Vibhishana
King of Lanka[1]
Member of Chiranjivi
Rama crowns Vibhishana as King of Lanka
AffiliationRakshasa, Vaishnavism
PredecessorRavana
AbodeLanka
TextsRamayana and its versions
Personal information
Parents
SiblingsRavana
Kumbhakarna
Shurpanakha
ConsortSarama
Mandodari (some traditions)
ChildrenTrijata (daughter)
Nila (son)
Taranisena (son) (Krittivasi Ramayana)[2]
DynastyRakshasa
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Vibhishana (Sanskrit: विभीषण, romanized: Vibhīṣaṇa, lit. 'formidable')[3] is the younger brother of Ravana, the King of Lanka, in the ancient Indian epic Ramayana.[4] Though a rakshasa himself, Vibhishana turned his back on Ravana, and defected to Rama's side, owing to his dharma.[5] After Rama defeated Ravana, the former crowned Prince Vibhishana as the King of Lanka before returning to Ayodhya.

Vibhishana (left) shows the Pushpaka Vimana to Rama and Lakshmana

Ramayana

Rama and Sita worship Shiva at Rameshwaram as Vibhishana (right) looks on with Lakshmana, Tumburu and Narada

Prince Vibhishana is portrayed as a pious and pure of heart in the epic. After performing a penance to invoke a boon from Brahma, he begged the deity to always set his mind on the path to righteousness, and nothing more.[6]

Vibhishana was the youngest son of the rakshasi Kaikesi and the sage Vishrava, who was himself a son of the sage Pulastya, one of the Prajapati. Vibhishana was the younger brother of the King of Lanka, Ravana, and also the sibling of Kumbhakarna. Even though he was born as a rakshasa, he was pious and considered himself a Brahmin, since his father was a sage.

Due to Vibhishana's differences with Ravana, and because he was against the act of kidnapping Sita, he fled Lanka. His mother, Kaikesi, advised him to go and serve Rama, who was at that time assembling an army to defeat Ravana and to recover his wife. As a consequence, he divulged the secrets of Ravana's army and made sure Rama was victorious in the great battle. Rama accepted Vibhishana's fealty and anointed him the King of Lanka after Ravana's death. In some versions of the epic, he takes his slain brother's queen Mandodari as his second wife, though in others he merely seeks her blessings during his coronation.[7]

In the Lanka War, Vibhishana's knowledge about the secrets of Lanka proved invaluable to Rama.[8] Vibhishana freely divulged many secrets that became key to the success of Rama's attack, including revealing the secret path to the temple of Nikumbala, the family deity of the Pulastya clan.[9] In the climactic battle between Rama and Ravana, when Rama was unable to kill Ravana, he revealed the secret of Ravana's invulnerability to Rama. He told Rama that Ravana has stored the nectar of immortality in his belly and it is necessary to dry it. With this knowledge, Rama was finally able to kill Ravana.[10]

He had a daughter named Trijata.

When Rama was about to leave Ayodhya at the end of his reign, he assumed his true form of Vishnu, ordering Vibhishana to stay on earth and serve the people and guide them to the path of truth and dharma. Hence, Vibhishana is considered one of the immortals, the Chiranjivis.[11] Vishnu also ordered Vibhishana to pray to the family deity of Solar dynasty, Ranganatha.[12]

Characterisation

In the Ramayana, Vibhishana's characterisation assists in demonstrating the practical implications of the concept of dharma. The epic stresses that neither Vibhishana or Kumbhakarna strayed from the path of dharma and that there is no single way out of a moral dilemma. The Ramayana teaches that Kumbhakarna adhered to the dharma of loyalty to his kin when his advice fails, while Vibhishana chose to oppose his kin when his advice failed.[13]

Regional legends

Srirangam

The statue in Lankatilaka Vihara of Vibhishana and wife is Sarama as in position of guardian deity of Sri Lanka[14]

Vibhishana is featured in the regional legend of the Ranganathaswamy temple of Srirangam, considered the foremost of the Divya Desams, the abodes of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism. During the coronation of Rama, the avatar of Vishnu, Vibhishana was presented the sacrosanct Sri Ranga vimana. He decided to carry it to his kingdom of Lanka. Midway his journey, in order to rest, he placed the image on the banks of the Kaveri. After performing his routine puja, he tried to lift the vimana, but it could not be lifted.[15] Vishnu appeared to him and said that he desired to stay as Ranganatha in the place, which went on to become Srirangam. Vishnu also desired to watch the brahmotsavam at Tirucherai. The festivals of the temple are thus considered sacred.[16]

Sri Lanka

In some period of history Sinhalese people have considered Vibhishana as one of the Sathara Waram Deviyo (four guardian deities).[17] This belief was more prominent in the Kotte period. According to the Ravana Katha of Wickramasinghe Adigar, after the defeat of Ravana, Vibhishana transferred the Yaksha capital from Alaka mandawa to Kelaniya.[18] In the 15th-century poem of Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera, the sælalihini sandesaya, Myna is ordered to carry the missive to Vibhishana at his temple in Kelaniya. After the 16th century, he was replaced as a God of the four warrants by the goddess Pattini. He continues to be worshipped by a diminishing number of adherents, mainly in the Kelaniya area.[19]

References

  1. ^ "Story of Vibhīṣaṇa". 28 January 2019.
  2. ^ Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa. Sarup & Sons. 20 February 2024. ISBN 978-81-7625-244-7.
  3. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (24 June 2012). "Vibhishana, Vibhīṣaṇa, Vibhīṣaṇā: 28 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  4. ^ "Ravana | King Ravana - Viral Sri Lanka". 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  5. ^ Buck, William (2000). Ramayana. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1720-3.
  6. ^ Saraswati, Smt T. N. (2 March 2019). Vibhishana. Bharatha Samskruthi Prakashana. ISBN 978-93-89020-78-6.
  7. ^ Shashi, S. S. (1998). Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Vol. 21–35. Encyclopaedia Indica. p. 222.
  8. ^ Ranganayakamma. RAMAYANA The Poisonous Tree. Sweet Home Publications.
  9. ^ Maheshwari, Vipul; Maheshwari, Anil (18 October 2020). Ramayana Revisited: An Epic through a Legal Prism. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-89351-07-1.
  10. ^ Keshavadas, Sadguru Sant (1988). Ramayana at a Glance. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 200. ISBN 978-81-208-0545-3.
  11. ^ Ramesh, M. S. (1997). 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams. T.T. Devasthanams. p. 262.
  12. ^ Saraswati, Smt T. N. (2 March 2019). Vibhishana. Bharatha Samskruthi Prakashana. ISBN 978-93-89020-78-6. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  13. ^ Keshavadas, Sadguru Sant (1988). Ramayana at a Glance. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0545-3.
  14. ^ "Lankatilaka Temple near Kandy".
  15. ^ Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan. "Evidence for temples in Bhāratam, from ca. 4th-3rd millennium BCE". ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ M., Rajagopalan (1993). 15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu. Chennai, India: Govindaswamy Printers. pp. 66–75.
  17. ^ Kariyawasam, A.G.S (1995). "The Gods & Deity Worship in Sri Lanka". The Wheel Publication No. 402/404, Buddhist Publication Society. ISBN 955-24-0126-7. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  18. ^ Dr. Mirando Obeysekere, Was Maya Dannawa the architect of Sigiriya?, Daily News, 6 March 2003. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/mdannawa.html
  19. ^ Nandasena Ratnapala, Folklore of Sri Lanka, State Printing Corporation, Colombo, 1991; ISBN 955-610-089-X
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