Located 9 miles (14 km) east of the Welsh border, Shrewsbury serves as the commercial centre for Shropshire and parts of mid-Wales, with a retail output of over £299 million per year and light industry and distribution centres, such as Battlefield Enterprise Park, on the outskirts. The A5 and A49trunk roads come together as the town's by-pass and five railway lines meet at Shrewsbury railway station.
Toponymy
In Old English the settlement was known as Scrobbesburh (dativeScrobbesbyrig), which may mean either "Scrobb's fort" or "the fortified place in the bushes" (or "shrubs", the modern derivate).[11] This name gradually evolved in three directions, into Sciropscire, which became Shropshire; into Sloppesberie, which became Salop / Salopia (an alternative name for both town and county), and into Schrosberie, which eventually became the town's name, Shrewsbury.[12]
Its later Welsh name Amwythig means "fortified place".[13]
Evidence of Neolithic occupation of a religious form dating back before 2,000 BC, was discovered in 2017 in the grounds of the medieval Church of the Holy Fathers in Sutton Farm, making it Britain's oldest place of worship.[14] An Early Bronze Age urned burial was excavated at Crowmeole in 2015.[15] An Iron Age double ring ditch has been excavated at Meole Brace. Amongst other finds, parts of an iron age sword and scabbard were recovered.[16][17]
Roman and Post-Roman
At Meole Brace, an extensive roadside settlement along the line of the Roman military road connecting Viroconium Cornoviorum and Caersws was uncovered,[18] with evidence of trading of amphorae and mortaria.[19] A major discovery was the finding of the Shrewsbury Hoard of more than 9000 Roman coins in a field near the town in 2009.[20][21]
Prior to the late 8th century, there is little in the way of reliable records. There is a tradition that the town was "founded in the 5th century, on occasion of the decay of the Roman Uriconium." The historian, John Wacher, suggests that Shrewsbury may have been refortified by refugees fleeing an outbreak of a plague in Viroconium around this time.[22]
It is claimed that Pengwern, sometime capital of the Kingdom of Powis (itself established by the 440s), was at Shrewsbury.[23] The first attested association of Pengwern with Shrewsbury is mentioned by Giraldus Cambrensis in the 12th century. Alternative suggestions as to the location of Pengwern include Whittington Castle near Oswestry,[24] and Berth, a hillfort near Baschurch. The Historia Divae Monacellae, composed in the 14th or 15th century, says that Brochwel Ysgithrog, the 6th-century king of Powis, had a palace at Shrewsbury that became the site of the foundation of St Chad.[25]
Saxon
In late 8th century, it is claimed that Offa took the town for the Mercians in 778,[26][a] and he is associated by some sources with establishing the town's first church and dedicating it to St Chad.[28] If so, then there may have been an ecclesiastical foundation in the town within a century of the death of Chad of Mercia.[29]
By the beginning of the 10th century, Shrewsbury was home to three moneyers who had permission to operate a mint in the town, using dies supplied by the royal government.[30][31]
In 914,[32][b]Æthelflæd, daughter of Alfred the Great and known as the Lady of the Mercians, fortified Shrewsbury, along with Hereford and two other fortresses, at Scergeat (a currently unknown location) and Weardbyrig (thought to be Whitchurch,[34] which would make sense given the strategic importance of the Roman Road link via the Via Devana). Viking raiders from the north were reaching as far south as Bridgnorth by 910.[34]
In the early tenth century, the relics of St Alkmund were translated to the town from Derby, this was probably the work of Æthelflæd.[35] (Later, after St Alkmund's Church became the property of Lilleshall Abbey in about 1145, the relics were retranslated back to Derby.)[36]
Roger de Montgomery was given the town as a gift from William the Conqueror and took the title of Earl of Shrewsbury. He built at Shrewsbury Castle in 1074,[7] though archaeological excavations at the site of Shrewsbury castle in 2019 have indicated that the location may have been a fortified site in the time of the Saxons.[37]
The town's position just off Watling Street placed it within the Forest of Arden, a thickly wooded area, unpenetrated by Roman roads and somewhat dangerous in medieval times, so that travellers would pray at Coughton before entering.[39]
In 1102, Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury was deposed and the title forfeited, as a consequence of him rebelling against Henry I and joining the Duke of Normandy's invasion of England in 1101. William Pantulf, Lord of Wem, assisted Henry in putting down the rebellion. To deal with the thickly wooded local forests, ideal for the concealment of archers, Pantulf brought in 6,000 foot soldiers to cut down trees and open up the roads.[40][12] Henry subsequently took the government of the town into his own hands and in 1116 the nobility of England did homage to William Ætheling, Henry’s son, at Shrewsbury, and swore allegiance to his father.[41] The early death of William Ætheling without issue led to the succession crisis, known in history as the Anarchy, and during this period, in 1138, King Stephen successfully besieged the town's castle held by William FitzAlan for the Empress Maud.[42]
Part of the prologue of a life of St Winifred by Robert of Shrewsbury (Bodleian Mss. Laud c.94.)
In 1138 the relics of St Winifred were brought to Shrewsbury from Gwytheryn,[43] following their purchase by the Abbot of Shrewsbury, the abbey being ready for consecration but having no relics prior to that time.[44] The popularity of St Winifred grew in the 14th and 15th centuries and a new shrine for her relics was built in the late 1300s. Around this time the abbey illegally acquired the relics of St Beuno, uncle of St Winifred, by stealing them. As a result the abbey was fined but allowed to keep the relics[45]
From 1155, during the reign of Henry II, there was a leper hospital dedicated to St Giles and associated with Shrewsbury Abbey. From the 1220s, there was also a general hospital dedicated to St John the Baptist.[46]
In 1283, Edward I summoned a parliament in Shrewsbury, later adjourned to Acton Burnell,[48] to try and condemn Dafydd ap Gruffydd, last of the native Princes of Wales, to execution by hanging, drawing and quartering within the town after Dafydd was captured, ending his rebellion against the king.[49] It is thought this parliament met in the Abbey.[28]
Middle Ages
Shrewsbury was devastated by the Black Death, which, records suggest, arrived in the spring of 1349.[50] Examining the number of local church benefices falling vacant due to death, 1349 alone saw twice as many vacancies as the previous ten years combined, suggesting a high death toll in Shrewsbury.[51]
"The Great Fire of Shrewsbury" took place in 1394: St Chad's church was consumed by an accidental fire, which spread to a great portion of the town, then chiefly consisting of timber houses with thatched roofs. The damage was so considerable that Richard II remitted the town's taxes for three years towards the repairs.[28] In 1398, Richard summoned a Great Parliament in the town, which is believed to have met in the Abbey.[28]
In 1403 the Battle of Shrewsbury was fought at Battlefield, a few miles north of the town centre, between King Henry IV and Henry Percy (Hotspur), with the king emerging victorious.[52] Hotspur's body was taken by Thomas Neville, to Whitchurch, for burial. However, when rumours circulated that Percy was still alive, the king "had the corpse exhumed and displayed it, propped upright between two millstones, in the market place at Shrewsbury".[53] That being done, Percy was subjected to posthumous execution.[54]
The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais: Richard of Shrewsbury was born in the town, his older brother Edward was resident in the town and engaged in its government as Prince of Wales
In 1485, ahead of the Battle of Bosworth Field, Henry Tudor, while not yet king, marched his forces on a route that lay through Shrewsbury. He was initially denied access to the town, but on intervention by a member of the Stanley family he was admitted.[56][57] Thomas Mytton, the Bailiff of the town, a supporter of Richard III, had vowed that the only way he would get through was "over his dead body". Thomas then lay down and allowed Henry to step over him, to free himself from his oath.[58] Henry was accommodated in the building now known as Henry Tudor House on Wyle Cop.[59]
In 1490, Henry VII, accompanied by his queen and his son, Prince Arthur, celebrated the feast of St. George in the town.[28] The town is recorded as having entertained Henry again in 1496, with attendants lodged in the Sextry of Old St Chads;[28] more generally it is said of Henry VII's relations with the town that:
The intercourse which had begun thus favourably was kept up in after years by Henry, who, with his queen and son, frequently visited this town, upon which occasions they were feasted by the Bailiffs in a most royal and hospitable manner.[28]
Reformation
Shrewsbury's monastic institutions were disbanded with the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the Abbey was closed in 1540. Henry VIII intended to make Shrewsbury one of his 13 new bishoprics (serving Shropshire and Staffordshire) and hence a cathedral city, after the formation of the Church of England but the citizens of the town declined the offer, which is the point of origin of the term "Proud Salopians": the town leadership preferring to be the most senior town in the country and not the most junior city.[28][c]
As a consequence of the dissolution, the monastic hospitals were closed and the incomes from their endowments were transferred to secular owners. St Giles's leper hospital passed to the Prince family, who were succeeded by their descendants the Earls of Tankerville. St John the Baptist hospital passed to the Wood family and became almshouses.[46] At this time the shrine and relics of St Winifred were destroyed.[44]
Gate house of the council headquarters in the town
Its functions were interpreted widely. It was to hear all suits, civil and criminal, which were brought by individuals too poor to sue at common law; it was to try all cases of murder, felony, piracy, wrecking and such crimes as were likely to disturb the peace; it was to investigate charges of misgovernment by officials and the false verdicts of juries; it was to enforce the laws against livery and maintenance, to punish rumour mongers and adulterers, and to deal with disputes concerning enclosures, villein service and manorial questions; it heard appeals from the common law courts; and it was responsible for administering the legislation dealing with religion.[63] According to historian John Davies, at its peak in the mid-16th Century, the Council:
represented a remarkable experiment in regional government. It administered the law cheaply and rapidly; it dealt with up to twenty cases a day and George Owen stated that the 'oppressed poor' flocked to it.[64]
Dr John Caius
In 1551 there was a notable outbreak of sweating sickness in the town, which Dr John Caius was in the town to attend to at the command of the council.[65] The following year, after his return to London, Caius published A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse. The president of the council was the dedicatee of the book and the dedicatory epistle explains his appointment. This text became the main source of knowledge of this disease, now understood to be influenza.[66]
In 1581, Sir Henry Sidney, celebrated the feast of St. George, on April 23, in this town, with great splendour: a solemn procession went from the Council House to St. Chad’s Church, the choir of which was fitted up in imitation of St. George’s Chapel, Windsor with the stalls decorated with the arms of the Knights of the Garter; on the conclusion of divine service Sir Henry devoted the afternoon to feasting the burgesses.[28]
Early Modern
Shrewsbury thrived throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, a period when the town was at the height of its commercial importance. This success was largely due to the town's location, which allowed it to control the Welsh wool trade, a major industry at the time, with the rest of Britain and Europe, with the River Severn and Watling Street acting as trading routes.[67] This trade was dominated by the Shrewsbury Drapers Company for many years.[68] As a result, a number of grand edifices, including the Ireland's Mansion (built 1575) and Draper's Hall (1658), were constructed.
It was in this period that Edward VI gave permission for the foundation of a free school, which was later to become Shrewsbury School.[69]
Prince Rupert established his headquarters in the town on 18 February 1644, being welcomed by Shrewsbury's aldermen. He was billeted in a building then the home of the family of Thomas Jones[72] in the precincts of what is now the Prince Rupert Hotel.[73]
Shrewsbury only fell to Parliament forces after they were let in by a parliamentarian sympathiser at the St Mary's Water Gate (now also known as Traitor's Gate).[74] After Thomas Mytton captured Shrewsbury in February 1645; in following with the ordnance of no quarter; a dozen Irish prisoners were selected to be killed after picking lots.[75][76] This prompted Rupert to respond by executing Parliamentarian prisoners in Oswestry.[77]
Georgian and Victorian
By the 18th century Shrewsbury had become an important market town and stopping point for stagecoaches travelling between London and Holyhead with passengers on their way to Ireland; this led to the establishment of a number of coaching inns, many of which, such as the Lion Hotel, are extant to this day.
The former Shire Hall (since demolished) and Old Market Hall, 1796
A town hall was built in the Market Place on the site of an ancient guildhall in 1730;[78] it was demolished and a new combined guildhall and shirehall was erected on the site in 1837.[79]
Local soldier and statesman Robert Clive served as the town's mayor in 1762 and was Shrewsbury's MP from 1762 until his death in 1774.[80]
St Chad's Church collapsed in 1788 after attempts to expand the crypt compromised the structural integrity of the tower above. Now known as Old St Chad's, the remains of the church building and its churchyard are on the corner of Princess Street, College Hill and Belmont. A new St Chad's Church was built just four years after the collapse, but as a large neo-classical round church and in a different and more elevated location, at the top of Claremont Hill close to the Quarry.[31]
In the period directly after Napoleon's surrender after the Waterloo, the town's own 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot was sent to guard him in his exile on St Helena. A locket containing a lock of the emperor's hair, presented to an officer of the 53rd, remains to this day in the collections of the Soldiers of Shropshire Museum at Shrewsbury Castle.[82]
Shrewsbury's Georgian prison
HM Prison Shrewsbury, when new in the Georgian period, was considered a national example of improved conditions and more enlightened penal policy. Times change and a 2005 report on prison population found that it was the most overcrowded in England and Wales, despite a major expansion in Victorian times.[83] The prison, which was also known as the Dana because it was built near the site of the medieval Dana gaol, was closed in 2013 and then sold by the Ministry of Justice to private property developers in 2014.[84]
In 1821, the county purchased a building in College Hill which was adapted to become the judge's lodgings, providing accommodation for the judges and their retinue during their attendance at the Assizes.[28]
20th and 21st centuries
BT Telephone Exchange, Town Walls
The town suffered very little from air raids in the Second World War, the worst case was in 1940, when a woman and her two grandchildren were killed when a cottage was destroyed on Ellesmere Road, the only local air raid deaths.[85] Therefore, many of its ancient buildings remain intact and there was little redevelopment in the 1960s and 1970s. However, some historic buildings were demolished to make way for the brutalist architectural style of the 1960s, though the town was saved from a new inner ring road due to its challenging geography.[86] A notable example of 1960s/70s construction in Shrewsbury was Telecom House on Smithfield Road, demolished in the 2000s.[87]
Between 1962 and 1992 there was a hardened nuclear bunker, built for No 16 Group Royal Observer Corps Shrewsbury, who provided the field force of the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation and would have sounded the four-minute warning alarm in the event of war and warned the population of Shrewsbury in the event of approaching radioactive fallout.[88] The building was staffed by up to 120 volunteers who trained on a weekly basis. After the breakup of the communist bloc in 1989, the Royal Observer Corps was disbanded between September 1991 and December 1995. However, the nuclear bunker still stands just inside Holywell Street near the Abbey as a lasting reminder of the Cold War, but is now converted and used as a veterinary practice.[89]
The town was targeted by the IRA in 1992. One bomb was detonated at Shrewsbury Castle, causing severe damage to the regimental museum of the Shropshire Light Infantry,[90] estimated to be in the region of £250,000 and many artefacts were lost. A second bomb, detonated in the Darwin Shopping Centre, was put out by the sprinkler system before any major damage was caused. Finally, a third bomb was discovered elsewhere in the town centre but failed to do any serious damage.[91]
Flooding in Shrewsbury (2000)
From the late 1990s, the town experienced severe flooding problems from the Severn and Rea Brook. In the autumn of 2000 large swathes of the town were underwater, notably Frankwell, which flooded three times in six weeks.[92] The Frankwell flood defences were completed in 2003, along with the new offices of Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council. More recently, such as in 2005 and 2007 but not 2020, flooding has been less severe and the defences have generally held back floodwaters from the town centre areas. However, the town car parks are often left to be flooded in the winter, which reduces trade in the town, most evidenced in the run up to Christmas in 2007.[93]
Shrewsbury won the West Midlands Capital of Enterprise award in 2004.[94] The town has two large expanding business parks, Shrewsbury Business Park by the A5 in the southeast and Battlefield Enterprise Park in the north. There are many residential developments currently under construction in the town to cater for the increasing numbers of people wishing to live in the town, which is a popular place to commute to Telford, Wolverhampton and Birmingham from.[95]
In 2009 Shrewsbury Town Council was formed and the town's traditional coat of arms was returned to everyday use.[96]
In 2021 the lost seal of the town, dating from 1425, was discovered.[97]
Governance
The Borough of Shrewsbury's first charter was granted by Henry I allowing the collection of rents. Richard I granted another early charter in 1189. Further charters were granted in 1199 John, 1495, Henry VII, 1638, Charles I and 1685, James II. In 1974 a charter from Elizabeth II incorporated the Borough of Shrewsbury and Atcham, under the auspices of which the town remained until 2009.[98]
Shrewsbury is the administrative centre for the new Shropshire Council, the unitary authority covering most of Shropshire (but excluding the Borough of Telford and Wrekin, a separate unitary authority area). Shropshire Council have their headquarters at the Shirehall, on Abbey Foregate.[99]
Shrewsbury is in the Shrewsbury and Atcham constituency and is the only large settlement in the constituency. At the most recent general election, in 2019, Daniel Kawczynski of the Conservative Party was elected with a majority of 11,217. The 19th-century Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, was MP for Shrewsbury.[100]
The changing political make-up of the town council – * = by-election
Until 2009, Shrewsbury was an unparished area with neither town or parish council. Instead, the mayor of Shrewsbury and Atcham, based in the Guildhall in Dogpole,[101] was also the mayor of the town. However, as part of wider changes to local government in Shropshire, the town was parished on 13 May 2008, with a single parish created covering the entire town and previously unparished area. At the time of creation, Shrewsbury was the second-most populous civil parish in England, though further creations of large town councils mean it is now the fourth. The area of the parish is 3,799 hectares (9,390 acres).
The town council first convened on 1 April 2009 and its chair is the mayor of Shrewsbury. For the interim period before the first elections, the existing county councillors who represented electoral divisions covering Shrewsbury were the town councillors. On 4 June 2009, the first election was held to the town council, with councillors elected from 17 single-member wards coterminous with Shropshire Council electoral divisions.
The political make-up of the town council, as of the 2021 local elections, sees Labour as the largest party with 7 seats, the Liberal Democrats with 6, the Conservatives with 2 and the Green Party with 2.
The town council was based at the Guildhall on Frankwell Quay, a facility which had originally been built in 2004 as the headquarters of Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council; however the town council moved to Riggs Hall in 2017.[102] Riggs Hall is one of the original buildings on the former site of Shrewsbury School on Castle Gates.[103] Since 2023, the town council have their offices at Livesey House, on St. John's Hill and the council itself meets in the Shirehall.[104]
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the former Shrewsbury Borough Council and now of the Town Council, depicts three loggerheads (leopards), with the motto Floreat Salopia, a Latin phrase that can be translated to "May Shrewsbury Flourish".[105][106] The coat of arms of the (now abolished) Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council was Shrewsbury's shield with the addition of Atcham Bridge running above the leopards. The flag of Shropshire and other county crests, also uses the three loggerheads.
Shrewsbury is about 14 miles (23 km) west of Telford, 43 miles (69 km) west of Birmingham and the West Midlands conurbation and about 153 miles (246 km) north-west of the capital, London. More locally, the town is to the east of Welshpool, with Bridgnorth and Kidderminster to the south-east. The border with Wales is 9 miles (14 km) to the west.
The town centre is partially built on a hill whose elevation is, at its highest, 246 feet (75 m) above sea level. The longest river in the United Kingdom, the River Severn, flows through the town, forming a meander around its centre.[12] The Rea Brook is a small river that has its confluence with the Severn at Shrewsbury, just upstream from the English Bridge, and much of the Rea Brook Valley within the town is a country park and local nature reserve, encompassing 36 hectares (89 acres).[110] The town is subject to flooding from these rivers.
A clickable link map of Shrewsbury showing suburbs and surrounding villages.
Geology
The town lies to the west of Haughmond Hill, a site where Precambrian rocks, some of the oldest rocks in the county can be found,[111] and the town itself is sited on an area of largely Carboniferous rocks.[112] A fault, the Hodnet Fault, starts approximately at the town and runs north-east into the Stoke-on-Trent area.[113]
The climate of Shrewsbury is similar to that of the rest of Shropshire, generally moderate.
Rainfall averages 76 to 100 cm (30 to 39 in), influenced by being in the rainshadow of the Cambrian Mountains from warm, moist frontal systems of the Atlantic Ocean, which bring generally light precipitation in autumn and spring.[114] The nearest weather station is at Shawbury, about 6.5 miles (10.5 km) north-east of Shrewsbury town centre. The local topography, being that of a low-lying plain surrounded by higher ground to the west, south and east gives the Shrewsbury area its own microclimate – the absolute maximum at Shawbury of 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) and absolute minimum of −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) represents the largest temperature range of any individual weather station in the British Isles – although the maximum range of average temperatures tends to peak to the south-east of the Shrewsbury area, particularly in the south-east midlands, inland East Anglia and inland south-east England. In an average year, the warmest day is 28.4 °C (83.1 °F),[115] giving a total of 8.9 days[116] of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above. The absolute maximum of 34.9 °C (94.8 °F)[117] was recorded in August 1990.
Conversely, the coldest night of the year typically falls to −9.6 °C (14.7 °F)[118] – in total 61.7 air frosts are recorded in an average year. The absolute minimum of −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F)[119] was recorded in 1981.
Annual average rainfall averages around 650 millimetres (26 in), with over 1 millimetre (0.04 in) falling on 124 days of the year.
In 2021, the town of Shrewsbury had a population of 76,782. This represents an increase of 0.69% since 2011. The ethnic distribution was as follows: White – 72,975; Asian – 1755; Black – 348; Arab – 122; Mixed – 1,267; Other – 308.[123]
Religious affiliations were as follows: Christian – 52.7%;, Muslim – 0.5%; Sikh – 0.5%; Buddhist – 0.3%; Hindu – 0.2%; Jewish – 0.1%; Other – 0.1%; No religion – 39.1%; No answer – 6.4%.[124]
Economy
Pride Hill, one of the town's main shopping streets
Throughout the medieval period, Shrewsbury was a centre for the wool trade,[125] and later used its position on the River Severn to transport goods across England via the canal system.
Unlike many other towns in this period, Shrewsbury never became a major centre for heavy industry. Though, in 1915, the Sentinel Waggon Works at Shrewsbury was opened for the building of steam rail and road locomotives. Later it converted to the production of diesel locomotives before being taken over, in 1958, by Rolls-Royce Limited for the manufacture of their range of diesel industrial engines, so that the Derby facility could concentrate on aero engines.[126]
By the early 1900s, the town became focused on transport services and the general service and professional sector, owing to its position on the A5, part of the strategic route to North Wales.[127]
The town is the location of both town and county councils and a number of retail complexes, both in and out of the town centre. These provide significant employment. Shrewsbury is home to a high number of independent businesses, including shops, cafes and restaurants. Wyle Cop in Shrewsbury is said to have the 'longest uninterrupted row of independent shops'.[128] Four in five jobs in the town are in the service industry. Within this sector, the largest employers are the administration and distribution sectors, which includes retail, food and accommodation.[129]
The visitor economy of Shrewsbury and Atcham was worth about £115 million in 2001, with about 2,500 people employed directly in the visitor industry and 3,400 indirectly. There were about 3.1 million visitors – both day visitors and staying visitors – to the borough in 2001, with 88% being day visitors and 12% being staying visitors; staying visitors accounted for 42% of spending.[131] Shrewsbury's position of being the only sizeable town for a large area, especially to the west in Mid-Wales, allows it to attract a large retail base beyond that of its resident population. This is not only evident in the retail sector, but also in the healthcare sector, where the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital has the only A&E department westwards until Aberystwyth, about 75 miles (121 km) away.[132]
Businesses in Shrewsbury voted in favour of a Business Improvement District in late 2013 and Shrewsbury BID started operating in April 2014. Shrewsbury BID delivers on a five-year business plan of projects, which include major destination marketing campaigns, significant cost savings for businesses and strategic work ensuring the best possible town centre environment in which business can flourish. The company is governed by a board of directors and employed three staff full-time in 2017.[133]
In terms of social and economic deprivation, according to the Overall Index of Multiple Deprivation of 2004, one Super Output Area (SOA) in the town is in the bottom 15% of all areas nationally. This area is in the ward of Harlescott.[134] A further four SOAs fall into the bottom 30% nationally, these being in the wards of Monkmoor, Sundorne, Battlefield and Heathgates and Meole Brace. The most affluent areas of the town are generally to the south and west, around the grounds of Shrewsbury School and the Copthorne area.[citation needed]
Culture
Literary and performance heritage
A surviving 1679 arbour, that of the Shoemakers Guild
In ancient times, while the Romish religion prevailed, all the companies united once a year in celebrating the day of Corpus Christi, with great pomp and splendour. At the reformation this ceremony was commuted for another, held on the second Monday after Trinity Sunday, which is still continued, though with less pomp and circumstance than formerly. The Companies form themselves into processions, headed severally by men on horseback in gaudy apparel, called kings, probably as representatives of the monarchs who granted their charters* They move in marshalled array to Kingsland, where they are met by the mayor and corporation and the day is spent in festivity.[135]
The town's Quarry Park has been the site of cultural activity since before the Reformation: a bank there, cut in the form of an amphitheatre, was used by the friars of the adjacent convent, who performed the ancient religious mystery plays or miracle plays;[28] this continued in the mid-16th century when the plays of Thomas Ashton's Shrewsbury School attracted royal attention.[136] On several occasions the school put on pageants for the visiting Council of Wales and the Marches. In 1581, the Lord President, Sir Henry Sidney, leaving the town by barge, was greeted by several scholars on an island downstream of the castle dressed as green nymphs with willow branches tied to their heads reciting verses across the water.[137]
Quarto edition of Henry IV, Part 1
William Shakespeare set the last two acts of his play, Henry IV, Part 1, written around 1596, near the town.[138] It has been suggested, placing reliance on a record of a performance by his company, the King's Men in the town between 1603 and 1605, and supposed familiarity with the landscape; that Shakespeare performed in the town and knew the area.[139]
The playwright George Farquhar's 1706 play The Recruiting Officer is set in the town.[140]
In the later Renaissance period, the land at Kingsland was devoted to elaborate performances, with grand arbours being built by the various town guilds.[141] Some of the arbours survive, such as that for the Shoemakers Guild.[142]
John Weaver's 1718 production of Orpheus and Eurydice
Known as the father of English ballet,[143] as well as the originator of pantomime,[144]John Weaver, developed his art in Shrewsbury. A second generation dancing master in the town,[145] he also wrote on the philosophy, theology, statecraft and biology embedded in his era's understating of dance, which he located in a wider understanding of his culture as representing a component of Ptolemaicharmony and an earnest part of the statecraft of his time.[146]
In the 19th century, Charles Dickens made three visits to the town. The first, in 1838, was while he was travelling to Wales. On this occasion he stayed at the Lion Hotel. In 1852 he again visited, this time as part of a theatrical tour, staging benefit performances to raise money for the Guild of Literature and Art. His final visit, in 1858, was as part of a nationwide reading tour. Once again he stayed at the Lion.[149]
The town appears in the Brother Cadfael novels by Ellis Peters. The novels take Shrewsbury Abbey for their setting and have made medieval Shrewsbury familiar to a wide readership.[150]
Shrewsbury was used as the setting for the 1984 television film A Christmas Carol, which filmed many of its interior and exterior shots in and around the town.[149]
The Magnum Photos Evolution Explored exhibition in The Square
In early 2017, Shrewsbury BID, The Hive and GRAIN Photography Hub organised an outdoor Magnum Photos exhibition.[151] Inspired by Shrewsbury's links to Charles Darwin, this exhibition considered the theme of evolution through the eyes of international photographers. The 10-week exhibition was free to the public and staged at St Mary's Churchyard and The Square.
Theatre Severn is the town's main performing arts complex, it is situated in Frankwell next to the Welsh Bridge on the bank of the River Severn. The theatre includes two performance spaces, the 635 seat Main Auditorium and a smaller studio space, the Walker Theatre, which can accommodate 250 seating or 500 standing. The venue includes a full sized dance studio, function rooms and a restaurant.[154] The new complex replaced the old theatre, the Music Hall, which has been refurbished and expanded in preparation for its current use as home to Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery, opened 2014.[155]
Royal visits
The following royal visits have been made to Shrewsbury in modern times:
The Shropshire Horticultural Society organises the town's annual flower show in August.
The town is home to the 'longest running flower show in the world'. The annual Shrewsbury Flower Show is a two-day event, which takes place in mid-August, has been running for more than 125 years.[168] The event attracts around 100,000 visitors each year and offers a multitude of events, exhibitions and gardens, with a fireworks display at the end of each day.
The Shrewsbury Folk Festival has been held in Shrewsbury since 2006. Held annually over the August bank holiday, the event is very popular, with people travelling from across the UK to attend.[169]
The town celebrates its links to Darwin with an annual Darwin Festival in February. The two and a half week multi-media event celebrates the town as the 'Origin of Independent Thinking' with activities including lectures, dance performances and live music.[170]
Other events held in Shrewsbury's busy spring and summer of events include the Shrewsbury Bookfest, Shrewsbury Regatta, Cycle Grand Prix, Shrewsbury Carnival, Food Festival, Dragon Boat Race and the Coracle World Championships.[171] Since 2016, Shrewsbury International Comedy Festival has been held over the third weekend of July in multiple venues across town.[172]
Comics Salopia (formerly the Cartoon Festival) was a large biannual festival of the comics arts, attracting over a quarter of a million visitors. In format and scope it aimed to emulate on a smaller scale, the Angoulême International Comics Festival in France. In June 2023, It was announced that after making substantial losses in 2022, it would not be continued.[173]
The Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery is in the town square, occupying the former music hall and the 13th-century Vaughan's mansion and is part of Shropshire Museums.[174]
The Old Market Hall cinema opened in 2004 in the prominent Tudor market hall positioned in The Square. The independent cinema features daily screens of films from around the world along with a cafe and bar.[175]
Further museums in the town include the Shropshire Regimental Museum, renamed in 2019 as Soldiers of Shropshire Museum,[176] based at Shrewsbury Castle,[7] and the restored 19th-century steam-powered Coleham Pumping Station,[177] which opens for tours on specific days each year.
There are various private galleries and art shops around the town, including the Gateway Education and Arts Centre.[178]
The National Trust owns the last remaining Town Walls Tower which dates from the 14th century. It is now available to rent as a one bedroom holiday cottage.[179]
The Golden Cross is reputed to be the oldest licensed public house in Shrewsbury and records show that it was used as an inn as far back as 1428; its original name was the Sextry, because it began as the sacristy of Old St Chad's Church.[180]
The King's Head in Mardol contains a 14th-century wall painting,[181] and its timbers have been dated to c.1404.[182]
The Dun Cow in Abbey Foregate dates to the 16th century.[183]
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West Midlands and ITV Central. Television signals are received from the Wrekin TV transmitter.[186]
In 2009 an online independent media company, Shropshire Live, launched covering Shrewsbury and Shropshire.[190]
Food
Shrewsbury cakes (or biscuits) are typically crisp and brittle creations that may incorporate fruit. They can be small in size for serving several at a time, or large for serving as a dessert in their own right. Traditionally they have a distinct hint of lemon.[191] The playwright William Congreve mentioned Shrewsbury cakes in his play The Way of the World in 1700 as a simile[192] (Witwoud – "Why, brother Wilfull of Salop, you may be as short as a Shrewsbury cake, if you please. But I tell you 'tis not modish to know relations in town"). The recipe is also included in several early cookbooks including The Compleat Cook of 1658.[193] A final reference to the cakes can be seen to this day as the subject of a plaque affixed to a building close to Shrewsbury's town library by the junction of Castle Street and School Gardens. The aforementioned plaque marks the spot where the Shrewsbury Cake's recipe is said to have been pioneered in 1760 by Mr Pailin;[191] a further quote, drawn from Richard Harris Barham's Ingoldby Legends, reads:
Oh! Pailin. Prince of Cake Compounders
The mouth liquifies at the very name.
Shrewsbury is the origin of a popular Simnel cake recipe. Different towns had their own recipes and shapes of the Simnel cake. Bury, Devizes and Shrewsbury produced large numbers to their own recipes, but it is the Bury version that became most well known.[194]
The town is alleged to be the origin of Shrewsbury sauce, made from Worcester sauce, red wine and mustard, thickened with flour, which is typically served with lamb. Only known from the 1960s when it appeared in the J. Salmon County Series Cookbooks.[195]
Beer brewed in Shrewsbury was celebrated as early as about 1400 when the bard Iolo Goch praised the supply of "Crwg Amwythig" dispensed at the Sycharth palace of Owain Glyndŵr.[196] In 1900 there were eight breweries in the town, chief among them being Southam's and Trouncer's, which had their own maltings and owned many local public houses, as well as five other maltsters,[197] but the conventional brewing industry gradually closed after takeovers in the 1960s. The last maltings, at Ditherington, closed in 1987.[198] Completed in 1797, these maltings, known as the Ditherington Flax Mill from its original purpose, was the world's first iron-framed building and commonly regarded as "the grandfather of the skyscraper". Its importance was recognised in the 1950s, resulting in it becoming a Grade I listed building.[199][200] After the biggest heritage project ever undertaken by Historic England, the building was restored and opened as a museum in 2022.[201]
A real ale brewery, The Salopian Brewery, was established in the town in 1995.[202] It was based in the Old Dairy on Mytton Oak Road before relocating in 2014 to Hadnall a few miles north of the town.[203]
Architecture
Fish Street and Grope Lane, Shrewsbury
The historic town centre still retains its medieval street pattern and many narrow passages. Some of the passages, especially those that pass through buildings from one street to the next, are called "shuts" (the word deriving from "to shoot through" from one street to another).[204] Many specialist shops, traditional pubs and local restaurants can be found in the hidden corners, squares and lanes of Shrewsbury.
Many of the street names have remained unchanged for centuries and there are some more unusual names, such as Longden Coleham, Dogpole, Mardol, Frankwell, Roushill, Grope Lane, Gullet Passage, Murivance, the Dana, Portobello, Bear Steps, Shoplatch and Bellstone.[205]
The public library, in the pre-1882 Shrewsbury School building,[206] is on Castle Street. Above the main entrance are two statues bearing the Greek inscriptions "Philomathes" and "Polymathes". These portray the virtues "Lover of learning" and "Much learning" to convey the lesson that it is good to gain knowledge through a love of learning.
In the centre of the town lies The Quarry. This 29 acres (12 ha)[207] riverside park attracts thousands of people throughout the year and is enjoyed as a place of recreation. Shrewsbury has traditionally been known as the "Town of Flowers", a slogan incorporated into many of the signs on entrance to the town via major roads, although this was replaced in 2007 with "The birthplace of Charles Darwin".[8]
The British Army's Light Infantry has been associated with Shrewsbury since the 17th century when the first regiments were formed and many more regiments have been raised at Shrewsbury before being deployed all over the world from the American Revolutionary War to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Today, after several major reorganisations, the Light Infantry now forms part of the regiment known simply as the Rifles. Shrewsbury's Copthorne Barracks, spiritual home of the Light Division, ultimately housed the Headquarters of the British Army's 143 (West Midlands) Brigade before it moved in 2014, while that of the 5th Division disbanded in April 2012 as part of the reorganisation of the Army's Support Command.[208]
Another notable feature of the town is Lord Hill's Column, sited outside the Shirehall. At 133 ft 6 in (40.7 m) it is the tallest Doric column in England.[209] It was erected as a monument to Rowland Hill commander of II Corps at Waterloo and the man who led the charge against the Imperial Guard towards the end of the battle.[210]
The Quantum Leap is an abstract sculpture unveiled in the town centre in 2009 to mark the bicentenary of the birth of Shrewsbury biologist Charles Darwin.[211]
Shrewsbury's town centre is almost entirely encircled by the River Severn and there are nine bridges across the river. In addition, there are several that cross the Rea Brook. Working downstream, they are in order:
Frankwell Bridge, a modern pedestrian footbridge which spans the River Severn between Frankwell and the town centre.
The medieval St George's Bridge, c. 1776
The current Welsh Bridge
The Welsh Bridge, which was built in 1793-95 to replace the medieval St George's Bridge; featured in Thomas Pennant's A Tour through Wales published in 1781. The old bridge was sketched by J. M. W. Turner in 1794 as the basis for a later water colour painting.[212]
Further along from the Welsh Bridge is the Porthill Bridge, a pedestrian suspension bridge running between the Quarry and Porthill, built in 1922.[213][214]
Following the Greyfriars Bridge is the English Bridge, historically called Stone Bridge, which was rebuilt in the 1920s. The bridge was also sketched by Turner.[215]
Beyond it is the railway station, which is partly built over the river.
The last bridge to cross the river within the Shrewsbury bypass area is the A5112 Telford Way, which has separate lanes for vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians.
The main railway station building of Shrewsbury General is built in a mock Tudor architectural style. The station is known as the 'Gateway to Wales'.[220] it includes a clock tower, imitation Tudor chimneys and carved heads in the frames of every window and is Grade II listed.[221] There is a small British Transport Police station within the building.
Shrewsbury has a park & ride bus scheme in operation with three car parks on the edge of town. The three car parks are at Harlescott (to the north, colour-coded blue), Oxon (to the west, colour-coded pink) and Meole Brace (to the south, colour-coded green).[226]
Road
A map of Shrewsbury showing suburbs, surrounding villages, rivers (blue), roads (red) and rail routes (green)
Shrewsbury has been an important centre for road traffic. In 1815, Thomas Telford designed a new coaching route from London to Holyhead in order to improve communications with Ireland. He routed the new road via Shrewsbury, which opened in 1830. The road is now the A5.[227] The road connects the town north-west to Oswestry and east towards Telford, where it joins the M54. The A5 once ran through the town centre, until a bypass was built in the 1930s. Subsequently, in 1992, a 17-mile (27 km) dual carriageway was completed at a cost of £79 million to the south of the town and was made to form part of the A5 route. This dual carriageway was built further out of the town to act as a substantial link to Telford, as well as a bypass for the town.[228]
The A49 goes to Shrewsbury, joining the A5 at the south of the town, coming from Ludlow and Leominster. At this point, the road merges with the A5 for 3 miles (4.8 km), before separating again to the east of the town. From there it runs north, passing Sundorne, then Battlefield, before heading out towards Whitchurch. At Battlefield, the A53 route begins and heads north-east towards Shawbury and Market Drayton, then onwards towards Newcastle-under-Lyme and Stoke-on-Trent.
The A458 (Mallwyd-Quinton) runs through the town centre, entering in the west and leaving to the southeast. The A528 begins in the town centre and heads north, heading for Ellesmere. The A488 begins just west of the town centre in Frankwell and heads out to Bishop's Castle, Clun and Knighton crossing the border in the southwest of Shropshire.
Major roads within the town include the A5112, A5191 and A5064. The A5191 goes north–south via the town centre, while the A5112 runs north–south to the east of the town centre. The A5064 is a short, one mile (1.6 km) stretch of road to the southeast of the town centre, called "London Road". Additionally, the A5124, the most recent bypass, was completed in 1998 and runs across the northern edge of the town at Battlefield (connecting the A49/A53 to the A528), though it did exist before as Harlescott Lane (which has since become unclassified).
Construction of a major new artery, referred to as the North West Relief Road (NWRR), was granted central government funding in April 2019. Together with the existing A5 and A49 by-passes, the Battlefield Link Road (A5124) and the Oxon Link Road, this will result in the completion of the ring road around the outskirts of the town. Construction is expected to be completed by 2026.[229] The NWRR will involve the construction of a new bridge over the River Severn, upstream from the town centre.[230]
Cycling
Shrewsbury has a comprehensive network of on-road and traffic-free cycle routes.[231] In 2008 the town was awarded Cycling Town status by Cycling England;[232] as a result, it benefited from £1.8 million of grant funding from the Department for Transport between 2008 and 2011. The funding was used to make improvements to the cycle network in Shrewsbury and to provide cycle training, information and advice to people to help encourage them to cycle to school and work.[233]
Prior to the reformation, Shrewsbury Abbey and the Collegiate Churches of St Mary, established by King Edgar in the 10th century, and St Chad, established in the 13th, were providing education in the town.[citation needed] Remains of the college of St Chad can be traced in the land adjoining the south-western extremity of the church on the old site with portions of the wall traceable to a considerable distance in the neighbouring gardens.[28][better source needed] These were closed by the dissolutions.[69] There is mention of a grammar school at Shrewsbury in a court case of 1439.[234]
An effort was made to found a university in the 1600s during the Commonwealth which followed the execution of Charles I. Richard Baxter, a puritan minister from Shropshire, suggested the establishment of a university for Wales at Shrewsbury in the belief that he could obtain the support of Cromwell and Parliament for the scheme.[235]
Shrewsbury School is a public school. Its main building on the new site to which it moved in 1882 was constructed circa 1765.
Independent sector
Shrewsbury is home to Shrewsbury School, a public school, on a large site in Kingsland, just south of the town centre overlooking the loop of the Severn. The school was located in the town centre between 1552 and 1882. The buildings it formerly occupied then are now occupied by the main county library on Castle Street.[236] Opposite it on the other side of the river is Shrewsbury High School, an independent girls' day school.[237]
Prestfelde School is an independent preparatory school, on London Road, close to the Lord Hill's Column. As part of the Woodard Schools group, it is affiliated to the largest group of Church of England schools in the country. Whilst originally a school for boys it started accepting girls between the ages of three and thirteen. The school is set in 30 acres (12 ha) of grounds on the outskirts of the town.[238]
The town's other long-established boys' preparatory school is Kingsland Grange, on Old Roman Road in Kingsland. In 2007, it merged with the junior department of Shrewsbury Girls' High School, sharing the two sites with some classes remaining single sex, but others switching to a co-educational format.[239]
The majority of the town's pupils attend one of the several comprehensive schools. The Priory School, formerly a grammar school for girls;[240]Meole Brace School, The Grange School, Sundorne School and Belvidere School. In 2016, The Grange and Sundorne schools were amalgamated to form Shrewsbury Academy. The school has two campuses; however, it is planned in the next few years for all pupils to move to the Corndon Crescent site of the former Sundorne School.[241]
The Wakeman School, which was geographically the closest school to the town centre 'loop', next to the English Bridge, was previously the Shrewsbury Technical School and was attended by the First World War poet Wilfred Owen. It closed as part of reorganisation in July 2013.[242] The site is now utilised by the Shrewsbury Colleges Group.[243]
Further education is provided by Shrewsbury Sixth Form College, previously the Priory School for Boys,[244] ranked 17th in the top 20 of sixth form colleges nationally by the Sunday Times newspaper in November 2012,[245] and Shrewsbury College, which handles primarily vocational courses. In 2016, the two establishments were merged into the Shrewsbury Colleges Group.[246]
Ruins of Old St Chad'sThe spire of St Alkmund's Church and the tower of St Julian's Church
There are two Saxon foundations of Collegiate Churches: that of St Chad, since resited after the collapse of the original church and rebuilt in 1792 and St Mary, replaced by what is described as the most complete medieval church in Shrewsbury, dating back to the 12th century.[248] The Norman Shrewsbury Abbey was founded in 1083.[249]
John Wesley first preached here.
According to legend, the spire of St Alkmund's Church was damaged by the Devil in 1553 and climbed four times by a drunken steeplejack in 1621.[250]
There are a number of other Anglican churches in Shrewsbury: Shrewsbury All Saints in Castlefields, The Church of the Holy Spirit in Harlescott, Holy Trinity,
St George of Cappadocia, St Giles, Greenfields United Church and St Peter in Monkmoor.[251]
Methodists,[252]Baptists[253] and the United Reformed Church are also represented, alongside newer church groups including Elim Pentecostal[254] and two Newfrontiers.[255][256] Shrewsbury Evangelical Church met in the former Anglican parish church of St Julian at the Wyle Cop end of Fish Street,[257] later moving into the Springfield estate in the eastern suburbs.[258] One of the houses in Fish Street, facing St Alkmund's Church, was the site of John Wesley's first preaching in Shrewsbury; a wall plaque records the date as 16 March 1761. The Grade II listed Shrewsbury Unitarian Church was founded in 1662 according to the inscription above the main door. The current building was built between 1839 and 1840.[259]
Shrewsbury's Greek Orthodox Church, a former Anglican church building, is off Sutton Road to the south.[262]
Shrewsbury's first dedicated non-Christian place of worship, a Muslim prayer centre, was approved in 2013. It is in the Column Lodge, the former registry office in Preston Street. Before then, the local Muslim community had been hosted by the United Reformed Church on English Bridge.[263]
Community and charity projects
Many community projects in Shrewsbury are based in, or have been started by local churches, including the Isaiah 58 project, which is the primary work amongst homeless people in the town, whilst 'Churches Together in Shrewsbury' works to help homeless people through the Ark project.[264][265]
Shrewsbury Food Bank, based at Barnabas Community Church Centre and part of 'Food Bank PLUS,' provides a wide range of social action initiatives including 'Money Advice' (a confidential, not for profit debt, benefits and financial help service) and Eclipse Child Bereavement, which works with local schools to help children who have experienced losses to overcome their situation. Also run by Barnabas are projects including '360 Journey to Work,' which help people gain skills in applying for jobs including basics like CV writing. 'Cage football' is an initiative that is lent out to local community groups, youth clubs and other churches.[266]
Shrewsbury is home to a professional football club, Shrewsbury Town. As of 2015, they compete in Football League One[268] and since 2007 has played their home games at New Meadow – from 1910 to 2007 the club played at the Gay Meadow stadium. The town is also home to a semi-professional football club, Haughmond, who take their name from the nearby Haughmond Hill. They currently compete in the Midland Football League and play their home games at the Shrewsbury Sports Village, in Sundorne.[269]
The River Severn in the town is used for rowing by both the Pengwern Boat Club,[270] founded in 1871 and using an ancient name for the town,[271] and the Royal Shrewsbury School Boat Club (RSSBC), founded in 1866.[272][273] The Pengwern brick and timber club house was built in 1881 and is a Grade II listed building.[271][274] The club house was expanded around 2013.[275] More recently, the two clubs have been joined by students of Harper Adams University, University Centre Shrewsbury and crews from other local schools.
There is an annual rowing regatta in the town in May. It is one of the oldest events in the rowing calendar, having first been held in 1871.[276][277] A head of the river race was run annually between 1936 and the 1990s.[278]
Rugby
There is a local rugby club, Shrewsbury Rugby Club.[279]
Shrewsbury Sports Village is a sports centre in the Sundorne district of the town, aimed at providing a wide range of sports facilities for townspeople.[281] There are a number of golf facilities, including Meole Brace Municipal Golf Course, in the area. Shrewsbury holds its own annual Sprint Triathlon, which takes place each September at the West Midlands Country Showground, organised by SYTri (Shrewsbury Triathlon Club) which is affiliated to the British Triathlon Federation.[282] A free weekly parkrun takes place in the Quarry.[283]
There have been a number of notable Salopians, including Charles Darwin, the biologist and evolutionary theorist.[284] Darwin, one of the most important thinkers of the 19th century,[285] was born in Shrewsbury on 12 February 1809 at the Mount House, baptised at St Chad's Church and educated at Shrewsbury School. The town's river and proximity to the countryside inspired his interest in the natural world, while its abundant ice-age boulders sparked his interest in geology.[286] Classicist Mary Beard, Cambridge professor and television presenter, was educated in Shrewsbury where her father was a prominent architect.[287]
Wilfred Owen
Shrewsbury has been home to many contributors to literature. Thomas Churchyard (c. 1523–1604) son of a farmer, was an author of autobiographical or semi-autobiographical verse collections.[288] In the early years of the 18th century, the Irish dramatist George Farquhar resided in the town while acting as a recruiting officer for the Army. He drew on this experience in writing the comedy The Recruiting Officer.[140] The romantic novelist Mary Webb lived in and around Shrewsbury and was buried there upon her death. Before the First World War, the poet Wilfred Owen lived in the town and there is a memorial to Owen at Shrewsbury Abbey.[289] Comedian George Robey lived in the town, near Lord Hill's Column, before and during the Second World War.[290]
Politicians with connections with the town include Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet, once Britain's richest man, he was MP for Shrewsbury from 1768 to 1805.[291] He lived in apartments at Shrewsbury Castle. Robert Clive was MP for Shrewsbury and also the mayor.[292][293]Leo Blair, the father of former Prime Minister Tony Blair, was a resident of the town.[294]
Ian Hunter, the lead singer of the 1970s pop group Mott the Hoople, was a resident of 23a Swan Hill in the town centre and wrote a song of the same name.[295] The 1980s pop group T'Pau was formed in the town and the band's vocalist Carol Decker was educated in the town, along with other members of the band.[296] Notable music historian and composer Charles Burney was born and educated in the town.[297]Lange, a DJ and dance music producer, was born in Shrewsbury.[298]
^ abLambert, Tim. "Saxon and Medieval Shrewsbury". A Short History of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. A World History Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012.
^ abMatthew Blake and Andrew Sargent (2018). 'For the Protection of all the People': Æthelflæd and her Burhs in Northwest Mercia. Keele University.
^Meijns, Brigitte (2010). "The Policy on Relic Translations of Baldwin II of Flanders (879–918), Edward of Wessex (899–924), and Æthelflæd of Mercia (d.924): A Key to Anglo-Flemish Relations". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.). England and the Continent in the Tenth Century. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. p. 476. ISBN9782503532080.
^Saint Alkmund, His Life, Murder and Cults, Derek & Marion Taulbut, 1998
^Shipley, John (2017). The A-Z of Curious Shropshire : Strange Stories of Mysteries, Crimes and Eccentrics. The History Press. ISBN9780750983174. The Black Death arrives in Shropshire around the spring of 1349....
^Mitchell, Jean (March 1955). "Reviewed Work: The Shrewsbury Drapers and the Welsh Wool Trade in the XVI and XVII Centuries. by T. C. Mendenhall". Review. The Economic Journal. Wiley. 65 (257): 147–149. doi:10.2307/2227468. JSTOR2227468.
^"John Weaver". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^Lee, Sidney, ed. (1885–1900). Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 60. Smith, Elder and Co., London. p. 91.Article by William George Dimock Fletcher.
^"The Shrewsbury Chronicle, 1772-1922". The Spectator. 19 December 1922. Retrieved 23 October 2018. We congratulate that good old country paper, the Shrewsbury Chronicle, on completing its hundred and fiftieth year. It is a few weeks younger than the Morning Post, having first appeared on November 28rd,1772, as the Shrewsbury Chronicle; or, Wood's British Commercial Pamphlet. Thomas Wood,- the publisher, had had experience of a Birmingham weekly before he went to Shrewsbury.
^A Town At War, Shrewsbury 1939–45. p. 37.It notes "...Shrewsbury [had its resident comedian] with the legendary George Robey (then in his seventies) living near the Column."
^Warsop, Keith (2004). The Early F.A. Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs, A Who's Who and Match Facts 1872 to 1883. Tony Brown, Nottingham. pp. 76, 96–97, 133, 138–139. ISBN1-899468-78-1.
^Francis, Peter (24 October 2023). A Matter of Life and Death, The Secrets of Shrewsbury Cemetery. Logaston Press, Almeley. p. 104. ISBN978-1-904396-58-1.
^"Player profile". LFChistory.net. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
^"Joe Hart". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
^"County heroes who won Victoria Cross". Shropshire Star. 1 July 2016. p. 36.Battle of the Somme – 100 Years supplement compiled by Toby Neal. Proctor did not yet live in Shropshire at the time he was decorated.
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Clarkson, Tim (2018). Æthelflæd: The Lady of the Mercians. Edinburgh, UK: John Donald. ISBN978-1-910900-16-1.
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