| Macro-Chibchan | |
|---|---|
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | Central America and Colombia |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
 The Chibchan, Misumalpan, and Lencan languages | |
Macro-Chibchan is a proposed grouping of the languages of the Lencan, Misumalpan, and Chibchan families into a single large phylum (macrofamily).
The Lencan and Misumalpan languages were once included in the Chibchan family proper, but were excluded pending further evidence as that family became well established. Kaufman (1990) finds the Chibchan–Misumalpan connection convincing, if as yet unsubstantiated, though Campbell (1997) finds it doubtful. The Xincan family was once included in Macro-Chibchan, but this is now doubtful.
Constenla (2005) calls this proposed phylum Lenmichí (Lencan–Misumalpan–Chibchan) and provides 85 cognate sets which exhibit regular sound correspondences among the three families. He suggests that Chocoan may be related as well.
Greenberg proposed a broader conception of Macro-Chibchan, one dismissed by linguists working on the families in question. It included Yanomam, Purépecha, and Cuitlatec in addition to Chibchan–Misumalpan–Xinca–Lenca. Greenberg (1987) included Paezan languages in a Chibchan-Paezan stock with Barbacoan, Chibchan, Chocoan, Jirajaran, and the isolates Betoi, Kamsá (Sibundoy), Yaruro, Esmeraldeño, Mochica, Cunza, Itonama, and Yurumanguí.
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[1] also found lexical similarities between Chibchan and Misumalpan. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
Constenla (2005) reconstructed five vowels and eleven consonants for Proto-Lenmichian, with the following reflexes:
| Proto-Lenmichian | *a | *e | *i | *o | *u |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Chibchan | *a | *e | *i | *o | *u |
| Proto-Lencan | *a *e | *e | *i | *o *u | *u |
| Proto-Misumalpan | *a | *i | *i | *u | *u |
There are also a series[clarification needed] of nasal vowels.
| Proto-Lenmichian | *b | *d | *t | *k | *ʔ | *ts | *s | *h | *l | *ɾ | *w |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Chibchan | *b | *d | *t | *k | *ʔ | *ts | *s | *h | *ɾ | ∅ | |
| Proto-Lencan | *p *m |
*l *n |
*t | *k | ∅ | *ts' | ∅ | *l | *w | ||
| Proto-Misumalpan | *b *p *m |
*d *n |
*t | *k | ∅ | *s | ∅ | *l | *ɾ | *w | |
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items.[2]
| gloss | Xinca (Guazacapán)[3] | Lenca (Chilanga)[4] | Proto-Lencan[5] | Proto-Misumalpan[6] | Proto-Chibchan[7] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | húš̱i | oso | |||
| hair | múti | alah | *asak | *ʦa | |
| eye | hurayí | sap | *uᵐba | ||
| ear | mánka | tokoro | *tupal | ||
| nose | narí | nepkuru | *nep | *nam | *ⁿdii(k) |
| tooth | rajáj (Chiquimulilla)[8] | neh | *nek | *ⁿduʔ | |
| tongue | elahá | nepal | *tu | *kuʔ(-Ba) | |
| mouth | š̱ahá | iɴ-ts’ats’a | *in | *ta | *kah-ka |
| hand | pu | koʃaka | *kuuʔ; *haⁿd- ~ *hat- | ||
| foot | wapilí | waʃaka | *kihʦa ~ *kihsa | ||
| breast | šéke | ts’ukiɴ 'nipple' | *kãʔ; *ʦuʔ | ||
| meat | uwí | waʃa | *ᵑgaʔⁿda ~ *ᵑgaʔta; *sih | ||
| blood | káma | ala | *a | *hapi ~ *apiʔ | |
| bone | hararí | ʃila-ts’e | *ts’ek | *kãⁿd-, *ⁿdaⁿdi ~ *ⁿdaiⁿd- / *saⁿdi ~ *saiⁿd- | |
| person | šurúmu, hurákɨ | iʃko | *ᵐbaⁿdi ~ *ᵐbaiⁿd | ||
| name | š̱a | *haka ~ *akaʔ | |||
| dog | čúčo (Chiquimulilla)[9] | ʃuʃu | *su | *tau | |
| fish | séma | ʃok’ín | *ᵑgwa ~ *uᵑg | ||
| louse | tɨmáƚi | tem | *tem | *kũʔ | |
| tree | hútu | suɴ | *ban | *ˈkàr; *kaˈri (C) | |
| leaf | píya | aw | *ka | ||
| flower | túƚu | ʃila | *sula | ||
| water | uy | *was | *li | *ⁿdiʔ | |
| fire | uráy | ik’aɴ | *juk’a | *ᵑgi 'firewood' | |
| stone | híš̱i | ke | *ke | *walpa | *hak ~ *kaʔ |
| earth | náru | omoɴ | *taB(a) | ||
| salt | tíʔla | ts’epe | *ⁿdaᵑg | ||
| road | táƚma | k’iɴ | *k’in | *hi | |
| eat | rúka | rom- | *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd | ||
| die | teró | ʃil- | |||
| I | nin | unani | *unani | *jam | *ⁿdaH(ⁿd) |
| you | náka | manani | *amanani | *man | *ᵐbaʔ |