This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Ernest Louis
Photograph by Jacob Hilsdorf, 1905
Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
Reign13 March 1892 – 9 November 1918
PredecessorLouis IV
SuccessorMonarchy abolished
Born(1868-11-25)25 November 1868
New Palace, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse
Died9 October 1937(1937-10-09) (aged 68)
Schloss Wolfsgarten, Langen, Hesse, Nazi Germany
Burial
Neues Mausoleum, Park Rosenhöhe, Darmstadt, Germany
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1894; div. 1901)​
​
​
(m. 1905)​
Issue
Names
Ernest Louis Charles Albert William
German: Ernst Ludwig Karl Albrecht Wilhelm
HouseHesse-Darmstadt
FatherLouis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
MotherPrincess Alice of the United Kingdom
Grand Ducal Family of
Hesse and by Rhine
Ernest Louis
Children
Princess Elisabeth
Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus
Prince Louis
Grandchildren
Prince Ludwig
Prince Alexander
Princess Johanna
Unnamed boy

Ernest Louis (German: Ernst Ludwig Karl Albrecht Wilhelm; 25 November 1868 – 9 October 1937) was the last Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, reigning from 1892 until 1918.[1]

Early life

Ernest in 1879 with his grandmother Queen Victoria and sisters Victoria, Elizabeth, Irene and Alix two months after the deaths of their mother and youngest sister. All are wearing mourning clothes.

Ernest Louis was the elder son of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was named Louis after his father. His nickname was "Ernie". One of seven siblings, two of whom died in childhood, Ernest grew up with his four surviving sisters in Darmstadt. One of his younger sisters, Alexandra, would marry Tsar Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, while another sister, Victoria Mountbatten, would be the mother of Queen Louise of Sweden, Louis Mountbatten and Princess Alice of Battenberg, who was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Ernest Louis grew up in a loving household, with parents who demonstrated their affection for their children, something not typical for that social stratum in those days. He grew much attached to his parents and siblings, and it was his misfortune that he was fated to witness several deaths among them during his childhood. When he was five, his only brother Prince Friedrich died. The two boys had been playing a game when the younger boy, who suffered from haemophilia, fell through a window onto the balcony twenty feet below.[2] Ernest Louis was inconsolable. "When I die, you must die too, and all the others. Why can't we all die together? I don't want to die alone, like Frittie," he told his nurse.[3] To his mother he said, "I dreamt that I was dead and was gone up to Heaven, and there I asked God to let me have Frittie again and he came to me and took my hand."[4]

In 1878, when Ernest was ten, an epidemic of diphtheria swept through Darmstadt. His father and all the children, except Elisabeth, who was visiting her paternal grandmother, fell ill.[5] Princess Alice cared for her sick husband and children, but on 16 November, the youngest of them, Princess Marie, died. Alice kept the news from her family for several weeks, until Ernest Louis, who was devoted to little Marie, asked for his sister. When his mother revealed Marie's death, Ernest Louis was overcome with grief. In comforting her grieving son, Alice kissed him.[6] She fell ill within a week, and died on 14 December, the anniversary of her own father's death.[7][8]

Marriages

First marriage

On 19 April 1894, at Schloss Ehrenburg, Ernest Louis married his maternal first cousin, Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh nicknamed "Ducky", the daughter of his mother's brother, Prince Alfred. The match was actively encouraged by their mutual grandmother, Queen Victoria, who attended the wedding. At the wedding, Ernest's youngest surviving sister, Alix, became engaged to marry Tsarevich Nicholas of Russia, and the excitement of that imminent match threw the nuptial celebrations into the shade.[9]

Ernest was still devastated by the memory of his daughter's death thirty years later. "My little Elisabeth," he wrote in his memoirs, "was the sunshine of my life."[10]

Ernest and Victoria Melita had two children:

Ernest and Victoria entertained in style, frequently holding house parties for young friends (anybody above 30 was deemed "too old" by Victoria), dispensing with formality on those occasions to indulge in fun and frolic; Victoria's cousin Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark remembered one stay with them as having been "the jolliest, merriest house party to which I have ever been in my life."[11] These revelries were more in keeping with Victoria's inclinations than Ernest's. Their marriage was unhappy due to differences in temperament and attitude. Fond as she was of revelry, Victoria was less enthusiastic about fulfilling her public role. She avoided answering letters, put off visits to elderly relations whose company she did not enjoy, and talked to people who amused her at official functions while ignoring people of higher social or official standing whom she found boring.[12] Victoria's inattention to her duties provoked quarrels with Ernest. The young couple had loud arguments which sometimes turned physical. The volatile Victoria shouted, threw tea trays, smashed china against the wall, and tossed anything that was handy at Ernest during their arguments.[12]

Queen Victoria was saddened when she heard of the trouble in the marriage from Sir George Buchanan, her chargé d'affaires at Darmstadt, but because of their daughter, Elisabeth, she refused to consider permitting her grandchildren to divorce. Ernest also held off from divorce mainly for this reason. He adored his daughter to distraction and lavished his time and attention on her. The child reciprocated her father's affection, preferred the company of her father to that of her mother.[13] Meanwhile, all efforts to rekindle the marriage failed; Victoria took to spending most of the year in the south of France, spending vast sums in expenses and at the card-tables in Monte Carlo. When Queen Victoria died in January 1901, significant opposition to the end of the marriage was removed.[14] The couple were divorced 21 December 1901 on grounds of "invincible mutual antipathy" by a special verdict of the Supreme Court of Hesse. After the divorce had come through, Victoria told some close relatives that Ernest was a homosexual.[15][16] Allegedly, she had caught her husband in bed with a male servant when, in 1897, she returned home from a visit to her sister Queen Marie of Romania. She did not make her accusation public, but told her sister that "no boy was safe, from the stable hands to the kitchen help. He slept quite openly with them all."[17][18] Victoria later married another first cousin, this time on her mother's side, while Ernest married a woman from a mediatised family, Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich.

Second marriage

Ernest Louis remarried in Darmstadt, on 2 February 1905, to Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (17 September 1871 – 16 November 1937).[19] This marriage proved harmonious and happy. The couple had two sons:

In addition to his marriage, Ernest Louis maintained a close friendship with the bisexual Karl August Lingner, the inventor of Odol, one of the first liquid mouthwashes.[25] When Lingner died of tongue cancer, he bequeathed Tarasp Castle in Switzerland to Ernest Louis. However, the Hesse family never lived in it, and it was sold in 2016.

Grand Duke of Hesse

In 1892, Ernest Louis succeeded his father as grand duke.

Throughout his life, Ernest Louis was a patron of the arts,[26] founding the Darmstadt Artists' Colony, and was himself an author of poems, plays, essays, and piano compositions.

Ernest Louis commissioned the New Mausoleum in 1903. It was consecrated on 3 November 1910, in the presence of the Grand Duke and his immediate family, that is to say, his wife Eleonore, Tsar Nicholas II and his two sisters, the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna (Ella), Victoria, Princess Louis of Battenberg and her daughter, Louise, and Princess Heinrich of Prussia accompanied by her husband. The remains of Grand Duke Ludwig IV, Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine along with their children 'Frittie' and 'May' were re-interred in the New Mausoleum.[27]

First World War

Ernest Louis in 1917, as officer during the First World War.

During World War I, Ernest Louis served as a general of the infantry at Kaiser Wilhelm's headquarters. In February, 1917, the February Revolution in Russia forced his brother-in-law, Tsar Nicholas II, to abdicate. Sixteen months later, in July 1918, his two sisters in Russia, Elizabeth, the widow of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, and Alexandra, the wife of Nicholas II, were murdered by the Bolsheviks, Alexandra dying alongside her husband and children. At the end of the war, he lost his throne during the revolution of 1918, after refusing to abdicate.[28]

Death

In October 1937, Ernest Louis died after a long illness at Schloß Wolfsgarten, near Darmstadt. He received what amounted to a state funeral on 16 November 1937 and was buried next to his daughter, Elisabeth, in a new open air burial ground next to the New Mausoleum he had built in the Rosenhöhe park in Darmstadt.[29]

Legacy

His former sister-in-law, Marie of Romania, described Grand Duke Ernest in her memoirs:

Ernie could be the gayest of companions, he was in fact full of almost feverish life. There was something effervescent about him, rather restless even; he was highly strung and had the artistic temperament developed to the highest degree. He enjoyed everything and could also be a clever inventor of varied amusements.[...] Ernie enjoyed himself as much as we did and, his vitality being infectious, he did Nando a lot of good. In his youth my husband had not the faculty of real enjoyment; he was too anxious and this gave him a somewhat protesting attitude that we did our best to overrule. The truth was he was too much in  awe of Uncle ; the fear of his “vetoes” was always with him, so he could never “let himself go” to complete enjoyment. Ernie, however, often helped him to overcome his inborn diffidence; the young brother-in-law, so to say, conquered Nando’s doubts with his much greater self-assurance.

[30]

Honours

He received the following orders and decorations:[31]

German honours
Foreign honours

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ "EX-RULER OF HESSE DEAD IN GERMANY; Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig Was Ousted in 1918 After Reign Praised for Its Wisdom". The New York Times. 10 October 1937. p. 29. Retrieved 8 December 2008. Paid subscription required to read the full article.
  2. ^ Packard, p. 161
  3. ^ Ridley, Jane (3 December 2013). The Heir Apparent: A Life of Edward VII, the Playboy Prince. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-9475-9.
  4. ^ Sell, K. (2003). Alice, Grand Duchess Of Hesse. Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-87444-192-0.
  5. ^ Packard, p. 166
  6. ^ Noel, p. 239
  7. ^ "Death of the Grand Duchess of Hesse". The Times. 16 December 1878.
  8. ^ Packard, p. 167
  9. ^ "Carl Backofen (1853-1909) - Group photograph taken during the wedding celebrations of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  10. ^ a b Van der Kiste, John. Princess Victoria Melita, Grand Duchess Cyril of Russia, 1876–1936, p. 64, Sutton Publishing, 1991, ISBN 978-0-86299-815-8
  11. ^ Sullivan, p. 148
  12. ^ a b Sullivan, p. 152
  13. ^ Sullivan, pp. 217–218
  14. ^ See Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  15. ^ Röhl, John C. G. R "Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941", Cambridge University Press, p534
  16. ^ Cockfield, Jamie H."White Crow: The Life and Times of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich", p61
  17. ^ Terence Elsberry, Marie of Romania, St. Martin's Press, 1972, p.62
  18. ^ Sullivan, p. 182
  19. ^ "Hills & Saunders (1852 to date) - Ernest Louis Grand Duke of Hesse (1868-1937) when Prince of Hesse". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  20. ^ Mitterrand, Frédéric (1999). Mémoires d'exil (in French). Robert Laffont. pp. 104–105, 333. ISBN 978-2-221-09023-7.
  21. ^ Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice: Princess Andrew of Greece. Hamish Hamilton. pp. 352, 272–273. ISBN 978-0-241-13686-7.
  22. ^ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). "Cecilia de Grecia, gran duquesa heredera de Hesse y del Rhin". La Familia de la Reina Sofía: La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). La Esfera de los Libros. pp. 284, 299–302. ISBN 978-84-9734-195-0.
  23. ^ Beéche, Arturo E.; Miller, Ilana D. (2020). The Grand Ducal House of Hesse. Eurohistory. ISBN 978-1944207083.
  24. ^ Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-19-533927-7.
  25. ^ Funke, Ulf-Norbert "Leben und Wirken von Karl August Lingner: Lingners Weg vom Handlungsgehilfen zum Grossindustriellen", Diplomica Verlag GmbH, 2014
  26. ^ Stopes, Charlotte C. (10 May 1914). "ART AT HOME AND ABROAD; American Paintings at Reinhardt Galleries – Sale of Modern Pictures in Paris – Important Art Exhibitions Abroad" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. SM11. Retrieved 8 December 2008. See section titled Two Important Art Exhibitions in Darmstadt (Hesse) Under the Patronage of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt
  27. ^ Christopher Warwick, author of the biography of Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna, entitled 'Ella Princess, Saint & Martyr' published in hardback the United Kingdom by John Wiley & Sons.
  28. ^ "TWO MORE RULERS GIVE UP THRONE; Republics Proclaimed in Wurttemburg and Hesse—Ducal Lands Seized" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 November 1918. p. 1. Retrieved 8 December 2008. Hesse mentioned toward the middle of the article
  29. ^ Grand Duchy of Hesse[permanent dead link] website, discussing burials of the grand ducal family (Retrieved 8 December 2008).
  30. ^ Marie, Queen (1934). The story of my life [by] Marie, queen of Romania. State Library of Pennsylvania. C. Scribner’s sons. p. 366.
  31. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1912/13), Genealogy pp. 1–2
  32. ^ "Orden Stern von Brabant – Ehrenkreuz 1. Klasse mit Krone". www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de (in German). Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  33. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 63, 77
  34. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (1908), "Königliche-Orden" p. 8
  35. ^ Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 4 – via hathitrust.org.
  36. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 29
  37. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1900). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
  39. ^ Bollettino Ufficiale di Stato
  40. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 212
  41. ^ Shaw, p. 69
  42. ^ Shaw, p. 415

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse.
Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse House of Hesse-DarmstadtCadet branch of the House of HesseBorn: 25 November 1868 Died: 9 October 1937 Regnal titles Preceded byLouis IV Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 1892–1918 VacantMonarchy abolished Political offices Preceded byLouis IVas grand duke Head of state of Hesse-Darmstadt 1892–1918 Succeeded byCarl Ulrichas president Titles in pretence Loss of titleRepublic declared — TITULAR — Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 1918–1937 Succeeded byGeorg Donatus
Final hereditary rulers of the states of the German Empire
Princes of Hesse and by Rhine
Authority control databases
Categories