The United States launched its first test of the Minuteman I intercontinental ballistic missile. The rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral at 11:00 am and traveled 4,000 miles (6,400 km) in less than 15 minutes to a target in the Atlantic Ocean.[2][3]
Santa Maria hijacking: After ten days of being held captive on an ocean liner, nearly 600 passengers from the cruise ship Santa Maria were freed, and were taken ashore by various boats to the Brazilian port of Recife.[6]
Operation Looking Glass began, as the first of a series of Boeing EC-135 jets went into the air on orders of the Strategic Air Command. For more than 30 years, an EC-135 was always in the air, with the capability of taking direct control of the United States' bombers and missiles in the event of the destruction of the SAC's command post near Omaha. As one jet "Doomsday Plane" was preparing to land, another was already aloft. The program continued, with E4A jets later replacing the EC-135s, until the fall of the Soviet Union.[8]
The Portuguese Colonial War began in Angola with a co-ordinated attack by 180 MPLA guerillas in Luanda. In a morning raid, armed groups attacked the prison, the police barracks, a police patrol and the radio station. The attacks failed, and armed white Angolan residents exacted revenge on Luanda's black neighborhoods, but the battle inspired a 14-year-long campaign to liberate Portugal's colonies.[10][11]
Sputnik 7 was launched by the Soviet Union and placed into Earth orbit. Although reported as a success, in that it was the heaviest object (14,300 pounds (6,500 kg)) into orbit at that time, the Soviets did not mention that their intent had been to send the first Earth craft to the planet Venus, a detail revealed in 1962 by the American space agency, NASA.[12]
The Kachin Independence Organisation and its military wing, the Kachin Independence Army, were organized in the northernmost state of Burma, where the predominantly Christian Kachin people revolted against a proposal by Burmese Premier U Nu to make Buddhism the national religion. Led by the three Zau brothers (Zau Seng, Zau Tu and Zau Dan), the KIO and the KIA lead a rebellion that would last for 32 years, during which the Kachin state operated independently from the rest of Burma.[13][14]
A plebiscite was held on the south Pacific islands of Saipan and Tinian on the issue of the future political status of the two southern Pacific lands, both of which were administered by the U.S. Navy. Most (1,642 voters) favored rejoining the U.S. territory of Guam, 875 wanted to be a territory within the Northern Marianas, 27 wanted to continue under Navy administration, and eight were invalid.[15]
Movie actress Marilyn Monroe voluntarily checked herself into the Cornell University Medical Center (under the pseudonym "Faye Miller") after being driven there by her psychiatrist, Marianne Kris. Admitted on the premise that she would be treated for exhaustion, Monroe was instead taken to the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic and found "the worst fear of her life come true", being locked inside a padded cell. After three days, she was permitted to make a phone call and reached her ex-husband, baseball star Joe DiMaggio, who flew to New York City and effected her release.[16]
General Ne Win of the Burmese Army purged his military command, announcing the forced resignations of Brigadier General (and future President) Maung Maung, his director of military training, and nine of his 18 field commanders.[17]
In the Congo, President Joseph Kasavubu named Joseph Ileo as the Prime Minister in an interim government. Ileo was unable to persuade major secessionist leaders to join his cabinet and would resign on August 1.[18]
In what the Associated Press described as "a rarity in anti-trust cases", seven corporate executives were sent to jail in Philadelphia for bid rigging in attempting to obtain government contracts. The jail sentences were in addition to fines against 29 different electrical firms, and another 19 officials were given probation and suspended sentences. The men who drew 30-day jail sentences were a vice-president and two former division managers of General Electric Company; a vice-president and a sales manager of Westinghouse Electric Company; a V.P. of Cutler-Hammer, Inc. (later part of Eaton Corporation) and a V.P. of Clark Controller Company. U.S. District Judge J. Cullen Ganey said, "What really is at stake here is a vast section of our economic system that we are offering to uncommitted sections of the world as an alternative to planned economies."[19][20]
Black political leaders, including Joshua Nkomo and Ndabaningi Sithole, met with British colonial officials in Salisbury and signed their agreement to a referendum on a proposed constitution for independence for Southern Rhodesia, with a system providing for gradual rule by the black African majority. The document, which was to be submitted to black and white voters on July 26, had provisions for "a complicated, racially discriminatory voting system"[21] with an "A" roll for white African voters and candidates, and a "B" roll for black voters and candidates. "It is possible," an author would later write, "had Nkomo adhered to this commitment that he could have found himself in reasonable time the President of the independent state of Zimbabwe. If he had stood by his commitment, the armed struggle, to which he would commit himself shortly, and which would kill some 40,000 people in 1962-1980, would not have occurred. If he had stayed in the constitutional process and encouraged the Africans to qualify for the vote, they would have... by dint of their numbers, come to dominate in a lawful, peaceful manner."[22] Days after the initial agreement, Nkomo and Sithole withdrew their support and urged their supporters to boycott the referendum.
George Low, NASA's Chief of Manned Space Flight, and his task group submitted their report, A Plan for a Manned Lunar Landing, for consideration by U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[23]
Harold Johnson defeated Jess Bowdry in a boxing bout to win recognition by the National Boxing Association as world light heavyweight champion. All other boxing boards continued to recognize Archie Moore (who had beaten Johnson in four previous encounters) as the world champion, but the N.B.A. had vacated Moore's title for inactivity.[24]
At a press conference to announce that Prime Minister John Diefenbaker of Canada would be coming to the United States on February 20, President Kennedy mispronounced the Canadian leader's name multiple times. Kennedy had asked Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who in turn had asked Assistant for European Affairs Foy D. Kohler, who suggested the German pronunciation "Dee-fen-bawk-er"; Diefenbaker's name was misspelled by various news sources as "Diffenbaker", "Diefenbacker", "Diefenbacon" and even (by UPI) "Fifenbaker".[25] Privately, the Prime Minister, whose name was pronounced "Dee-fen-bay-ker", was enraged at what he viewed as being mocked by the American president.[26]
Artist Oskar Kokoschka was made an honorary citizen of Vienna.
The Robert Moses Niagara Hydroelectric Power Station went online, completing a project to use Niagara Falls to generate electricity from what was, at the time, the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world, generating 2,400,000 million kilowatts (or 2.4 gigawatts) of electricity per hour.[32]
Melbourne Cricket Ground had its largest ever crowd for a cricket match, 90,800 people, attending the test match between Australia and the West Indies.
A plebiscite was conducted in the north and south parts of the British Cameroons over whether to join the Federation of Nigeria or the Republic of Cameroon that had recently become independent of France. Residents of the Southern Cameroons voted 233,571 to 97,741 in favor of union with Cameroon, while in the Northern Cameroons, the result was 146,296 to 97,659 in favor of integration with Nigeria.[33]
Robert C. Weaver became the first African-American to lead a major U.S. government agency, becoming Administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency on appointment by President Kennedy. When the HHFA was raised to cabinet-level status on January 18, 1966, Weaver became the first African-American cabinet member, under President Lyndon Johnson, as the first U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.[34]
Eight days after launching the seven-ton Sputnik 5, the U.S.S.R. used the orbiting satellite as a launch platform from which to fire a rocket carrying the interplanetary space probe, Venera 1, towards the planet Venus. The U.S. had launched Pioneer V toward Venus in March.[35][36][37] Contact with the satellite was lost after it traveled 4,650,000 miles (7,480,000 km), but the probe came within 62,000 miles (100,000 km) of the second planet, and is believed to still be in orbit around the Sun.[38]
At Elisabethville, The Congo, Katangan Interior Minister Godefroid Munongo informed reporters, "I have called you together to announce the death of Patrice Lumumba and his accomplices," then went on to say that the group had been massacred the day before "by the inhabitants of a little village" days after escaping from prison. As it turned out, Lumumba had been executed by a Katangan firing squad a month earlier, on January 17. The confirmation of Lumumba's death stirred rioting in the Congo and around the world.[40][41]
NASA and McDonnell began discussions of an advanced Mercury spacecraft. McDonnell had been studying the concept of a maneuverable Mercury spacecraft since 1959. On February 1, Space Task Group (STG) Director Robert R. Gilruth assigned James A. Chamberlin, Chief, STG Engineering Division, to institute studies with McDonnell on improving Mercury for future programs. Work on several versions of the spacecraft, ranging from minor modifications to radical redesign, got underway immediately. Early in March, the prospect of conducting extravehicular operations prompted Maxime A. Faget of STG to query John F. Yardley of McDonnell about the possibility of a two-man version of the improved Mercury. Yardley raised the question with Walter F. Burke, a McDonnell vice president, who in turn ordered that a design drawing of a two-man Mercury be prepared.[42]
Hunting for geodes in the Coso Mountains near Olancha, California, rock collectors Wally Lane, Mike Mikesell and Virginia Maxey found a 500,000-year-old rock containing the "Coso artifact", a metal object that resembled, anachronistically, a spark plug. The rock and the ancient spark plug have not been seen since 1969.[43]
Element 103, Lawrencium, was first synthesized by a team of scientists at the University of California, Berkeley. Using the cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, scientists Albert Ghiorso, Torbjorn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh and Robert M. Latimer bombarded Californium with Boron-10 and Boron-11 nuclei, combining the protons of the 98th and 5th elements to create a new element with 103 protons. After spending two months confirming their finding, the team made their announcement on April 13.[44]
A day after the news of Patrice Lumumba's death, thousands of protesters attacked Belgium's embassies worldwide. The embassy in Moscow was attacked by a mob of thousands of Russian, Asian and African students, while the one in Belgrade was ransacked following a protest by 30,000 people. African students in New Delhi wrecked furniture at the embassy there. The next day, a group of 24 protesters fought with guards at the United Nations Security Council[45] One reporter felt that the Moscow riots, with marchers from that city's People's Friendship University, "showed signs of careful planning" and that it had been orchestrated by the Soviet government.[46]
Sabena Flight 548 crashed as it was approaching Brussels on a flight from New York City, killing all 72 people on board, including all of the United States figure skating team and its coaches. It was the first fatal crash of a Boeing 707 passenger jet.[50]
Died:William F. Norrell, 64, U.S. Representative from Arkansas who had been sworn in for his 11th term six weeks earlier, two days after having a stroke while sitting in his office at the U.S. Capitol.[51]
Space Task Group engineers directing Project Mercury had selected the flight trajectory for the Mercury-Atlas 2 mission. This trajectory was designed to provide the most severe reentry heating conditions which could be encountered on an emergency abort during an orbital flight attempt. The reentry heating rate was estimated to be 30 percent higher than a normal Mercury orbital reentry, and temperatures were predicted to be about 25 percent higher at certain locations on the afterbody of the spacecraft. The deceleration g-load was calculated to be about twice that expected for a normal reentry from orbit.[52]
Egress hatch procedures for recovery force operations were discussed at a Mercury coordination meeting. One suggestion involved the installation of a pull-ring for activating the hatch explosive charge. Another proposal was made for a paint outline of an emergency outlet that could be cut through, if necessary.[52]
Born:
Angela Eagle and Maria Eagle, British members of the House of Commons and officials within the Shadow Cabinet that advises the Leader of the Opposition; in Bridlington
Led by British author and activist Bertrand Russell, the Committee of 100 and a crowd of 5,000 people staged a sit-down protest at the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall, London, demanding that the U.K. call off its agreement to bring nuclear missiles to the British Isles. As one author notes, "Somewhat to the distress of Russell ... police took no action on this occasion."[53]
After 22 years of publication, the British comic strip Radio Fun was merged into Buster.
The remains of the former USS South Dakota, a U.S. Navy armored cruiser during World War One and later renamed the USS Huron before being sold for scrap in 1930, sank off the coast of the city of Powell River, British Columbia. A storm caused the stripped-down ship to go down in 80-foot (24 m) deep waters in the Salish Sea coastal waterway.[54]
Belgium's King Baudouin dissolved Parliament and ordered new elections to be conducted on March 26.[55]
A seven-year-old boy in Arizona survived a 275-foot (84 m) fall into an irrigation well and was rescued after ranch employees tied together multiple ropes. Harry Stage had broken both legs and his pelvis after falling through the 16-inch (410 mm) pipe.[56]
Jerry Garcia, an 18-year-old drifter who had been discharged from the U.S. Army, survived a car accident in Palo Alto, California. He would later describe the event as "the slingshot for the rest of my life". "Before then I was always living at less than capacity," he would write later. "Then I got serious." Garcia would go on to found the Grateful Dead.[57]
The African state of Gabon adopted a new constitution.[58]Léon M'ba became President, with significant additional powers.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 161 was adopted by a 9–0 vote, authorizing United Nation forces to take "all appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including ... the use of force, if necessary, as a last resort".[59]
February 21, 1961: Launch of Mercury-Atlas 2
Mercury-Atlas 2 was launched from Cape Canaveral in a test to check maximum heating and its effects during the worst reentry design conditions. The flight closely matched the desired trajectory and attained a maximum altitude of 114.04 statute miles and a range of 1,431.6 statute miles. Inspection of the spacecraft aboard the recovery ship some 55 minutes after launch (actual flight time was 17.56 minutes) indicated that test objectives were met, since the structure and heat protection elements appeared to be in excellent condition. The flight control team obtained satisfactory data; and the complete launch computing and display system, operating for the first time in a flight, performed satisfactorily.[52]
Fans of the television soap opera The Edge of Night were horrified when Sara Lane Karr, the show's leading female character, died of injuries sustained on the Monday episode. After CBS received multiple calls from distressed viewers, the actress who played the role, Teal Ames, appeared as herself the next day to explain that she was alive, and that her character had been written out of the series at her own request.[61]
Duncan Carse was dropped off alone at the British Antarctic island of South Georgia, for an eighteen-month attempt to become a latter-day Robinson Crusoe. HMS Owen(K640) brought him to the uninhabited south side of the island with 12 tonnes (12 long tons; 13 short tons) of supplies and a prefabricated hut, at Ducloz Head. The hut and much of the supplies would be swept away by a wave on May 20, forcing Carse to survive on what he had been able to save. He would finally be able to signal a ship, the Petrel, on September 13.[62]
Iranian Airways and Pars Airways merged to form a single national airline for the nation, Iran Air.[64]
The bodies of former Hungarian Prime Minister Imre Nagy, Colonel Pál Maléter and journalist Miklós Gimes - all of whom had been executed for treason on June 16, 1958, after the failure of the 1956 Hungarian revolution - were exhumed from the courtyard of the prison where they had been hanged, taken from their coffins, rolled up in tar paper, and buried in an unmarked grave in Budapest. Even their names were altered in cemetery records, with Nagy identified as a woman named Piroska Borbiro.[65] After the downfall of Communism in Hungary in 1989, the three bodies were exhumed, and buried with full honors on June 16, 1989, thirty-one years after their executions.[66]
The last public trams in Sydney, Australia, ceased operation, bringing to an end the Southern Hemisphere's largest tramway network.[67]
India's Orissa state was placed under president's rule after Chief Minister Harekrushna Mahatab resigned because of non-cooperation among the state's political parties. Direct rule continued for 14 months until new state legislature elections could be held.[68]
Mercury spacecraft impact attenuation
McDonnell conducted a successful drop test, using a boilerplate Mercury spacecraft fitted with impact skirt, straps and cables, and a berylliumheat shield. During the tests the stainless steel straps were successfully stretched to design limits.[52]
Paul Bikle set a record for altitude for a sailplane, reaching 46,266 feet (14,102 meters) after catching a Sierra Wave in the skies near California's Mount Whitney.[69][70] The record would remain unbroken more than 50 years later.[71]
Tyazhely Sputnik (literally "heavy satellite"), at seven tons the largest object to be launched into outer space when it went up on February 4, reentered the atmosphere over Siberia.[74] The failure of the mission was disguised as a test by Soviet authorities.[75]
Died: King Mohammed V of Morocco, 51, suffered a fatal heart attack after undergoing a minor operation at the clinic in his palace at Rabat. His son, Hassan II was proclaimed his successor.[76]
Professor Henry Kissinger of Harvard University was appointed by President Kennedy as a consultant to the National Security Agency. The 37-year-old Kissinger, who would later serve as U.S. Secretary of State for two Republican Presidents, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, had been the author of the 1958 book Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy.[77]
Under United States law, 38 U.S.C. §101 (29)(A), the Vietnam Era refers to "The period beginning on February 28, 1961, and ending on May 7, 1975, in the case of a veteran who served in the Republic of Vietnam during that period."[78]
East Germany abruptly ended its program of researching, designing and building aircraft, with the passage of a resolution by the Central Committee of the ruling SED Party. "Huge resources were wasted as a result of this about-face," noted one commentator.[79]
The Saarlouis electric tramway closed after nearly 48 years in operation.
^Bertil Lintner, Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier (Yale University Press, 2015) p260
^Thant Myint-U, The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007) p288
^Arnold H. Leibowitz, Defining Status: A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations (Martinus Nijhoff, 1989) p527
^Richard Ben Cramer, Joe DiMaggio: The Hero's Life (Simon and Schuster, 2001) pp390-391
^Callahan, Mary P. (2003). Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Cornell University Press. pp. 198–200.
^Kisangani, Emizet Francois; Bobb, Scott F. (2009). "Ileo, Joseph". Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Scarecrow Press. p. 228.
^Geis, Gilbert (1968). "The Heavy Electrical Equipment Antitrust Cases of 1961". White-Collar Criminal: The Offender in Business And the Professions. Transaction Publishers. p. 103.
^Tsvangirai, Morgan; Bango, T. William (2011). Morgan Tsvangirai: At the Deep End. Eye Books.
^Wood, J.R.T. (2012). So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959-1965. Trafford Publishing. pp. 74–75.
^Orloff, Richard W.; Harland, David M. (2006). Apollo: The Definitive Sourcebook. Springer. p. 10.
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
^"Parliament Dissolved By Belgian King". Toledo Blade. February 20, 1961. p. 2.
^"Injured Boy In Well Minds Dad And Lives". Miami News. February 20, 1961. p. 1.
^Jackson, Blair (2000). Garcia: An American Life. Penguin. p. 32.
^Biteghe, Moïse N’Solé (1990), Echec aux militaires au Gabon en 1964 (in French), Paris: Chaka, p. 59, ISBN2-907768-06-9, OCLC29518659
^Boulden, Jane (2001). Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29.
^James Fisher, Historical Dictionary of Contemporary American Theater, 1930-2010 (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p170
^"Actress Wants To Leave So TV Show Arranges "Death", Ocala (FL) Star-Banner, February 28, 1961, p6; Hal Erickson, Encyclopedia of Television Law Shows: Factual and Fictional Series About Judges, Lawyers and the Courtroom, 1948-2008 (McFarland, 2009) p95
^Headland, Robert K. (1992). The Island of South Georgia. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 103.
^Wesley T. Huntress, Jr. and Mikhail Ya. Marov, Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries (Springer, 2011) p98
^"Morocco's King Dies; Led Freedom Fight; Country in Mourning", Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette, February 27, 1961, p1
^"Harvard Prof. Kissinger New Kennedy Consultant", Boston Globe, February 28, 1961, p8; "'Limited War' Expert Named Kennedy Aide", Oxnard (CA) Press-Courier, February 28, 1961, p2
