officially recognized twenty seven letters of the Meitei script (Meetei script) with their names in parentheses and their Latin equivalent letters within inverted commas; unlike other Indic scripts, each Meitei letter possess unique names and convey unique meanings, mostly the primary body parts of human being.

The Meitei script (Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meitei Mayek) or the Meetei script (Meitei: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meetei Mayek) is one of the 2 official scripts (besides Bengali script) for Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), the sole official language of the Northeast Indian state of Manipur.[60][61] Starting from the year 2021, Meitei script was officially used by the Government of Manipur, along with the Bengali script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021".[62]

Odia script

Not to be confused with Naoriya Phulo script.

The Odia script or the Oriya script (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର, romanized: Odiā akṣara) is the official script for Odia language, the official language of the Indian states of Odisha,[63] Jharkhand[64] and West Bengal.[65][66][67]

Tamil script

The Tamil script (Tamil: தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி, romanized: Tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi) is the official script for Tamil language, the official language of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu[68][69] and the Indian union territory of Puducherry.[59][70]

Telugu script

The Telugu script (Telugu: తెలుగు లిపి, romanized: Telugu lipi) is the official script for Telugu language, the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana[71] and West Bengal[72] as well as the Indian union territory of Puducherry.[59] Telugu script is highly mutually intelligible with Kannada script, due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu-Kannada script.[73][74]

Alphabetic writing systems

Further information: Alphabets

There are two alphabetical writing systems used as the official scripts of India. One is indigenous to India and another is introduced to India.

Latin script

The Latin script (or Roman script) is the sole official script for English language (Indian English), one of the official languages of the Union Government of India as well as many states and union territories of India.[75][76][77]

Ol Chiki script

The Ol Cemet or the Ol Chiki script (ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, romanized: Ol Ciki) is the official script for Santali language, one of the additional official languages of the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.[78][79] It was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in the year 1925.[80]

Abjad writing systems

See also: Abjad, Arabic script, and Arabic alphabet

The Arabic script or its derivatives like the Persian script or the Urdu script is used as the official scripts by Urdu, Sindhi[d] and Kashmiri, 3 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.

Urdu

Being the official script for Urdu language, this writing system is used in the Indian states and union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory),[81][82] National Capital Territory of Delhi,[83] Bihar,[84] Uttar Pradesh,[85] Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh,[86][87] Telangana[88][89] and West Bengal, where Urdu enjoys the official language statuses.[90]

Kashmiri

Being the official script for Kashmiri language, this writing system is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, where Kashmiri enjoys the official language status.[91][92]

Sindhi

For Sindhi, although Perso-Arabic alphabet in Naskh script is the widely used writing system, Devanagari script is used for governmental purposes as well as enforced for education.[93]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Besides Bengali script, Meitei language also uses Meitei script as its official script simultaneously.
  2. ^ Besides the Ol Chiki script, Santali language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously.
  3. ^ Besides the Perso Arabic script, Sindhi language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously.
  4. ^ Besides the Arabic script, Sindhi language also uses the Devanagari script as its official script simultaneously.

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