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((Short description|Largest desert in Argentina))
((More citations needed|date=June 2023))

((Infobox ecoregion
|name = Patagonia Desert<br><small>Patagonian Steppe</small>
|image  = Patagonian Steppe (3260842962).jpg
|image_size = 
|image_alt = 
|caption = Patagonian Steppe landscape
|map = Ecoregion NT0805.svg
|map_size = 
|map_alt = 
|map_caption = Map of the Patagonian Steppe ecoregion
|ecozone = [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]]
|biome  = [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]], [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]
|animals = 
|bird_species = 
|mammal_species = 
|border = [[Argentine Monte]]
|border1 = [[Magellanic subpolar forests]]
|border2 = [[Southern Andean steppe]],
|border3 = [[Valdivian temperate forests]]
|area = 572,883
|country = [[Argentina]]
|country1 = [[Chile]],
|country2 = [[Falkland Islands]] ([[United Kingdom]])
|state = 
|region_type = 
|elevation = 
|geology = 
|seas =
|rivers = 
|climate = 
|soil =
|conservation = Critical/endangered
|global200 = 
|habitat_loss = 
|habitat_loss_ref =
|coordinates = ((Coord|41.32|S|69.32|W|source:kolossus-dewiki_scale:5000000|display=title, inline))
|protected = 70,970 km² (12
|protected_ref = )<ref name =Dinerstein>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref>
|embedded = 
))

[[Image:Patagonian.png|thumb|right|A satellite image of the Patagonian Desert by [[NASA World Wind]]]][[Image:Patagonian desert (viewed from orbit).jpg|300px|right|thumb|Astronaut photography of the Patagonian Desert (most of the view) contrasted with the [[Limay River]], seen flowing eastward from the Andes.]]

The '''Patagonian Desert''', also known as the '''Patagonian Steppe''', is the largest desert in Argentina and is the [[list of deserts by area|8th largest desert]] in the world by area, occupying 673,000 square kilometers (260,000&nbsp;mi<sup>2</sup>). It is located primarily in Argentina and is bounded by the [[Andes]], to its west, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to its east, in the region of [[Patagonia]], southern [[Argentina]]. To the north the desert grades into the [[Cuyo (Argentina)|Cuyo Region]] and the [[Argentine Monte|Monte]]. The central parts of the steppe are dominated by [[shrub]]by and [[herbaceous]] plant species albeit to the west, where precipitation is higher, bushes are replaced by [[grass]]es.<ref>The Physical Geography of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Andrea M. J. Coronato, Fernando Coronato, Elizabeth Mazzoni and Mirian Vazquez</ref> Topographically the deserts consist of alternating tablelands and massifs dissected by river valleys and [[canyon]]s. The more western parts of the steppe host [[glacial lake|lakes of glacial origin]] and grades into barren mountains or cold [[temperate climate|temperate]] forests along valleys.

Inhabited by [[hunter-gatherer]]s since Pre-Hispanic times, the desert faced migration in the 19th century of [[Argentine people|Argentines]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], and other European peoples, transforming it from a [[Conquest of the Desert|conflictive borderland zone]] to an integral part of Argentina, with cattle, sheep and horse [[husbandry]] being the primary [[land use]]s.

The Patagonian Desert has existed since the [[Miocene|Middle Miocene]] (14–12 million years ago) and came into existence as the [[Andean orogeny|Andes rose]] to the west.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Folguera |first1=Andrés |last2=Encinas |first2=Alfonso|last3=Echaurren |first3=Andrés|last4=Gianni |first4=Guido|last5=Orts |first5=Darío|last6=Valencia |first6=Víctor|last7=Carrasco |first7=Gabriel |title=Constraints on the Neogene growth of the central Patagonian Andes at thelatitude of the Chile triple junction (45–47°S) using U/Pb geochronology insynorogenic strata |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |date=2018 |volume=744 |pages=134–154|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2018.06.011 |bibcode=2018Tectp.744..134F |hdl=11336/88399 |hdl-access=free ))</ref>

==Geography and climate==
((See also|Arid Diagonal))

The Patagonian Desert is the largest desert south of the 40° parallel and is a large cold winter desert, where the temperature rarely exceeds 12&nbsp;°C and averages just 3&nbsp;°C. The region experiences about seven months of winter and five months of summer. Frost is not uncommon in the desert but, due to the very dry condition year round, snow is rare.  The Andes, to the desert's west, are the primary reason for the Patagonian desert status as they inhibit the westerly flow of moisture from the southern Pacific from reaching inland. This creates a [[rain shadow]] that accounts for the formation of the desert and is why, despite approximately half of the desert being only about 200 miles from the ocean, such a large desert is found in the region.<ref>McDonald, James E. [http://alic.arid.arizona.edu/sonoran/documents/alc_climatology_aridlands.html Climatology of Arid Lands] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616193917/http://alic.arid.arizona.edu/sonoran/documents/alc_climatology_aridlands.html |date=2007-06-16 )), Arid Lands Information Center, University of Arizona.</ref> The cold [[Falkland Current]] off the Atlantic coast of South America also contributes to the area's aridity.<ref>((Cite book |last1=Malloy |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgvSBQAAQBAJ |title=Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable Development |last2=Brock |first2=John |last3=Floyd |first3=Anthony |last4=Livingston |first4=Margaret |last5=Webb |first5=Robert H. |date=2016-04-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-8138-5 |pages=21 |language=en))</ref>

Different climates can be distinguished: the coast north of the 45th parallel is much milder because of the warm currents from Brazil, and the entire northern half of the region is significantly warmer in the summer, when sunny weather predominates. Daily temperatures in the summer reach 31&nbsp;°C in the Rio Colorado region, a general 26&nbsp;°C to 29&nbsp;°C in the northern coast, and 24&nbsp;°C to 28&nbsp;°C in the northern plain, with nights around 12&nbsp;°C to 15&nbsp;°C in the coast and between 7&nbsp;°C and 10&nbsp;°C in the steppe.
In the south, summer temperatures decrease from 22&nbsp;°C to only 16&nbsp;°C along the coast, and from 24&nbsp;°C to 17&nbsp;°C along the steppes, while nights go from 8&nbsp;°C to 11&nbsp;°C on the coast, and from 6&nbsp;°C to 10&nbsp;°C in the steppe.

During the winter, the proximity to the coast and the altitude are the main factors: while northern coastal areas have mild winters, from 2&nbsp;°C at night to about 11&nbsp;°C during the day, southern Santa Cruz ranges from -2&nbsp;°C to 5&nbsp;°C, and Tierra del Fuego, from -3&nbsp;°C to 3&nbsp;°C, for a mean of 0&nbsp;°C.
Inland, the northern areas range from 0&nbsp;°C to 10&nbsp;°C in low areas, and from -5&nbsp;°C to 5&nbsp;°C on the plateaus (again, mean around 0&nbsp;°C), while in the south, low areas range from -3&nbsp;°C to 4&nbsp;°C, and higher areas are clearly below 0&nbsp;°C. The coldest spots usually register temperatures between -20&nbsp;°C and -25&nbsp;°C during cold waves, and the official record is -33.9&nbsp;°C in Chubut province. However, some towns claim to have had records of around -35&nbsp;°C.

Summer frost is common everywhere except for the northern coast, and even sleet and light snow can fall during the warm season. Winds are constant and very strong, from the west in most cases.

[[Image:Cerros Madre e Hija.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Barren Patagonian Desert at the [[Bosques Petrificados de Jaramillo National Park|Bosques Petrificados National Park]]
]]
Before the Andes were formed, the region was likely covered by [[temperate forest]]s. However, after the formation of the Andes, ash from nearby volcanoes covered the forests and mineral-saturated waters seeped into the logs, thus fossilizing the trees and creating one of the world's best preserved [[Petrified Forest (Sarmiento)|petrified forests in the desert's center]].<ref>PBS. [https://www.pbs.org/edens/patagonia/steppes.htm Central Steppes]</ref> The Patagonian is mainly composed of [[gravel]] plains and plateaus with [[sandstone]] canyons and clay shapes dotting the landscape, sculpted by the desert wind.<ref>BBC. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/features/picpops/desert_patagonian.shtml Paian] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103161954/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/features/picpops/desert_patagonian.shtml |date=2008-01-03 ))</ref> The region encompassing the desert, however, has many diverse features. Ephemeral rivers, lakes, and drainage deposits from the Andes' spring melt form annually, hosting a variety of [[waterfowl]] and aquatic grasses. A variety of glacial, fluvial, and volcanic deposits are also found in the region and have significantly affected the desert's climate over time, especially contributing to the gravel sediments covering parts of the Patagonian.

The desert is quite windy as well, a result of the rain shadow effect and descending cool mountain air. This wind helps make the Patagonian one of the largest sources of dust over the South Atlantic Ocean.<ref>Gasso, S.; Gaiero, D. M.; Villoslada, B.; Liske, E. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMOS22B..03G Observations and Measurements of Dust Transport from the Patagonia Desert into the South Atlantic Ocean in 2004 and 2005]. The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System, Harvard University.</ref>

On the west, the [[Patagonian grasslands]] portion of the Patagonian Desert are bounded by [[nothofagus]] forests of the [[Magellanic subpolar forests]].<ref>World Wildlife Fund; C.Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Magellanic_subpolar_forests?topic=58073 ''Magellanic subpolar forests''. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC]</ref>

Volcanic rocks covers more than 120,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of the Patagonian Desert, mainly in the [[Somún Cura Massif]] (i.e. North Patagonian Massif) and the [[Deseado Massif]].<ref>Late Cenozoic Quaternary Volcanism in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Hugo Corbella and Luis E. Lara</ref> Some other volcanic areas include the [[Pali-Aike Volcanic Field]] near the [[Strait of Magellan]]. The volcanic rocks are the result of [[Back-arc basin|back-arc volcanism]] distributed mainly in two episodes: one in the [[Eocene]] and [[Miocene]] and the other from Late Miocene to [[Pleistocene]].

==Fauna and flora==
((Patagonia))
Despite the harsh desert environment, a number of animals venture into and live in the Patagonian. Some only live on the more habitable and geographically-varied outskirts of the desert, where food is more abundant and the environment less hostile, but all are found within the region encompassing the Patagonian. The [[burrowing owl]], [[lesser rhea]], [[guanaco]], [[tuco-tuco]], [[mara (mammal)|mara]], [[armadillo|pygmy armadillo]], [[Patagonian weasel]], [[cougar|puma]], [[South American gray fox|Patagonian gray fox]], [[desert iguana]], [[western ribbon snake]], and various species of eagle and hawk are a few of the variety of animals living in the region.

The flora of the region is quite common for its climate and includes several species of desert shrubs like ''[[Acantholippia]]'' and ''[[Benthamiella]]'' and tuft grasses like ''[[Stipa]]'' and ''[[Poa]]''. Aquatic grasses and larger flora exist on the outskirts of the desert and around the ephemeral lakes that form from the Andes' runoff.<ref>World Wildlife Fund. ((WWF ecoregion|id=nt0805|name=Patagonian Steppe))</ref>

==Human land use==
[[Image:Beach at Rada Tilly, Chubut, Argentina 2008.jpg|thumb|240px|Like [[Rada Tilly]], on the [[Atlantic Ocean]], most of the larger settlements in the steppe are located along the coast.]]
The desert has hosted various [[indigenous peoples]] in its past, as evidenced by [[cave painting]]s in the area. The earliest inhabitants of the desert known by name are those of the [[Tehuelche people|Tehuelche]] complex. Tehuelches lived as [[hunter-gatherer]]s and did not practise agriculture in lush valleys found in the desert. In the 18th and 19th centuries the northern part of the desert came under [[Mapuche]] influence during a process of [[Araucanization]]. Mapuches came to practise horse husbandry in the northern part of the Patagonian steppe. Mapuche tribes came to control trade across the desert and traded with the cities of southern Chile as well as [[Buenos Aires]] and the [[Cuyo (Argentina)|Cuyo Region]].

From the mid-19th century onwards several Argentine and European settlements, some of them sporadic, appeared at the edges of the desert. The most important was established at [[Chubut River]]'s outflow by [[Y Wladfa|Welsh immigrants]] in 1860. [[Francisco me Moreno|Perito Moreno]] explored the desert in the 1870s. In the 1870s the Argentine army undertook the [[Conquest of the Desert]] campaign, massively defeating Mapuche warlords. The Conquest of the Desert was followed by a sharp decline in the indigenous population of the desert; some were chased into Chile and peripheral areas in the Andes. It is estimated that the Conquest of the Desert caused the death of about 1,000 [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. Additionally 10,000 Native Americans were taken prisoner of whom 3,000 ended up in Buenos Aires separated by sexes to avoid their procreation. The [[boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] bought most of the desert under definitive Argentine sovereignty; previously Chile had claimed varying now Argentine areas under claims of [[Uti possidetis juris|inherited colonial titles]].

In the few decades before and after 1900 the less dry parts of the Patagonian steppe experienced a sheep farming boom, transforming the region into one of the world's greatest exporters of ovine products.

The area is sparsely populated today and those that do live here survive mainly by the raising of livestock such as sheep and goats. Resource mining, especially of oil, gas, and coal in parts of the region, is another way humans interact with and influence the desert environment.

==Protected areas==
A 2017 assessment found that 70,970&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, or 12%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.<ref name =Dinerstein/> Protected areas include:<ref name="dopa">[https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/60805 "Patagonian steppe". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 16 April 2022]</ref>
* [[Bernardo O'Higgins National Park]]
* [[Cerro Castillo National Park]]
* [[Bosques Petrificados de Jaramillo National Park]]
* [[El Rincón Wilderness Nature Reserve]]
* [[Kawésqar National Park]]
* [[La Ascensión Wilderness Nature Reserve]]
* [[Laguna Blanca National Park]]
* [[Laguna del Diamante Nature Reserve]]
* [[Laguna San Rafael National Park]]
* [[Lanín National Park]]
* [[Leicester Falls Nature Reserve]]
* [[Los Glaciares National Park]]
* [[Monte León National Park]]
* [[Pali Aike National Park]]
* [[Patagonia National Park (Argentina)]]
* [[Patagonia National Park (Chile)]]
* [[Patagonia Wilderness Nature Reserve]]
* [[Perito Moreno National Park]]
* [[Sea Lion Island Nature Reserve]]
* [[Valdes Biosphere Reserve]]

==See also==
* [[Desert]]
* [[Conquest of the Desert]]
* [[Magallanes Region]]
* [[Great American Desert]]
* [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|Cold desert climates]]
* [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|Cold semi-arid climates]]

==External links==
((commons category|Patagonian Desert))
*((WWF ecoregion|name=Patagonian Steppe|id=nt0805))

==References==
((reflist))

;Further reading
* ((cite journal | last1 = Gasso | first1 = S. | last2 = Stein | first2 = A.F. | year = 2007 | title = Does dust from Patagonia reach the sub-Antarctic Atlantic ocean? | doi = 10.1029/2006GL027693 | journal = Geophys. Res. Lett. | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = L01801| bibcode=2007GeoRL..34.1801G| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231287 | doi-access = free ))
* ((cite journal | last1 = McConnell | first1 = Joseph R. | last2 = Aristarain | first2 = Alberto J. | last3 = Banta | first3 = J. Ryan | last4 = Edwards | first4 = P. Ross | last5 = Simo | first5 = Jefferson C. | year = 2007| title = 20th-Century doubling in dust archived in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core parallels climate change and desertification in South America | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 104| issue = 14| pages = 5743–5748| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0607657104 | pmid=17389397 | pmc=1851562| bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.5743M| doi-access = free ))

((Deserts))

[[Category:Ecology of Patagonia]]
[[Category:Deserts of Chile]]
[[Category:Deserts of Argentina]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Argentina]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Chile]]
[[Category:Patagonia]]
[[Category:Neotropical ecoregions]]
[[Category:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]]
[[Category:Deserts and xeric shrublands]]

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