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((short description|Pedestrian path along the side of a road))
((more citations needed|date=December 2023))
((About|pedestrian paths next to roads|pedestrian paths that are not next to roads|Footpath|other uses|Sidewalk (disambiguation)|other uses of "pavement"|Pavement (disambiguation)((!))Pavement))
((Use American English|date=October 2020))<!-- per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]-->
[[File:PompeiiStreet.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Raised sidewalk beside a 2000-year-old paved road, [[Pompeii]], [[Italy]]]]

A '''sidewalk''' ([[North American English]]),<ref name="merriam webster">((Cite web|title=Definition of SIDEWALK|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sidewalk|website=www.merriam-webster.com|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-10-25))</ref> '''pavement''' ([[British English]]),<ref>((Cite web|title=pavement|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/pavement?q=pavement|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en-GB-oed|access-date=2020-10-25))</ref> '''footpath''' in Australia, India, New Zealand and Ireland, or '''footway''' is a path along the side of a [[road]]. Usually constructed of concrete, pavers, brick, stone, or asphalt, it is designed for [[pedestrian]]s.<ref>((Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=9780415252256|pages=594))</ref> A sidewalk is normally higher than the [[carriageway|roadway]], and separated from it by a [[kerb]] (spelled "curb" in North America). There may also be a [[Road verge|planted strip]] between the sidewalk and the roadway and between the roadway and the adjacent land.

In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, [[trail]] or [[footpath]] that is not next to a road, such as a path through a [[park]].

==Terminology==
The term "sidewalk" is preferred in most of North America.<ref name="merriam webster" /> The term "pavement" is more common in the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/TransportAndStreets/Parking/ParkingPavements.htm|title=Parking on pavements|publisher=Lewisham Council|quote=Why is pavement parking a problem? Pavements are constructed and provided for pedestrian use. Vehicles parked on pavements are: a hazard to pedestrians causing an obstruction which may result in them having to step off the pavement onto the highway thus putting themselves in danger...|access-date=2010-10-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004040734/http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/TransportAndStreets/Parking/ParkingPavements.htm|archive-date=2010-10-04))</ref> and other members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], as well as parts of the [[Mid-Atlantic United States]] such as [[Philadelphia]] and parts of [[New Jersey]].<ref>Cassidy, Frederic Gomes, and Joan Houston Hall (eds). (2002) ''Dictionary of American Regional English''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref>((cite book|author=Allan A. Metcalf|title=How We Talk: American Regional English Today|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618043637|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-618-04362-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618043637/page/90 90]))</ref> Many Commonwealth countries use the term "footpath". The professional, civil engineering and legal term for this in North America is "sidewalk" while in the United Kingdom it is "footway".<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/66/section/329|title=Highways Act 1980 – Interpretation Section 329|quote="footway" means a way comprised in a highway which also comprises a carriageway, being a way over which the public have a right of way on foot only|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206091944/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/66/section/329|archive-date=2011-02-06))</ref>

In the United States, the term ''sidewalk'' is used for the pedestrian path beside a road. "[[Shared use path]]s" or "multi-use paths" are available for use by both pedestrians and bicyclists.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm|title=Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide - Sidewalk2 - Publications - Bicycle and Pedestrian Program - Environment - FHWA|website=www.fhwa.dot.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129172738/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm|archive-date=2011-11-29))</ref> "[[Walkway]]" is a more comprehensive term that includes stairs, ramps, passageways, and related structures that facilitate the use of a path as well as the sidewalk.<ref name=askoxford>((cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/walkway?view=uk|title=Walkway|work=Compact Oxford English Dictionary))((dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic))</ref> In the UK, the term "[[footpath]]" is mostly used for paths that do not abut a roadway.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/transportforyou/access/peti/inclusivemobility?page=3|title=Inclusive mobility|quote="The distinction between a footway and a footpath is that a footway is the part of a highway adjacent to, or contiguous with, the roadway on which there is a public right of way on foot. A footpath is not adjacent to a public roadway. Where reference is made to one, it can generally be regarded as applying to the other for design purposes"|publisher=Department for Transport|access-date=2010-04-02|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122015422/http://dft.gov.uk/transportforyou/access/peti/inclusivemobility?page=3|archive-date=2010-11-22))</ref> The term "shared-use path" is used where cyclists are also able to use the same section of path as pedestrians.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/66/section/329|title=Highways Act 1980 – Interpretation Section 329|quote="cycle track" means a way constituting or comprised in a highway, being a way over which the public have the following, but no other, rights of way, that is to say, a right of way on pedal cycles [F3 (other than pedal cycles which are motor vehicles within the meaning of [[F4 the Road Traffic Act 1988]] with or without a right of way on foot|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206091944/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/66/section/329|archive-date=2011-02-06))</ref>

==History==
[[File:E India House.jpg|thumb|right|[[East India House]], [[Leadenhall Street]], London, 1766. The sidewalk is separated from the main street by six [[bollard]]s in front of the building.]]
[[File:Lower Ocean Avenue, Oakwood Beach, Staten Island, N.Y. (beach cottages, people walking on raised sidewalk) (NYPL b15279351-105077) (cropped).tiff|thumb|Raised wooden sidewalk by a dirt road, Staten Island, N.Y., early 20th century]]

Sidewalks have operated for at least 4,000 years.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTqARXDtXrgC|title= Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space|author= Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Renia Ehrenfeucht|year= 2009|publisher= MIT Press|page= 15 |isbn= 9780262123075| access-date = 18 November 2018 | quote = The first sidewalks appeared around 2000 to 1990 B.C. [...] in central Anatolia (modern Turkey) [...].))</ref> The Greek city of [[Corinth]] had sidewalks by the 4th-century BC, and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] built sidewalks – they called them ''[[wiktionary:semita#Latin|sēmitae]]''.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTqARXDtXrgC|title= Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space|author= Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Renia Ehrenfeucht|year= 2009|publisher= MIT Press|page=15|isbn= 9780262123075))</ref>

However, by the [[Middle Ages]], narrow roads had reverted to being simultaneously used by [[pedestrian]]s and [[wagon]]s without any formal separation between the two categories. Early attempts at ensuring the adequate maintenance of foot-ways or sidewalks were often made,((why|date=November 2018)) as in the [[Colchester Improvement Act 1623]] ([[21 Jas. 1]]. c. ''34'') for [[Colchester]], but they were generally not very effective.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=21983|title= Georgian Colchester|work= British History|quote= Bad paving and obstructions were frequently reported to the justices under a paving Act of 1623, but the borough chamberlain, workhouse corporation, and parish officers failed to discharge their responsibilities and the small fines for neglect were ineffective. Enforcement of the Act by the borough justices ceased when the charter lapsed in 1741 and by 1750 the streets were so ruinous that a new Act was obtained, which perpetuated the responsibility of justices to enforce the regulations.|access-date = 2010-04-05|url-status= live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228212636/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=21983|archive-date= 2011-12-28))</ref>

Following the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666, attempts were slowly made((by whom|date=November 2018)) to bring some order to the sprawling city. In 1671, "Certain Orders, Rules and Directions Touching the Paving and Cleansing The Streets, Lanes and Common Passages within the City of London" were formulated, calling for all streets to be adequately paved for pedestrians with [[cobblestone]]s. [[Purbeck stone]] was widely used as a durable paving material. [[Bollard]]s were also installed to protect pedestrians from the traffic in the middle of the road.

The British [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] passed a series of Paving Acts from the 18th century. The 1766 Paving & Lighting Act authorized the [[City of London Corporation]] to establish foot-ways throughout all the streets of London, to pave them with Purbeck stone (the thoroughfare in the middle was generally cobblestone) and to raise them above the street level with kerbs forming the separation.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhfWCBjPO74C|title= Building Capitalism (Routledge Revivals): Historical Change and the Labour Process in the Production of Built Environment|author= Linda Clarke|year= 2002|publisher= Routledge|page= 115|isbn= 9781136599538))</ref> The corporation was also made responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair, for which they charged a tax from 1766.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/environmental-enhancement/publications/Documents/Street-Scene-manual2.pdf|title= city street scene manual|access-date= 2012-12-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215103229/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/environmental-enhancement/publications/Documents/Street-Scene-manual2.pdf|archive-date= 2013-12-15))</ref> Another turning point was the construction of Paris's [[Pont Neuf]] (1578–1606) which set several trends including wide, raised sidewalks separating pedestrians from the road traffic, plus the first Parisian bridge without houses built on it, and its generous width plus elegant, durable design that immediately became popular for promenading at the beginning of the century that saw Paris take its form renowned to this day. It was also a cultural phenomenon because all classes mixed on the new walkways. By the 19th-century large and spacious sidewalks were routinely constructed in European capitals, and were associated with urban sophistication.

==Benefits==

===Transportation===
[[File:Old Bond Street 1a db.jpg|thumb|right|Pedestrians walking on the sidewalk, locally known as a "pavement" in [[London]].]]
[[File:Tampere - Kauppakatu.jpg|thumb|right|Sidewalk at Kauppakatu in [[Tampere]], Finland.]]
Sidewalks played an important role in transportation, as they provided a path for people to walk along without stepping on horse manure. They aided road safety by minimizing interaction between pedestrians, horses, carriages, and later automobiles. Sidewalks are normally in pairs, one on each side of the road, with the center section of the road for motorized vehicles. [[Crosswalk]]s provide pedestrians a space to cross between the two sides of the street at predictable locations.

On rural roads, sidewalks may not be present as the amount of traffic (pedestrian or motorized) may not be enough to justify separating the two. In suburban and urban areas, sidewalks are more common. In town and city centers (known as [[downtown]] in North America) the amount of pedestrian traffic can exceed motorized traffic, and in this case the sidewalks can occupy more than half of the width of the road, or the whole road can be [[Pedestrian zone|pedestrianized]].

===Environment===
Sidewalks may have a small effect on reducing vehicle miles traveled and carbon dioxide emissions. A study of sidewalk and transit investments in Seattle neighborhoods found vehicle travel reductions of 6 to 8% and CO<sub>2</sub> emission reductions of 1.3 to 2.2%<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/476AE40D-53B2-42D4-93D2-6EB14284EEFB/0/ResearchNote_7651_Redo81611.pdf |title=Research Note: An Assessment of Urban Form and Pedestrian and Transit Improvements as an Integrated GHG Reduction Strategy |publisher=Washington State Department of Transportation |date=April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618172416/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/476AE40D-53B2-42D4-93D2-6EB14284EEFB/0/ResearchNote_7651_Redo81611.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-18 ))</ref>

===Road traffic safety===
((see also|Road traffic safety))
[[File:Sidewalk with bike path.JPG|thumb|Sidewalk with bike path]]

Research commissioned for the Florida Department of Transportation, published in 2005, found that, in Florida, the Crash Reduction Factor (used to estimate the expected reduction of crashes during a given period) resulting from the installation of sidewalks averaged 74%.<ref>
((cite report
 |first       = Albert
 |last        = Gan
 |author2     = Joan Shen
 |author3     = Adriana Rodriquez
 |title       = Update of Florida Crash Reduction Factors and Countermeasures to Improve the Development of District Safety Improvement Projects
 |publisher   = State of Florida DOT
 |year        = 2005
 |url         = http://www.dot.state.fl.us/research-Center/Completed_Proj/Summary_SF/FDOT_BD015_04_rpt.pdf
 |id          = BD015-04.
 |access-date  = 2008-03-24
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080410063611/http://www.dot.state.fl.us/research-Center/Completed_Proj/Summary_SF/FDOT_BD015_04_rpt.pdf
 |archive-date = 2008-04-10
))
</ref>
Research at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]] for the U.S. Department of Transportation found that the presence or absence of a sidewalk and the [[speed limit]] are significant factors in the likelihood of a vehicle/pedestrian crash. Sidewalk presence had a risk ratio of 0.118, which means that the likelihood of a crash on a road with a paved sidewalk was 88.2 percent lower than one without a sidewalk. The authors wrote that "this should not be interpreted to mean that installing sidewalks would necessarily reduce the likelihood of pedestrian/motor vehicle crashes by 88.2 percent in all situations. However, the presence of a sidewalk clearly has a strong beneficial effect of reducing the risk of a 'walking along roadway' pedestrian/motor vehicle crash." The study does not count crashes that happen when walking across a roadway. The speed limit risk ratio was 1.116, which means that a 16.1-km/h (10-mi/h) increase in the limit yields a factor of (1.116)<sup>10</sup> or 3.<ref>
((cite report
 |author      = McMahon, Patrick J.
 |author2     = Charles V. Zegeer
 |author3     = Chandler Duncan
 |author4     = Richard L. Knoblauch
 |author5     = J. Richard Stewart
 |author6     = Asad J. Khattak
 |title       = An Analysis of Factors Contributing to 'Walking along Roadway' Crashes, Research Study and Guidelines for Sidewalks and Walkways
 |publisher   = Federal Highway Administration
 |year        = 2002
 |url         = http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19900/19995/PB2003102002.pdf
 |id          = FHWA-RD-01-101.
 |access-date  = 2008-03-24
 |url-status   = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080410063610/http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/19000/19900/19995/PB2003102002.pdf
 |archive-date = 2008-04-10
))
</ref>

The presence or absence of sidewalks was one of three factors that were found to encourage drivers to choose lower, safer speeds.<ref>((cite book |title=Designing Roads That Guide Drivers to Choose Safer Speeds |author=John N. Ivan, Norman W. Garrick and Gilbert Hanson |publisher= Connecticut Transportation Institute |date=November 2009))</ref>

On the other hand, the implementation of schemes which involve the removal of sidewalks, such as [[shared space]] schemes, are reported to deliver a dramatic drop in crashes and congestion too, which indicates that a number of other factors, such as the local speed environment, also play an important role in whether sidewalks are necessarily the best local solution for pedestrian safety.<ref>((cite web |title=Do you take unnecessary risks behind the wheel? |date=2011-01-05 |publisher=Which? |url=http://www.which.co.uk/news/2011/01/do-you-take-unnecessary-risks-behind-the-wheel-241445/ |quote=The town of Drachten removed most of its street furniture, signs and markings in 2003 and recorded a dramatic fall in accidents and traffic congestion as a result |access-date=2011-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312144802/http://www.which.co.uk/news/2011/01/do-you-take-unnecessary-risks-behind-the-wheel-241445/ |archive-date=2012-03-12 ))</ref>

In cold weather, [[black ice]] is a common problem with unsalted sidewalks. The ice forms a thin transparent surface film which is almost impossible to see, and so results in many slips by [[pedestrians]].

Riding bicycles on sidewalks is discouraged since some research shows it to be more dangerous than riding in the street.<ref>((Cite journal |title=Sidewalk Bicycling Safety Issues |author=Lisa Aultman-Hall and Michael F. Adams, Jr. |journal=Transportation Research Record |issue=1636 |year=1998))</ref> Some jurisdictions prohibit sidewalk riding except for children. In addition to the risk of cyclist/pedestrian collisions, cyclists face increase risks from collisions with motor vehicles at street crossings and driveways. Riding in the direction opposite to traffic in the adjacent lane is especially risky.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bikexprt.com/bikepol/facil/sidepath/sidecrash.htm |title=Bicycle sidepaths: Crash risks and liability exposure: Evidence from the research literature |date=8 December 2010 |access-date=2011-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911143347/http://www.bikexprt.com/bikepol/facil/sidepath/sidecrash.htm |archive-date=11 September 2011 ))</ref>

===Health===
((main|Obesity and walking))
Since residents of neighborhoods with sidewalks are more likely to walk, they tend to have lower rates of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other health issues related to sedentary lifestyles.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/02/04/crimes-of-the-heart.html |title=Crimes of the Heart |work=The Daily Beast |access-date=February 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810012823/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/02/04/crimes-of-the-heart.html |archive-date=August 10, 2013 ))</ref> Also, children who walk to school have been shown to have better concentration.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2013/02/kids-who-walk-or-bike-school-concentrate-better-study-shows/4585/ |title=The Link Between Kids Who Walk or Bike to School and Concentration |work=The Atlantic Cities |access-date=February 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207203634/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2013/02/kids-who-walk-or-bike-school-concentrate-better-study-shows/4585/ |archive-date=February 7, 2013 ))</ref>

===Social uses===
[[File:Orchard Road street busking.JPG|thumb|[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] [[busking]] at [[Orchard Road]], [[Singapore]]]]
Some sidewalks may be used as social spaces with [[sidewalk café]]s, [[market (place)|market]]s, or [[busking]] musicians, as well as for [[parking]] for a variety of vehicles including cars, motorbikes and bicycles. Sidewalk surfing was often used in the early 1960s to describe [[skateboarding]].<ref>[[Iain Borden]], [https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/skateboarding-and-the-city-9781472583451/ ''Skateboarding and the City: a Complete History''], ([[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2019), p. 9.</ref>)

==Construction==
Contemporary sidewalks are most often made of [[concrete]] in North America, while [[Tarmacadam|tarmac]], [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]], [[brick]], [[List of stone|stone]], [[stone slab|slab]] and (increasingly) [[rubber]] are more common in Europe.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/13/tech/innovation/pavegen-kinetic-pavements/index.html | work=CNN | first=George| last=Webster| title=Green sidewalk makes electricity one footstep at a time | date=2011-10-13))</ref> Different materials are more or less friendly environmentally: pumice-based [[trass]], for example, when used as an extender is less energy-intensive than Portland cement concrete or petroleum-based materials such as asphalt or tar-penetration macadam. Multi-use paths alongside roads are sometimes made of materials that are softer than concrete, such as asphalt.

Some sidewalks may be built like a Meandering Sidewalk. The meandering sidewalk is the wavy sidewalk that veers back and forth at the side of the road, no matter how straight the street. These sidewalks are common in North America and are used to break up the monotonous alignments of city blocks.

===Wood===
In the 19th century and early 20th century, [[Boardwalk|sidewalks of wood]] were common in some North American locations. They may still be found at historic beach locations and in conservation areas to protect the land beneath and around, called [[boardwalk]]s.

===Brick===
Brick sidewalks are found in some urban areas, usually for aesthetic purposes. Brick sidewalks are generally consolidated with [[brick hammer]]s, rollers, and sometimes [[Vibrator (mechanical)|motorized vibrators]].

<gallery mode=packed align=center style="text-align:left">
File:Brick sidewalk, EDS, Cambridge.jpg|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. 
File:Verbanden.png|Four [[tessellation]]s used in laying 
</gallery>

===Stone===
[[File:Stone slab sidewalk.jpg|thumb|Stone slab sidewalk|upright=1]]
[[Rock (geology)|Stone]] slabs called ''[[flagstone]]s'' or ''flags'' are sometimes used where an attractive appearance is required, as in historic town centers.

For example, in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], [[bluestone]] has been used to pave the sidewalks of the CBD since the [[Gold rush]] in the 1850s because it proved to be stronger, more plentiful and easier to work than most other available materials.

===Stone and concrete pavers===
((multiple image
 | align = right
 | total_width = 230
 | image_style = border:none;

 | image1 = Sidewalk construction.JPG
 | alt1 = 
 | caption1 = Installation of crushed stone underlayment for drainage

 | image2 = Sidewalk construction 2.JPG
 | alt2 = 
 | caption2 = Installation of paver blocks
))
Pre-cast concrete [[paver (flooring)|pavers]] are used for sidewalks, often colored or textured to resemble stone. Sometimes [[cobblestones]] are used, though they are generally considered too uneven for comfortable walking.

===Concrete===
[[File:2014-06-12 10 38 10 Fresh sidewalk along U.S. Route 95 (West Winnemucca Boulevard) near Melarkey Street and Nevada State Route 289 (Winnemucca Boulevard) in Winnemucca, Nevada.JPG|thumb|upright=1|Concrete sidewalk with horizontal strain-relief grooves]]
In the United States and Canada, the most common type of sidewalk consists of a poured concrete "ribbon", examples of which from as early as the 1860s can be found in good repair in San Francisco, and stamped with the name of the contractor and date of installation.((citation needed|date=February 2015)) When [[Portland cement]] was first imported to the United States in the 1880s, its principal use was in the construction of sidewalks.<ref>((cite journal|journal=The Cement Age: A Magazine Devoted to the Uses of Cement|volume=2|issue=9|page=652|title=What Cement Users Owe To The Public|author=Robert W. Lesley))</ref>

Today, most sidewalk ribbons are constructed with cross-lying strain-relief grooves placed or sawn at regular intervals, typically ((convert|5|ft|m)) apart. This partitioning, an improvement over the continuous slab ribbon, was patented in 1924 by Arthur Wesley Hall and William Alexander McVay, who wished to minimize damage to the concrete from the effects of tectonic and temperature fluctuations, both of which can crack longer segments.<ref>Mario Theriault, ''Great Maritime Inventions – 1833–1950'', Goose Lane Editions, 2001, p. 73</ref> The technique is not perfect, as freeze-thaw cycles (in cold-winter regions) and tree root growth can eventually result in damage which requires repair.

In highly variable climates which undergo multiple freeze-thaw cycles, concrete blocks will be formed with separations, called expansion joints, to allow for thermal expansion without breakage.  The use of expansion joints in sidewalks may not be necessary, as the concrete will shrink while setting.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete-construction/expansion-joints-not-needed-in-sidewalk.aspx |title=Expansion Joints Not Needed in Sidewalk - Concrete Construction |access-date=2014-05-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521152040/http://www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete-construction/expansion-joints-not-needed-in-sidewalk.aspx |archive-date=2014-05-21 ))</ref>

===Tarmac and asphalt===
In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and [[France]] suburban sidewalks are most commonly constructed of [[Asphalt concrete|tarmac]]. In [[urban area|urban]] or [[inner-city]] areas sidewalks are most commonly constructed of slabs, stone, or brick depending upon the surrounding street [[architecture]] and [[street furniture|furniture]].

==Gallery==
<gallery align="center" mode="packed">
File:Jalan MH Thamrin Menteng, Jakarta Pusat.jpg|Sidewalk with [[Tactile paving]] in [[Jalan M.H. Thamrin]], [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
File:Ptpavement4.jpg|Sidewalk next to [[Paulista Avenue]] tiled with [[Portuguese pavement]], in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]
File:Kutná hora cobblestones3.jpg|Old sidewalk with granite curb in [[Kutná Hora]], [[Czech Republic]]
File:Sidewalk in March (12975257203).jpg|Sidewalk in [[Wasaga Beach]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] cleared after a snowfall
File:Speightstown 007.jpg|Sidewalk market, [[Speightstown]], [[Barbados]]
File:Moscow, Kozitsky Lane.jpg|[[Overspill parking]] on the sidewalk in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
File:Oak Park Boulevard.jpg|Sidewalk with trees in [[Oak Park, Illinois|Oak Park]], Illinois, [[US]]
File:Treelawn2.JPG|Sidewalk with a planted [[rain garden]] in the "tree lawn" or "[[road verge]]" zone
File:Green space - tree - sidewalk - omar khayyam planetarium - Nishapur 11.JPG|Sidewalk in [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]] near [[Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam]]
File:Benoni Ekurhuleni.jpg|Sidewalk in [[Benoni, Gauteng|Benoni]], [[South Africa]]
File:Union Sq bike parking jeh.JPG|[[Bicycle stand|Bicycle parking]] on a sidewalk
File:Dog walking, Hospital Road, Omagh - geograph.org.uk - 1048920.jpg|Sidewalk in [[Omagh]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[UK]]
File:Montreal, Quebec Sidewalk.jpg|A sidewalk in [[Montreal, Quebec]], [[Canada]]
File:Sure We Can Earthday clean 2021 1.jpg|Sidewalk covered in dirt and dust, is cleaned during a [[Clean-up (environment)|street clean-up]] in [[New York City|New York]], US 
File:Pavement with a bicycle priority lane in Taipei.jpg|Sidewalk with a bicycle priority lane in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
</gallery>

==See also==
((div col|colwidth=20em))
* [[Amsterdammertje]]
* [[Big Apple Pothole and Sidewalk Protection Committee]]
* [[Café]]
* [[Carwalking]]
* [[Cobblestone]]
* [[Crosswalk]]
* [[Curb (road)|Curb]]
* [[Curb ramp]]
* [[Desire path]]
* [[Flagstone]]
* [[Median strip]]
* [[Moving walkway]]
* [[Pavement (material)|Pavement]]
* [[Portuguese pavement]]
* [[Public space]]
* [[Sidewalk chalk]]
* [[Street furniture]]
((div col end))

==References==
((reflist|30em))

==External links==
((Commons category|Sidewalks))
* [http://www.lawalks.org/ Los Alamos Walkability Advocacy Group]
* [http://www.peds.org/ PEDS] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121012830/http://peds.org/ |date=2013-01-21 )) a member-based advocacy group dedicated to making metro Atlanta safe and accessible for all pedestrians.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131226170851/http://www.walkinginfo.org/ Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC)], a U.S.A.-based clearinghouse for information for pedestrians (including transit users) and bicyclists.
* [https://manifiesto.perspectivasanomalas.org/en/ Manifesto for the Reorganisation  of the City after COVID19] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511111605/https://manifiesto.perspectivasanomalas.org/en/ |date=2021-05-11 )), a radical proposal for the post-COVID city published in Barcelona on 20 April 2020. Author: Massimo Paolini.

((Road))
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