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((short description|1989 meeting between the heads of state of the US and Soviet Union))
((for|the 1945 meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill|Malta Conference (1945)))
((more references|date=April 2022))
((Infobox summit meeting
| name         = Malta Summit
| image        = Bush and Gorbachev at the Malta summit in 1989.gif
| caption      = Gorbachev and Bush about to share a meal on board the Soviet cruise ship ''Maksim Gorkiy''
| country      = ((Flag|Malta))
| date         = December 2–3, 1989
| motto        = 
| venues       = ''[[TS Maxim Gorkiy|Maksim Gorkiy]]''
| cities       = [[Birżebbuġa]]
| participants = ((ubl|((flagicon|USSR)) [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]|((flagicon|USA)) [[George H. W. Bush]]))
| chairperson  = 
| follows      = [[Governors Island Summit]] 
| precedes     = [[Helsinki Summit (1990)|Helsinki Summit]] (1990)
| website      =
| keypoints    =
| compactnav   = 
))
((Mikhail Gorbachev series))
The '''Malta Summit''' was a meeting between [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet General Secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] on December 2–3, 1989, just a few weeks after the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]]. It followed a meeting that included [[Ronald Reagan]] in New York in December 1988. During the summit, Bush and Gorbachev declared an end to the [[Cold War]], although whether it was truly such is a matter of debate. News reports of the time referred to the Malta Summit as one of the most important since [[World War II]], when British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]], Soviet General Secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] and US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] agreed on a [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war plan]] for Europe at the [[Yalta Conference]].

==Summit highlights==
[[File:Malta Summit - Bush_Gorbachev_Meeting_Monument.jpeg|thumb|right|Monument in [[Birżebbuġa]] commemorating the Malta Summit]]

[[Brent Scowcroft]] and other members of the US administration were initially concerned that the proposed Malta Summit would be "premature" and that it would generate high expectations but result in little more than Soviet grandstanding. However, French President [[François Mitterrand]], British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]], other European leaders, and key members of the [[United States Congress]] prevailed upon President Bush to meet with Chairman Gorbachev.<ref name="gwu.edu">[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-24/rice1.html "An Interview with Dr. Condoleezza Rice (17/12/97)"]</ref>

No agreements were signed at the Malta Summit. Its main purpose was to provide the two [[superpower]]s, the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]], with an opportunity to discuss the rapid changes taking place in Europe with the lifting of the [[Iron Curtain]], which had separated the [[Eastern Bloc]] from [[Western Europe]] for four decades. The summit is viewed by some observers as the official end of the [[Cold War]]. At a minimum, it marked the lessening of tensions that were the hallmark of that era and signaled a major turning point in East-West relations. During the summit, President Bush expressed his support for Gorbachev's ''[[perestroika]]'' initiative and other reforms in the Communist bloc.

At the summit, as a token, US President George Bush presented all participants of the conference a piece of the [[Berlin Wall]]. It was gathered on a presidential mission in which two pilots and four soldiers with sledgehammers were sent to Berlin where ((convert|400|lb|order=flip)) were collected; ((convert|200|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1)) were given to the President and ((convert|200|lb|order=flip|sigfig=1)) given to members of the 207th Aviation Company.

Speaking at a joint news conference, the Soviet leader announced:

((quote|
The world is leaving one epoch and entering another. We are at the beginning of a long road to a lasting, peaceful era. The threat of force, mistrust, psychological and ideological struggle should all be things of the past.

I assured the President of the United States that I will never start a hot war against the USA.))

In reply, President Bush said:

((quote|We can realise a lasting peace and transform the East-West relationship to one of enduring co-operation. That is the future that Chairman Gorbachev and I began right here in Malta.))

==Other participants==
Also present at the Malta Summit were:

'''Soviet delegation'''
* Marshal of the Soviet Union [[Sergei Akhromeyev]], military affairs adviser to Gorbachev
* [[Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)|Alexander Bessmertnykh]], Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister 
* [[Anatoly Dobrynin]], Soviet Ambassador to the United States from 1962 to 1986
* [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], Soviet Foreign Minister 
* [[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev|Alexander Yakovlev]], chief ideologist of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) and Chairman of the International Policy Commission of the [[CPSU Central Committee]]

'''U.S. delegation'''
* [[James Baker]], U.S. Secretary of State
* [[Robert Blackwill]], then Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Senior Director for European and Soviet Affairs at the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]
* [[Jack F. Matlock, Jr.]], U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union
* [[Condoleezza Rice]], then Director for Soviet and East European Affairs at the National Security Council
* [[Brent Scowcroft]], U.S. National Security Adviser
* [[Raymond Seitz]], U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs
* [[John H. Sununu]], White House chief of staff
* [[Margaret D. Tutwiler]], U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and Spokeswoman of the Department
* [[Paul Wolfowitz]], U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
* [[Robert Zoellick]], Counselor of the Department of State

==Venue: "From Yalta to Malta", and back==
((multiple image
 | align = right
 | total_width = 250
 | direction = vertical

 | image1 = Slava1983.jpg
 | width1 = 800 | height1 = 579
 | alt1 = ''Slava''

 | image2 = USS Belknap (CG-26).jpg
 | width2 = 800 | height2 = 529
 | alt2 = USS ''Belknap''
 
 | footer = The Soviet cruiser ''[[Russian cruiser Moskva|Slava]]'' (top) and US cruiser ''[[USS Belknap (CG-26)|Belknap]]'' (bottom) hosted the respective delegations
))
The meetings took place in the [[Mediterranean]], off the island of [[Malta]]. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser [[Russian cruiser Moskva|''Slava'']],<ref name="auto">((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/03/world/the-malta-summit-reporter-s-notebook-superpowers-cooperating-but-not-seas.html|title=THE MALTA SUMMIT: Reporter's Notebook; Superpowers Cooperating, But Not Seas|first=Maureen Dowd, Special To The New York|last=Times|work=The New York Times |date=3 December 1989|access-date=16 May 2017|via=NYTimes.com))</ref><ref name="latimes.com">((cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-02/news/mn-206_1_malta-time|title=The Malta Summit : Today's Schedule|date=2 December 1989|access-date=16 May 2017|via=LA Times))</ref><ref name="chicagotribune.com">((cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-11-02/news/8901270691_1_guided-missile-cruiser-slava-malta-seaborne-summit|title=Ships Off Malta Site For Seaborne Summit|access-date=16 May 2017))</ref> while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard ((USS|Belknap|CG-26|6)).<ref name="auto"/><ref name="latimes.com"/><ref name="chicagotribune.com"/> The ships were anchored in a [[roadstead]] off the coast of [[Marsaxlokk]]. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the "Seasick Summit" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard [[TS Maxim Gorkiy|''Maksim Gorkiy'']], a Soviet [[cruise ship]] chartered to West German tour company [[Phoenix Reisen]], which anchored in the harbor at [[Marsaxlokk]].

The idea of a summit in the open sea is said to have been inspired largely by President Bush's fascination with [[World War II]] President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s habit of meeting foreign leaders on board naval vessels.<ref>Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, ''At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War'', Little Brown (London) 1993, pp. 128-9 and 160.</ref><ref>James Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992, Putnam (New York) 1995, p.169.</ref>  The choice of Malta as a venue was the subject of considerable pre-summit haggling between the two superpowers.  According to [[Condoleezza Rice]]:

((quote|... it took a long time to get it arranged, finding a place, a place that would not be ceremonial, a place where you didn't have to do a lot of other bilaterals.  And fortunately—or unfortunately—they chose Malta, which turned out to be a really horrible place to be in December.  Although the Maltese were wonderful, the weather was really bad.<ref name="gwu.edu"/>))

The choice of venue was also highly symbolic. The [[Maltese Islands]] are strategically located at the geographic centre of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], where east meets west and north meets south. Consequently, Malta has a long history of domination by foreign powers. It served as a [[United Kingdom|British]] naval base during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and suffered massive destruction during [[World War II]]. Malta declared its neutrality between the two superpowers in 1980, following the closure of [[United Kingdom|British]] military bases and the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] Regional Headquarters ([[CINCAFMED]]), previously located on Malta. Neutrality is entrenched in the Constitution of Malta, which provides as follows, at section 1(3):

((quote|Malta is a neutral state actively pursuing peace, security and social progress among all nations by adhering to a policy of non-alignment and refusing to participate in any military alliance.))

On February 2, 1945, as the [[Second World War|War in Europe]] drew to a close, Malta was the venue for the [[Malta Conference (1945)|Malta Conference]], an equally significant meeting between US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] prior to their [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] meeting with [[Joseph Stalin]]. The Malta Summit of 1989 signaled a reversal of many of the decisions taken at the 1945 [[Yalta Conference]].

==See also==
* [[Soviet Union–United States relations]]
* [[Malta–United States relations]]
* [[Cold War (1985–1991)]]
* [[Revolutions of 1989]]
* [[List of Soviet Union–United States summits|Soviet Union–United States summits]]
* [[Governors Island Summit]]
* [[Helsinki Summit (1990)]]
* [[New world order (politics)]]

==References==
((reflist|2))

==Further reading==
*[[McGeorge Bundy]], "From Cold War Toward Trusting Peace", in ''Foreign Affairs'':  America and the World 1989/1990, Vol. 69, No. 1.
*[[BBC|BBC News]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm "1989 - Malta Summit Ends Cold War".]
*[[CNN]]: [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/23/interviews/bush/ Cold War Interviews, Episode 23: "The Wall Comes Down", an Interview with George H.W. Bush]
*[[CNN]]: [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/24/documents/malta/ Cold War Interviews, Episode 24: Transcripts from Malta Summit]
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/summit/archive/dec89.htm  David Hoffman, "Bush and Gorbachev Hail New Cooperation", ''Washington Post'' (December 4, 1989)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070506193628/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959312,00.html  Richard Lacayo, "Turning Visions into Reality"], in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (online): December 11, 1989
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231134038/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,31242,00.html  Romesh Ratnesar, "Condi Rice Can't Lose"], in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (online): September 20, 1999

((George H. W. Bush))
((Fall of Communism))

[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Birżebbuġa]]
[[Category:1989 in Malta]]
[[Category:1989 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1989 in the United States]]
[[Category:1989 conferences]]
[[Category:1989 in international relations]]
[[Category:1989 in politics]]
[[Category:December 1989 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in Malta]]
[[Category:Presidency of George H. W. Bush]]
[[Category:Mikhail Gorbachev]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States diplomatic conferences]]
[[Category:Malta–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Malta–United States relations]]

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