You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.222.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 10:53, 20 August 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:57, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:57, 18 September 2024
Your current IP address is 44.222.213.68. The blocked range is 44.222.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((short description|Spherical shell structure based on a geodesic polyhedron))
((More citations needed|date=April 2010))
[[File:Mtl. Biosphere in Sept. 2004.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|The [[Montreal Biosphère]], formerly the American Pavilion of [[Expo 67]], by [[Buckminster Fuller|R. Buckminster Fuller]], on [[Île Sainte-Hélène]], [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]]]
A '''geodesic dome''' is a [[hemispherical]] [[thin-shell structure]] (lattice-shell) based on a [[geodesic polyhedron]]. The [[Structural rigidity|rigid]] [[triangular]] elements of the dome distribute [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] throughout the structure, making geodesic domes able to withstand very heavy [[Structural load|loads]] for their size.

==History==
[[File:Epcot07.jpg|thumb|[[Spaceship Earth (Epcot)|Spaceship Earth]] at [[Epcot]]]]
[[File:Climatron, Missouri Botanical Gardens.jpg|thumb|[[Climatron|The Climatron]] greenhouse at [[Missouri Botanical Gardens]], built in 1960 and designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc., inspired the domes in the science fiction movie ''[[Silent Running]]''.]]
[[File:Science World at TELUS World of Science.jpg|alt=Science World in Vancouver|thumb|[[Science World (Vancouver)|Science World]] in Vancouver, built for [[Expo 86]], and inspired by Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic dome.]]
[[File:Rise_Belfast.png|thumb|[[RISE (sculpture)|RISE]], public art designed by [[Wolfgang Buttress]], located in [[Belfast]], consists of two spheres which utilise Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic dome.]]
The first geodesic dome was designed after [[World War I]] by [[Walther Bauersfeld]],<ref>[http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~trothman/domes.html First Geodesic Dome: Planetarium in Jena 1922] incl. patent information ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319084511/http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~trothman/domes.html |date=March 19, 2013 ))</ref> chief engineer of [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss Jena]], an optical company, for a [[planetarium]] to house his planetarium projector. An initial, small dome was patented and constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Carl Zeiss Werke in [[Jena]], [[Germany]]. A larger dome, called "The Wonder of Jena", opened to the public in July 1926.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.planetarium-jena.de/Geschichte.43.0.html |title=Zeiss-Planetarium Jena: Geschichte |publisher=Planetarium-jena.de |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831010729/http://www.planetarium-jena.de/Geschichte.43.0.html |archive-date=2015-08-31 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

Twenty years later, [[Buckminster Fuller]] coined the term "geodesic" from field experiments with artist [[Kenneth Snelson]] at [[Black Mountain College]] in 1948 and 1949. Although Fuller was not the original inventor, he is credited with the U.S. popularization of the idea for which he received ((US patent|2682235A)) on 29 June 1954.<ref>For a more detailed historical account, see the chapter "Geodesics, Domes, and Spacetime" in Tony Rothman's book ''Science à la Mode'', Princeton University Press, 1989.</ref> The oldest surviving dome built by Fuller himself is located in [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]], and was built by students under his tutelage over three weeks in 1953.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.domewoodshole.org/|title=The Woods Hole Dome|access-date=2019-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702153452/https://www.domewoodshole.org/ |archive-date=2 July 2019))</ref>

The geodesic dome appealed to Fuller because it was extremely strong for its weight, its "omnitriangulated" surface provided an inherently stable structure, and because a sphere encloses the greatest volume for the least surface area.

The dome was successfully adopted for specialized uses, such as the 21 [[Distant Early Warning Line]] domes built in Canada in 1956,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bernardkirschenbaum.com/Bernard_Kirschenbaum/audio.html |title=Audio interview with Bernard Kirschenbaum on DEW Line domes |publisher=Bernardkirschenbaum.com |access-date=2010-10-17))</ref> the 1958 [[Union Tank Car Company]] dome near [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. and specialty buildings such as the [[Henry J. Kaiser|Kaiser Aluminum]] domes (constructed in numerous locations across the US, e.g., [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]]), auditoriums, weather observatories, and storage facilities. The dome was soon breaking records for covered surface, enclosed volume, and construction speed.

Beginning in 1954, the U.S. Marines experimented with [[helicopter]]-deliverable geodesic domes. A 30-foot wood and plastic geodesic dome was lifted and carried by helicopter at 50 knots without damage, leading to the manufacture of a standard magnesium dome by Magnesium Products of Milwaukee. Tests included assembly practices in which previously untrained Marines were able to assemble a 30-foot magnesium dome in 135 minutes, helicopter lifts off aircraft carriers, and a durability test in which an anchored dome successfully withstood without damage, a day-long ((convert|120|mph|abbr=on)) propeller blast from the twin 3,000 horsepower engines of an anchored airplane.<ref>((cite book |last1=Fuller |last2=Marks |first1= R. Buckminster |first2=Robert |date=1973 |title=The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller |publisher=Anchor Books |page=203 |isbn=0-385-01804-5))</ref>

The 1958 [[Gold Dome]] in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, utilized Fuller's design for use as a bank building. Another early example was the [[Stepan Center]] at the [[University of Notre Dame]], built in 1962.<ref>((cite web |last1=Archives |first1=Notre Dame |title=Mid-Century Modern |url=http://www.archives.nd.edu/about/news/index.php/2010/mid-century-modern/ |website=Notre Dame Archives News & Notes |access-date=15 July 2019 |date=17 September 2010))</ref>

The dome was introduced to a wider audience as a pavilion for the 1964 [[World's Fair]] in [[New York City]] designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. This dome is now used as an [[aviary]] by the [[Queens Zoo]] in Flushing Meadows Corona Park after it was redesigned by TC Howard of Synergetics, Inc.

Another dome is from [[Expo 67]] at the [[Montreal]] [[World's Fair]], where it was part of the American Pavilion. The structure's covering later burned, but the structure itself still stands and, under the name [[Montréal Biosphère|Biosphère]], currently houses an interpretive [[museum]] about the [[Saint Lawrence River]].

In the 1970s, [[Zomeworks]] licensed plans for structures based on other geometric solids, such as the [[Johnson solid]]s, [[Archimedean solid]]s, and [[Catalan solid]]s.<ref>Geodesic domes are most often based on [[Platonic solid]]s, particularly the [[icosahedron]].</ref> These structures may have some faces that are not triangular, being squares or other polygons.

In 1975, a dome was constructed at the [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station|South Pole]], where its resistance to snow and wind loads was important.

On October 1, 1982, one of the most famous geodesic domes, [[Spaceship Earth (Epcot)|Spaceship Earth]] at [[Epcot]] in [[Walt Disney World Resort]] in [[Bay Lake, Florida|Bay Lake]], [[Florida]], just outside of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] opened. The building and the ride inside of it are named with one of Buckminster Fuller's famous terms, [[Spaceship Earth]], a world view expressing concern over the use of limited resources available on Earth and encouraging everyone on it to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good. The building is Epcot's icon, representing the entire park.

For the [[Expo 86|1986 World's Fair (Expo 86)]], held in [[Vancouver]], a Buckminster Fuller-inspired Geodesic dome was designed by the Expo's chief architect [[Bruno Freschi]] to serve as the fair's Expo Centre. Construction began in 1984 and was completed by early 1985. The dome and the building now serve as an Arts, Science and Technology center, and has been named [[Science World (Vancouver)|Science World]].<ref>[http://www.scienceworld.ca/whats_on/omnimax_theatre/omnifacts.htm Science World – OMNIMAX Theatre – OMNIMAX Facts<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626233923/http://www.scienceworld.ca/whats_on/omnimax_theatre/omnifacts.htm|date=2006-06-26))</ref>

In 2000, the world's first fully sustainable geodesic dome hotel, EcoCamp Patagonia, was built at 	
[[Kawésqar National Park]] in [[Chile]]an [[Patagonia]],<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.domerama.com/ecocamp-the-worlds-first-geodesic-dome-hotel/ |title=EcoCamp, the world's first geodesic dome hotel |website=domerama.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215212310/http://www.domerama.com/ecocamp-the-worlds-first-geodesic-dome-hotel/ |archive-date=15 February 2013 |url-status=dead))</ref> opening the following year in 2001. The hotel's dome design is key to resisting the region's strong winds and is based on the dwellings of the indigenous [[Alacalufe people|Kaweskar people]]. Geodomes are also becoming popular as a [[glamping]] (glamorous camping) unit.

==Methods of construction==
[[File:Long Island Green Dome.jpg|thumb|Long Island Green Dome]]
Wooden domes have a hole drilled in the width of a [[strut]]. A stainless steel band locks the strut's hole to a steel pipe. With this method, the struts may be cut to the exact length needed. Triangles of exterior plywood are then nailed to the struts. The dome is wrapped from the bottom to the top with several stapled layers of [[tar paper]], to shed water, and finished with shingles. This type of dome is often called a hub-and-strut dome because of the use of steel hubs to tie the struts together.

Paneled domes are constructed of separately framed timbers covered in plywood. The three members comprising the triangular frame are often cut at compound angles to provide for a flat fitting of the various triangles. Holes are drilled through the members at precise locations and steel bolts then connect the triangles to form the dome. These members are often 2x4s or 2x6s, which allow for more [[Building insulation|insulation]] to fit within the triangle. The panelized technique allows the builder to attach the plywood skin to the triangles while safely working on the ground or in a comfortable shop out of the weather. This method does not require expensive steel hubs.

Steel framework can be easily constructed of electrical conduit. One flattens the end of a strut and drills bolt holes at the needed length. A single bolt secures a vertex of struts. The nuts are usually set with removable locking compound, or if the dome is portable, have a [[castellated nut]] with a [[Cotter (pin)|cotter pin]]. This is the standard way to construct domes for [[jungle gym]]s.

Domes can also be constructed with a lightweight aluminium framework which can either be bolted or welded together or can be connected with a more flexible nodal point/hub connection. These domes are usually clad with glass which is held in place with a PVC [[Coping (architecture)|coping]], which can be sealed with silicone to make it watertight. Some designs allow for double glazing or for insulated panels to be fixed in the framework.

Concrete and foam-plastic domes generally start with a steel framework dome, wrapped with chicken wire and wire screen for reinforcement. The [[chicken wire]] and screen are tied to the framework with wire ties. A coat of material is then sprayed or molded onto the frame. Tests should be performed with small squares to achieve the correct consistency of concrete or plastic. Generally, several coats are necessary on the inside and outside. The last step is to saturate concrete or polyester domes with a thin layer of [[epoxy]] compound to shed water.

Some concrete domes have been constructed from prefabricated, prestressed, steel-reinforced concrete panels that can be bolted into place. The bolts are within raised receptacles covered with little concrete caps to shed water. The triangles overlap to shed water. The triangles in this method can be molded in forms patterned in sand with wooden patterns, but the concrete triangles are usually so heavy that they must be placed with a crane. This construction is well-suited to domes because no place allows water to pool on the concrete and leak through. The metal fasteners, joints, and internal steel frames remain dry, preventing frost and corrosion damage. The concrete resists sun and weathering. Some form of internal flashing or caulking must be placed over the joints to prevent drafts. The 1963 [[Cinerama Dome]] was built from [[precast concrete]] hexagons and pentagons.

Domes can now be printed at high speeds using very large, mobile "3D Printers", also known as additive manufacturing machines. The material used as the filament is often a form of air injected concrete or closed-cell plastic foam.

Given the complicated geometry of the geodesic dome, dome builders rely on tables of strut lengths, or "chord factors". In ''Geodesic Math and How to Use It'', [[Hugh Kenner]] wrote, "Tables of chord factors, containing as they do the essential design information for spherical systems, were for many years guarded like military secrets. As late as 1966, some 3''ν'' icosa figures from ''[[Popular Science (magazine)|Popular Science Monthly]]'' were all anyone outside the circle of Fuller licensees had to go on." (page 57, 1976 edition). Other tables became available with publication of Lloyd Kahn's ''Domebook 1'' (1970) and ''Domebook 2'' (1971).

==Dome homes==
Fuller hoped that the geodesic dome would help address the postwar housing crisis. This was consistent with his prior hopes for both versions of the [[Dymaxion House]].

Residential geodesic domes have been less successful than those used for working and/or entertainment, largely because of their complexity and consequent greater construction costs. Professional experienced dome contractors, while hard to find, do exist, and can eliminate much of the cost overruns associated with false starts and incorrect estimates.
Fuller himself lived in a geodesic dome in [[Carbondale, Illinois]], at the corner of Forest Ave and Cherry St.<ref>((cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Carbondale,+Illinois,Forest+and+Cherry&sll=37.727097,-89.218617&sspn=0.157225,0.304871&g=Carbondale,+Illinois,&ie=UTF8&ll=37.722885,-89.225507&spn=0.002355,0.004764&t=h&z=18&iwloc=A&layer=c&cbll=37.722766,-89.22551&panoid=AaNkKvIMPGlPFAOFvTFv6w&cbp=12,26.827702702702687,,0,-2.813555743243249 |title=Carbondale, Illinois, Forest and Cherry |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=2010-10-17))</ref>
Fuller thought of residential domes as air-deliverable products manufactured by an aerospace-like industry. Fuller's own dome home still exists, the [[R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home]], and a group called RBF Dome NFP is attempting to restore the dome and have it registered as a [[National Historic Landmark]]. It is on the [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Illinois|National Register of Historic Places]].

In 1986, a patent for a dome construction technique involving [[polystyrene]] triangles laminated to reinforced concrete on the outside, and wallboard on the inside was awarded to American Ingenuity of Rockledge, Florida. The construction technique allows the domes to be prefabricated in kit form and erected by a homeowner. This method makes the seams into the strongest part of the structure, where the seams and especially the hubs in most wooden-framed domes are the weakest point in the structure. It also has the advantage of being watertight.

Other examples have been built in Europe. In 2012, an aluminium and glass dome was used as a dome cover to an eco home in Norway<ref>((cite web|url=http://naturhuset.blogg.no/ |title=naturhuset - Vi skal bygge et Naturhus og en selvforsynende hage pĺ Sandhornřya i Nordland. Prosjektet er sterkt inspirert av arkitekt Bengt Warne, den russiske Bokserien The Ringing Cedars series og vĺr inderlige kjćrlighet og dype respekt for Moder Jord |publisher=Naturhuset.blogg.no |access-date=2015-08-30))</ref> and in 2013 a glass and wood clad dome home was built in Austria.<ref>[http://www.kristallsalzwelt.com/KristallSalzWelt%20ARCHITEKTUR.html KristallSalzWelt] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001256/http://www.kristallsalzwelt.com/KristallSalzWelt%20ARCHITEKTUR.html |date=2016-03-04 ))</ref>

In Chile, examples of geodesic domes are being readily adopted for hotel accommodations either as tented style geodesic domes or glass-covered domes. Examples: EcoCamp Patagonia, Chile;<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ecocamp.travel/Domes |title=EcoCamp Patagonia Domes » EcoCamp Patagonia |publisher=Ecocamp.travel |access-date=2015-08-30))</ref> and Elqui Domos, Chile.<ref>[http://elquidomos.cl/site/] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721011731/http://elquidomos.cl/site/|date=July 21, 2013))</ref>

=== Disadvantages ===
[[File:Buckminster Fuller dome in Carbondale.jpg|thumb|right|[[R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home|Buckminster Fuller's own home]], undergoing restoration after deterioration.]]

Although dome homes enjoyed a ripple of popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as a housing system, the dome has many disadvantages and problems. A former proponent of dome homes, [[Lloyd Kahn]], who wrote two books about them (''Domebook 1'' and ''Domebook 2'') and founded Shelter Publications, became disillusioned with them, calling them "smart but not wise".
He noted the following disadvantages, which he has listed on his company's website:
Off-the-shelf building materials (e.g., plywood, strand board) normally come in rectangular shapes, therefore some material may have to be scrapped after cutting rectangles down to triangles, increasing the cost of construction. Fire escapes are problematic; codes require them for larger structures, and they are expensive. Windows conforming to code can cost anywhere from five to fifteen times as much as windows in conventional houses. Professional electrical wiring costs more because of increased labor time. Even owner-wired situations are costly, because more of certain materials are required for dome construction. Expansion and partitioning is also difficult. Kahn notes that domes are difficult if not impossible to build with natural materials, generally requiring plastics, etc., which are polluting and deteriorate in sunlight.

Air stratification and moisture distribution within a dome are unusual. The conditions tend to quickly degrade wooden framing or interior paneling.

Privacy is difficult to guarantee because a dome is difficult to partition satisfactorily. Sounds, smells, and even reflected light tend to be conveyed through the entire structure.

As with any curved shape, the dome produces wall areas that can be difficult to use and leaves some peripheral floor area with restricted use due to lack of headroom. Circular plan shapes lack the simple modularity provided by rectangles. Furnishers and fitters design with flat surfaces in mind. Placing a standard sofa against an exterior wall (for example) results in a crescent behind the sofa being wasted.

Dome builders using cut-board sheathing material (common in the 1960s and 1970s) find it hard to seal domes against rain, because of their many seams. Also, these seams may be stressed because ordinary solar heat flexes the entire structure each day as the sun moves across the sky.
Subsequent addition of straps and interior flexible drywall finishes has virtually eliminated this movement being noticed in the interior finishes.

The most effective waterproofing method with a wooden dome is to [[Roof shingle|shingle]] the dome. Peaked caps at the top of the dome, or to modify the dome shapes are used where slope is insufficient for ice barrier. One-piece reinforced [[concrete]] or [[plastic]] domes are also in use, and some domes have been constructed from plastic or waxed cardboard triangles that are overlapped in such a way as to shed water.

Buckminster Fuller's former student [[J. Baldwin]] insisted that no reason exists for a properly designed, well-constructed dome to leak, and that some designs 'cannot' leak.<ref>(Bucky Works: Buckminster Fuller's Ideas for Today)<!-- a page number would be welcome --></ref>

==Related patterns==

The building of very strong, stable structures out of patterns of reinforcing triangles<!-- WRONG!, called [[tensegrity]],--> is most commonly seen in [[tent]] design. It has been applied in the abstract in other [[industrial design]], but even in [[management science]] and deliberative [[structure]]s as a [[conceptual metaphor]], especially in the work of [[Stafford Beer]], whose "transmigration" method is based so specifically on dome design that only fixed numbers of people can take part in the process at each [[deliberation]] stage.

==Largest geodesic dome structures==
((main|List of largest domes in the world))

According to Guinness World Records, as of May 30, 2021,<ref name= "GWR">((cite web|title=World's largest geodesic dome |url= https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/632532-largest-geodesic-dome|website=www.guinnessworldrecords.com ))</ref> the [[Jeddah Super Dome]], [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia (((coord|21.7496403|N|39.1516230|E))), ((convert|210|m|abbr=on)) is the current largest geodesic dome.

According to the Buckminster Fuller Institute in 2010,<ref name="bfi">((cite web|title=World's 10 Largest Domes |url=http://bfi.org/our_programs/who_is_buckminster_fuller/design_science/geodesic_domes/worlds_10_largest_domes |publisher=Buckminster Fuller Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412163621/http://www.bfi.org/our_programs/who_is_buckminster_fuller/design_science/geodesic_domes/worlds_10_largest_domes |archive-date=April 12, 2010 ))</ref> the world's 10 largest geodesic domes by diameter at that time were:
* [[Seagaia Ocean Dome]] (シーガイアオーシャンドーム): [[Miyazaki, Miyazaki|Miyazaki]], [[Japan]] (((coord|31.9551|N|131.4691|E))), ((convert|216.5|m|abbr=on))<ref name="bfi" /> — Demolished in 2017.
* [[Nagoya Dome]] (ナゴヤドーム): [[Nagoya]], Japan (((coord|35.1859|N|136.9474|E))), ((convert|187.2|m|abbr=on))<ref name="bfi"/>
* [[Superior Dome]]: [[Northern Michigan University]]. [[Marquette, Michigan]], U.S. (((coord|46.5603|N|87.3938|W))), ((convert|163.4|m|abbr=on))<ref>((cite web|url=http://webb.nmu.edu/SportsAthletics/SiteSections/Facilities/SuperiorDome.shtml |title=Superior Dome &#124; Wildcat Athletics at Northern Michigan University |publisher=Webb.nmu.edu |access-date=2010-10-17))</ref>
* [[Tacoma Dome]]: [[Tacoma, Washington]], U.S. (((coord|47.2367|N|122.4270|W))), ((convert|161.5|m|abbr=on))
* [[Walkup Skydome]]: [[Northern Arizona University]]. [[Flagstaff, Arizona]], U.S. (((coord|35.1805|N|111.6529|W))), ((convert|153|m|abbr=on))<ref>((cite web|author=WWSI |url=http://www.westernwoodstructures.com/ |title=Western Wood Structures, Inc. - Glulam Beams, Arches and Bridges |publisher=Westernwoodstructures.com |access-date=2010-10-17))</ref>
* [[Round Valley Ensphere]]: [[Springerville]]-[[Eagar, AZ]], U.S. (((coord|34.1204|N|109.2849|W))), ((convert|134|m|abbr=on))
* Former [[Spruce Goose]] Hangar: [[Long Beach, California]], U.S. (((coord|33.7513|N|118.1889|W))), ((convert|126|m|abbr=on)) — later owned by [[Carnival Cruise Line]], and [[Google]].
* [[Formosa Plastics Corp|Formosa Plastics]] Storage Facility: [[Mailiao]], Taiwan (((coord|23.8007|N|120.1947|E))), ((convert|122|m|abbr=on)) — Eleven domes.
* [[Union Tank Car Company|Union Tank Car]] Maintenance Facility: [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], U.S. (((coord|30.5827|N|91.2344|W))), ((convert|117|m|abbr=on)) — Demolished in 2007.
* [[HeidelbergCement|Lehigh]] Portland Cement Storage Facility: [[Union Bridge, Maryland]], U.S. (((coord|39.5590|N|77.1718|W))), ((convert|114|m|abbr=on))

The Fuller Institute list is now dated. Several important domes missed or built later are now in the top 10. Currently, many geodesic domes are larger than ((Convert|113|m|ft)) in diameter.<ref name="Domes of over 100m">((cite web|url=https://www.geometrica.com/en/latestnews/over-100 |title=Domes of over 100m |date=12 November 2018 |publisher=geometrica.com |access-date=2019-05-04))</ref>

* [[Poliedro de Caracas]] ("Caracas Polyhedron Arena"), [[Caracas]], Venezuela (((coord|10.4338|N|66.9385|W))), ((convert|143|m|abbr=on))<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/building-construction/High-rise-construction-since-1945#ref105247/ |title=Postwar developments in long-span construction |publisher=britannica.com |access-date=2017-06-07))</ref>
* [[San Cristóbal mine (Bolivia)|San Cristóbal mine]] (MSC) Dome, [[Colcha "K" Municipality]], Bolivia (((coord|21.1246|S|67.2096|W))), ((convert|140|m|abbr=on))<ref>((cite web|url=http://geometrica.com/en/San-cristobal-news/ |title=The Largest Storage Dome in South America |publisher=geometrica.com |access-date=2017-06-07))</ref>
* [[Ruwais Refinery]] Dome, [[Ruwais]], United Arab Emirates (((coord|24.1459|N|52.7392|E))), ((convert|135|m|abbr=on))<ref name="Domes of over 100m"/>

== See also ==
* ((annotated link|Geodesic grid))
* ((annotated link|Fly's Eye Dome))
* ((annotated link|Hoberman sphere))

==References==
((Reflist|colwidth=30em))

==External links==
((sister project links|d=Q1135180|b=Geodesic Grids|c=category:Geodesic domes|wikt=geodesic dome|n=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no|q=no))
* [http://www.cjfearnley.com/fuller-faq-4.html The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ: Geodesic Domes]
* [http://simplydifferently.org/Geodesic_Dome_Notes Geodesic Dome Notes]: 57 dome variants featured (1V to 10V) of various solids (icosa, cube, octa, etc.)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514052843/http://www.mero-tsk.de/uploads/tx_cwtcartoongallery/Eden_Project_english.pdf Article about the Eden Domes] (PDF file 5.1 MB)
* [http://www.3doro.de/kuppel.htm Geodaetische Kuppeln (Geodesic Domes)] by T. E. Dorozinski
* [http://www.dome-scape.com/english/fa_02.htm A meta-geodesic dome – made of quads instead of triangles] by F. Tuczek

((Buckminster Fuller))

((Mathematical art))

[[Category:Geodesic domes| ]]
[[Category:1960s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Buckminster Fuller]]
[[Category:Architecture related to utopias]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Fly's Eye Dome (edit)
Geodesic dome (edit)
Geodesic grid (edit)
Hoberman sphere (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Annotated link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Buckminster Fuller (edit)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Coord (view source) (protected)
Template:Digits (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Mathematical art (edit)
Template:Mathematics and art (edit)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sister project links (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:US patent (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Annotated link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Commons link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetShortDescription (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Geodesic dome.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_dome"