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((Short description|Minimalist language created by Sonja Lang))
((good article))((Infobox language
| name             = Toki Pona
| nativename       = ''toki pona''
| pronunciation    = ((IPA-all|ˈtoki ˈpona|))
| familycolor      = constructed languages
| family           = [[Constructed language]], combining elements of the subgenres [[personal language]] and [[philosophical language]]
| creator          = Sonja Lang
| created          = 2001
| speakers         = 500 ~ 5000
| date             = 2021
| ref              = <ref>((Cite web |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-043_tok.pdf |title=Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 |access-date=2023-11-16 |archive-date=2023-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706140833/https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-043_tok.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref>
| setting          = Testing principles of [[minimalism]], the [[Linguistic relativity|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]] and [[pidgin]]s
| posteriori       = [[A posteriori language]], with elements of English, [[Tok Pisin]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Acadian French]], [[Esperanto]], [[Serbo-Croatian]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| script           = [[Latin script]]; ''sitelen pona'' ([[Logogram|logographic]]); ''sitelen sitelen'' (logographic with an [[alphasyllabary]] for foreign words); and numerous other community-made scripts
| sign             = ''luka pona'',  ''toki pona luka''
| iso3             = tok
| ietf             = tok
| image            = toki pona.svg
| imagescale       = 0.6
| imagecaption     = The Toki Pona logo, presenting the words ((lang|tok|toki pona)) written in ((lang|tok|[[sitelen pona]]))
| notice           = IPA
| glotto           = toki1239
| glottorefname    = Toki Pona
))

'''Toki Pona''' ((Noexcerpt|(rendered as ''toki pona''((efn|When writing in Toki Pona, capital letters are used only for proper names, such as the names of people.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="rogers-2011a" />)) and often translated as 'the language of good';((efn|((lang|tok|toki)) as a noun has meanings including 'language', 'talk', and 'communication'.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=125–134)) ((lang|tok|pona)) as an adjective has meanings including 'good', 'peaceful', and 'simple'.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=125–134)))) ((IPA-all|ˈtoki ˈpona)) ((pronunciation|LL-Q36846-Lepticed7-toki pona.wav|listen|(|help=no)); ((IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|t|oʊ|k|i|_|ˈ|p|oʊ|n|ə))))) is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[Artlang|artistic constructed language]] known for its small vocabulary, simplicity, and ease of acquisition.<ref name="Atlantic" /> It was created by '''Sonja Lang''' (''[[née]]'' Elen Kisa),  a Canadian [[linguist]] and [[translator]],<ref name="Atlantic">((Cite news |last=Morin |first=Roc |date=2015-07-15 |title=How to Say (Almost) Everything in a Hundred-Word Language |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/toki-pona-smallest-language/398363/ |access-date=2019-08-01 |archive-date=2022-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712222757/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/07/toki-pona-smallest-language/398363/ |url-status=live ))</ref><ref name="roberts-2007a" /> to simplify her thoughts and communication. The first drafts were published online in 2001,<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> while the complete form was published in the 2014 book ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good''.<ref name="thomas-2018a">((Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Simon |date=2018-03-27 |title=Exploring Toki Pona: do we need more than 120 words? |url=https://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2018/03/27/toki-pona-invented-language-120-words/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511184141/https://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2018/03/27/toki-pona-invented-language-120-words/ |archive-date=2019-05-11 |access-date=2019-02-03 |website=Oxford Dictionaries))</ref>((sfn|Lang|2014|p=134)) Lang also released a supplementary dictionary, the ''Toki Pona Dictionary'', in July 2021, [[Linguistic description|describing the language as used by its community of speakers]].

Toki Pona is an [[isolating language]] with only 14 [[phoneme]]s and an underlying feature of [[minimalism]]. It focuses on simple, near-universal concepts to maximize expression from very few words. In ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good'', Lang presents around 120 words (referred to as ''pu''), while the later ''Toki Pona Dictionary'' lists 137 "essential" words and a number of less-used ones (referred to as ''ku'').((efn-la|name="wordcount"|Prior to the publication of ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good'', the language grew to 118 words.<ref name="Classic Word List Improved!">((Cite web |title=Classic Word List (Improved!) |url=http://www.tokipona.net/tp/ClassicWordList.aspx |access-date=2019-01-07 |website=tokipona.net |archive-date=2018-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131846/http://www.tokipona.net/tp/ClassicWordList.aspx |url-status=dead ))</ref> Between then and the publication of ''Toki Pona Dictionary'', varying counts were given for the number of words in the former (((lang|tok|nimi pu)), ((lit.)) 'words of the official Toki Pona book'), ranging between 120 and 125.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="roberts-2007a" /> The ''Toki Pona Dictionary'' added 16 new "essential" words (((lang|tok|nimi ku suli)), ((lit.)) 'important dictionary words'),((sfn|Lang|2021|p=22–23)) and states on its back cover that there are a total of 137.((sfn|Lang|2021|loc=back cover)) It also includes several less-used words (((lang|tok|nimi ku pi suli ala<!--Before changing this to "lili", please find a reliable source using that phrase. "suli ala" is what's used in the book.-->)), ((lit.)) 'dictionary words of little importance').((sfn|Lang|2021|p=22–23)))) Its words are easy to pronounce across language backgrounds, which allows it to serve as a bridge of sorts for people of different cultures.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=10)) However, it was not created as an [[international auxiliary language]]. Partly inspired by [[Taoist philosophy]], the language is designed to help users concentrate on basic things and to promote positive thinking, in accordance with the [[Linguistic relativity|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]]. Despite the small vocabulary, speakers can understand and communicate, mainly relying on [[Context (linguistics)|context]], combinations of words, and expository sentences to express more specific meanings.

After its initial creation, a small community of speakers developed in the early 2000s.<ref name="roberts-2007a">((Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Siobhan |date=2007-07-09 |title=Canadian has people talking about lingo she created |language=en-ca |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/canadian-has-people-talking-about-lingo-she-created/article20399052/ |access-date=2017-03-10 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312071710/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/canadian-has-people-talking-about-lingo-she-created/article20399052/ |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |last=Јовановић |first=Тијана (Tijana Jovanović) |date=2006-12-15 |title=Вештачки језици (Veštački jezici) |trans-title=Artificial languages |url=http://www.politikin-zabavnik.co.yu/tekst.php?broj=2862&tekst=04 |url-status=dead |journal=Политикин Забавник (Politikin Zabavnik) |language=sr |issue=2862 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070610173202/http://www.politikin-zabavnik.co.yu/tekst.php?broj=2862&tekst=04 |archive-date=2007-06-10))</ref> While activity mainly takes place online in [[chat room]]s, on [[social media]], and in other online groups, there have been a few organized in-person meetings.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> 

== Etymology ==
The name of the language has two parts – ((Lang|tok|toki)) ('language'),<ref name="tokiponaorg-2009a">((Cite web |date=2009-09-28 |title=Toki Pona word origins |url=http://en.tokipona.org/wiki/Etymology_of_Toki_Pona_words |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100308091122/http://en.tokipona.org/wiki/Etymology_of_Toki_Pona_words |archive-date=2010-03-08 |website=tokipona.org))</ref> derived from [[Tok Pisin]] ((Lang|tpi|tok)), which itself comes from [[English language|English]] ''talk''; and ((Lang|tok|pona)) ('good/simple'), from [[Esperanto]] ((Lang|eo|bona)),<ref name="tokiponaorg-2009a" /> from [[Latin]] ((Lang|la|bonus)). The name ''toki pona'' therefore means both 'good language' and 'simple language', emphasizing that the language encourages speakers to find joy in simplicity.

== Purpose ==
One of the language's main goals is a focus on minimalism. It is designed to express maximal meaning with minimal complexity.<ref name="rogers-2011a">((Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Steven D. |title=A Dictionary of Made-Up Languages |publisher=Adams Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-1440528170 |location=United States of America |chapter=Part I: Made-Up Languages – Toki pona))</ref> Like a [[pidgin]], it focuses on simple concepts and elements that are near-universal among cultures. It has a minimal vocabulary and 14 phonemes devised to be easy to pronounce for speakers of various language backgrounds.<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="roberts-2007a" />

Partly inspired by Taoist philosophy, another goal of Toki Pona is to help its speakers focus on the essentials by reducing complex concepts to basic elements.<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="tomaszewski-2012a">((Cite web |last=Tomaszewski |first=Zach |date=2012-12-11 |title=A Formal Grammar for Toki Pona |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~chin/661F12/Projects/ztomaszewski.pdf |access-date=2019-09-21 |website=University of Hawai‘i |archive-date=2019-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101110606/http://www2.hawaii.edu/%7Echin/661F12/Projects/ztomaszewski.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref> From these simple notions, more complex ideas can be built up by simple combining.<ref name="rogers-2011a" /> This allows the users to see the fundamental nature and effect of the ideas expressed.

On the basis of the [[Linguistic relativity|Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]], which states that a language influences the way its speakers think and behave,<ref name="roberts-2007a" /><ref name="tomaszewski-2012a" /> Toki Pona was designed to induce positive thinking.<ref name="malmkjær-2010a">((Cite book |last=Malmkjær |first=Kirsten |title=The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2010 |isbn=9780415424325 |edition=3rd |location=New York |pages=34 |chapter=Artificial languages |oclc=656296619))</ref>

Another aim of the language is for the speakers to become aware of the present moment and pay more attention to the surroundings and the words people use.<ref name="Atlantic" /> According to its author, it is meant to be "fun and cute".<ref>((Cite book |last=Okrent |first=Arika |url=https://archive.org/details/inlandofinvented00okre |title=In the Land of Invented Languages |publisher=Spiegel & Grau |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-385-52788-0 |location=New York |chapter=The Klingons, the Conlangers, and the Art of Language – 26. The Secret Vice |url-access=registration))</ref>

Although it was not intended as an international auxiliary language,<ref name="malmkjær-2010a" /> a worldwide online community uses it for communication.<ref name="Atlantic" />

== History ==
Toki Pona was developed by the Canadian linguist and translator Sonja Lang (formerly Sonja Elen Kisa). Born in 1978 in [[Moncton]], [[New Brunswick]],<ref>((Cite web |date=2009-11-15 |title=3-60 - Toki Pona |url=http://en.tokipona.org/wiki/3-60|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091115031837/http://en.tokipona.org/wiki/3-60 |archive-date=2009-11-15 |url-status=dead |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=en.tokipona.org))</ref> Lang grew up in a bilingual family; her mother spoke French, and her father spoke English. During and after her high school years, she became fluent in five languages, including [[Esperanto]].<ref name="CIL">((Cite news |date=2018-03-08 |title=What is a Language? |publisher=Canada Institute of Linguistics |url=https://www.canil.ca/what-is-a-language/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180308164359/https://www.canil.ca/what-is-a-language/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2022-03-26))</ref> She later said that Esperanto was the inspiration for her creation of constructed languages.<ref name="actualfreq">((Cite web |date=2014-07-18 |title=AFP 20 - Sonja Lang: Toki Pona, Conlanging, meaning of life |url=https://actualfluency.com/20-sonja-lang-toki-pona-conlanging-meaning-life/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Actual Fluency |language=en-US))</ref> 

In 2001, Lang was experiencing [[clinical depression|depression]] and started working on Toki Pona as a way to simplify her thoughts.<ref>((Cite web |date=2007-08-24 |title=Babel's modern architects |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/24/science/sci-conlang24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103134152/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/24/science/sci-conlang24 |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-01-03 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Los Angeles Times))</ref><ref name="CIL" /> In the same year, an early version of the language was published online, and it quickly gained popularity.<ref name="roberts-2007a" /> Early activity took place in a [[Yahoo! Groups|Yahoo! group]]. Members of the group discussed the language with one another in English, Toki Pona, and Esperanto, proposed changes, and talked about the resources on the ''((Not a typo|tokipona.org))'' site. At its peak member count, the group had a little over 500 members. Messages in the group were archived in the Toki Pona forum using [[phpBB]].

((anchor|Toki Pona: The Language of Good))
In 2014, Lang released her first book on the language, ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good'', which features 120 main words, plus 3 words presented as synonyms of these, and provides a completed form of the language based on how Lang used the language at the time.<ref name="thomas-2018a" /> In 2016, the book was also published in French.<ref name="fabbri-2018a">((Cite journal |last=Fabbri |first=Renato |date=July 2018 |title=Basic concepts and tools for the Toki Pona minimal and constructed language |journal=ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing |arxiv=1712.09359))</ref>

In 2015, YouTuber jan Misali uploaded a series titled ''12 Days of ((Lang|tok|sona pi toki pona))'', which proved influential and was recommended as a learning tool by ((lang|tok|sitelen sitelen)) creator Jonathan Gabel.<ref>((Cite web |title=12 Days of sona pi toki pona Day One: Reading and Whatnot |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4L-dvvng4Zc |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2022-10-07 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007051623/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4L-dvvng4Zc |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Gabel |first=Jonathan |year=2021 |title=toki pona |url=https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/about/ |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=jonathangabel.com |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002223610/https://www.jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/about/ |url-status=live ))</ref>((Primary-inline|date=November 2023))

((anchor|Toki Pona Dictionary))
<section begin="dictionary" />
In 2021, Lang released her second book, ''Toki Pona Dictionary'', a comprehensive two-way Toki Pona–English dictionary including more than 11,000 entries detailing the use of the language as she gathered from polls conducted in the ((Lang|tok|ma pona pi toki pona)) [[Discord (software)|Discord]] server over a few months. The book presents the original 120 words plus 16 ((Lang|tok|nimi ku suli)) (major dictionary words) as gathered from at least over 40% of respondents. It also contains 45 words given by 40% or less of respondents, referred to as ((Lang|tok|nimi ku pi suli ala)) (minor dictionary words), sometimes also called ((Lang|tok|nimi ku lili)).<ref>((Cite web |author=jan Epen |date=7 August 2021 |url=https://lipukule.org/post/2021/08/07/lipu-ku-lipu-sin-pi-toki-pona/ |title=lipu ku: lipu sin pi toki pona |lang=tok |website=Lipu Kule |access-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130145938/https://lipukule.org/post/2021/08/07/lipu-ku-lipu-sin-pi-toki-pona/ |archive-date=2024-01-30 |url-status=live))</ref><section end="dictionary" /> As of 2021, this is the second published print book about Toki Pona that can be ordered over the internet, the first being Lang's 2014 work, ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good''.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Coluzzi |first=Paolo |date=3 June 2022 |title=How learning Toki Pona may help improving communication strategies in a foreign or second language |journal=Language Problems and Language Planning |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–98 |doi=10.1075/lplp.00086.col|s2cid=249350572 ))</ref>

After two failed applications for an [[ISO 639-3]] code, a third request was filed in August 2021, which resulted in the ISO 639-3 code "((mono|tok))" being adopted in January 2022.<ref name="ISO accepted">((Cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=Change Request Documentation: 2021-043 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2021-043 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719145158/https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2021-043 |archive-date=2022-07-19 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=[[SIL International]] ISO 639-3))</ref>

Toki Pona was the subject of some scientific works,<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> and it has also been used for [[artificial intelligence]] and software tools,<ref name="fabbri-2018a" /> as well as a therapeutic method for eliminating negative thinking by having patients keep track of their thoughts in the language.<ref name="roberts-2007a" /> In 2010 it was chosen for the first version of the vocabulary for the [[Robot Interaction Language|ROILA]] project. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of an [[artificial language]] on the accuracy of [[Speech recognition|machine speech recognition]], and it was revealed that the modified vocabulary of Toki Pona significantly outperformed English.<ref>((Cite book |last1=Mubin |first1=Omar |last2=Bartneck |first2=Christoph |last3=Feijs |first3=Loe |title=Advances in Natural Language Processing |chapter=Towards the Design and Evaluation of ROILA: A Speech Recognition Friendly Artificial Language |year=2010 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221418730 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=LNCS 6233/2010 |pages=250–256 |citeseerx=10.1.1.175.6679 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-14770-8_28 |isbn=978-3-642-14769-2 |via=ResearchGate))</ref>

In 2024, Lang released the book ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]] (Toki Pona edition)'', the first in a series of [[Picture book|illustrated]] ((Lang|tok|[[#sitelen pona|sitelen pona]])) storybooks called ((Lang|tok|su)), illustrated by Evan Dahm.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://tokipona.org|title=Toki Pona (official site)|website=tokipona.org|access-date=2024-02-04))</ref> This book series establishes content for using the language as opposed to learning it.<ref>((cite AV media|first=Oats|last=Jenkins|date=2024-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eu0GeZW1vk|title=First Look at the New Toki Pona Book|via=YouTube|access-date=2024-02-04))</ref>

==Phonology and phonotactics==

===Phonemic inventory===
Toki Pona has nine [[consonant]]s (((IPA|/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/))) and five [[vowel]]s (((IPA|/a, e, i, o, u/))),<ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="roberts-2007a" /> shown here with the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] symbols. [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] falls on the initial syllable of a word, and it is marked by an increase in loudness, length, or pitch.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=16)) There are no [[diphthong]]s, [[vowel hiatus]], [[contrasting pair|contrasting]] [[vowel length]], [[consonant cluster]]s (except those starting with the [[nasal coda]]), or [[tone (linguistics)|tones]].<ref name="blahus-2011a">((Cite journal |last=Blahuš |first=Marek |date=November 2011 |editor-last=Fiedler |editor-first=Sabine |title=Toki Pona: eine minimalistische Plansprache |trans-title=Toki Pona: A Minimalistic Planned Language |url=http://www.interlinguistik-gil.de/wb/media/beihefte/18/beiheft18.pdf#page=51 |journal=Interlinguistische Informationen |language=de |location=Berlin |volume=18 |pages=51–55 |issn=1432-3567 |access-date=2019-01-08 |archive-date=2021-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627181940/http://www.interlinguistik-gil.de/wb/media/beihefte/18/beiheft18.pdf#page=51 |url-status=live ))</ref> Both its sound inventory and [[phonotactics]] are compatible with the majority of human languages, and are therefore readily accessible.<ref name="thomas-2018a" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|- align="center"
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ((IPA link|m))
| ((IPA link|n))
|
|- align="center"
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| ((IPA link|p))
| ((IPA link|t))
| ((IPA link|k))
|- align="center"
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| ((IPA link|s))
|
|- align="center"
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ((IPA link|w))
| ((IPA link|l))
| ((IPA link|j))
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| ((IPA link|i))
| ((IPA link|u))
|- align="center"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ((IPA link|e̞|e))
| ((IPA link|o̞|o))
|- align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | ((IPA link|a))
|}

===Distribution===
The statistical vowel spread is fairly typical when compared with other languages.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> Counting each root once, 32% of vowels are ((IPA|/a/)), 25% are ((IPA|/i/)), with ((IPA|/e/)) and ((IPA|/o/)) a bit over 15% each, and 10% are ((IPA|/u/)).<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> The usage frequency in a 10kB sample of texts was slightly more skewed: 34% ((IPA|/a/)), 30% ((IPA|/i/)), 15% each ((IPA|/e/)) and ((IPA|/o/)), and 6% ((IPA|/u/)).<ref>((Cite web |title=Phoneme frequency table / Ofteco de fonemoj |url=http://bellsouthpwp.net/j/i/jimhenry1973/conlang/tokipona/tokipona.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114085856/http://bellsouthpwp.net/j/i/jimhenry1973/conlang/tokipona/tokipona.htm |archive-date=2007-11-14 |website=lipu pi toki pona pi jan Jakopo))</ref>

Of the syllable-initial consonants, ((IPA|/l/)) is the most common, at 20% total; ((IPA|/k, s, p/)) are over 10%, then the nasals ((IPA|/m, n/)) (not counting final n), with the least common, at little more than 5% each, being ((IPA|/t, w, j/)). The high frequency of ((IPA|/l/)) and low frequency of ((IPA|/t/)) is somewhat unusual among the world's languages.<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

===Phonotactics===
The first syllable of a word follows the form (C)V(N), i.e. an optional consonant, a vowel, and an optional final nasal. Subsequent syllables follow the same form, except that the leading consonant is required. Syllables can thus be CV, CVN, V, or VN.<ref name="fabbri-2018a" /> As in most languages, CV is the most common syllable type, at 75% (counting each root once). V and CVN syllables are each around 10%, while only 5 words have VN syllables (for 2% of syllables).<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

Most roots (70%) are disyllabic; about 20% are monosyllables and 10% trisyllables. This is a common distribution, and similar to Polynesian.<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

The following sequences are not allowed: *((IPA|/wu, wo, ji, ti/)), nor may a syllable's final nasal occur before ((IPA|/m/)) or ((IPA|/n/)) in the same root.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="fabbri-2018a" />

Proper nouns are usually converted into Toki Pona proper adjectives using a set of guidelines. The native, or even colloquial, pronunciation is used as the basis for the subsequent sound conversion. Thus, England or English become ((Lang|tok|Inli)) and John becomes ((Lang|tok|San)).<ref>((Cite web |last=Lang |first=Sonja |editor-last=Knight |editor-first=Bryant |title=Phonetic conversion of proper names |url=http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/tpize.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125604/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/tpize.php |archive-date=2020-02-17 |access-date=2019-01-15 |website=lipu pi jan Pije))</ref>

===Allophony===
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an ((IPA|[n])) before ((IPA|/t/)), ((IPA|/s/)) or ((IPA|/l/)), as an ((IPA|[m])) before ((IPA|/p/)) or ((IPA|/w/)), as an ((IPA|[ŋ])) before ((IPA|/k/)), and as an ((IPA|[ɲ])) before ((IPA|/j/)).<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

Because of its small phoneme inventory, Toki Pona allows for extensive [[Allophone|allophonic]] variation. For example, ((IPA|/p t k/)) may be pronounced ((IPA|[b d ɡ])) as well as ((IPA|[p t k])), ((IPA|/s/)) as ((IPA|[z])) or ((IPA|[ʃ])) as well as ((IPA|[s])), ((IPA|/l/)) as ((IPA|[ɾ])) as well as ((IPA|[l])), and vowels may be either long or short.<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

==Writing systems==
[[File:AEI Chart.png|thumb|Latin alphabet chart for Toki Pona]]
Fourteen [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] letters, ''a e i j k l m n o p s t u w'', are used to write the language. They have the same values as in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]:<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> ''j'' sounds like English ''y'' (as in many [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Slavic languages]]) and the vowels are like those of [[Spanish phonology|Spanish]], [[Modern Greek phonology|Modern Greek]], or [[Modern Hebrew phonology|Modern Hebrew]]. Capital initials are used to mark [[proper noun]]s, while Toki Pona roots are always written with lowercase letters, even when they start a sentence.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="rogers-2011a" />
Besides the Latin alphabet, which is the most common way of writing the language, many alternative writing systems have been developed for and adapted to Toki Pona.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> Most successful and widespread are two [[Logogram|logographic]] writing systems, ((Lang|tok|sitelen pona)) and ((Lang|tok|sitelen sitelen)). Both were included in the book ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good''.

===Sitelen Pona===
((Main|Sitelen Pona))
[[File:Toki pona sitelen pona.png|alt=Table, 10 items high by 12 items wide, containing hand drawn characters, each with a word using Latin characters under it.|thumb|''sitelen pona'' hieroglyphs from ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good'' by Sonja Lang]]
[[File:Toki Pona sitelen pona examples.png|thumb|Modified symbols in ((Lang|tok|sitelen pona))|right]]

The Sitelen Pona (((lit|'good/simple writing/drawing'))) writing system was devised as an alternative writing system by Lang herself, and first published in her book ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good'' in 2014.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=134)) In it each word is represented by its own symbol. It has been described as "a hieroglyphic-like script that makes use of squiggles and other childlike shapes".<ref name="Smith" />

Symbols representing a single [[adjective]] may be written inside or above the symbol for the preceding word that they modify. The symbol of the language [[File:Toki pona - sitelen pona in Sonja Lang's handwriting.svg|20px]] is written in ((Lang|tok|sitelen pona)),<ref name="Smith">((Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Toki Pona – The language of good |work=[[Smith Journal]] |location=Melbourne, Australia |url=https://www.pressreader.com/australia/smith-journal/20190603/282660393885733 |url-status=dead |access-date=2019-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020080915/https://www.pressreader.com/australia/smith-journal/20190603/282660393885733 |archive-date=2019-10-20))</ref> with the symbol [[File:Pona - sitelen pona in Sonja Lang's handwriting.svg|20px]] (((Lang|tok|pona))) written inside the symbol [[File:Toki - sitelen pona in Sonja Lang's handwriting.svg|20px]] (((Lang|tok|toki))).

===''sitelen sitelen''===
[[File:Sitelen nimi ale.png|alt=sitelen sitelen dictionary|thumb|The word symbols and punctuation of ((Lang|tok|sitelen sitelen))]]
The ((Lang|tok|sitelen sitelen)) ('drawn writing') writing system, also known as ((Lang|tok|sitelen suwi)) ('cute writing'),<ref name="ss-welcome" /> was created by Jonathan Gabel. This more elaborate non-linear system uses two separate methods to form words: [[logogram]]s representing words and an [[alphasyllabary]] for writing the syllables (especially for proper names). The complex artful designs of the glyphs are chosen to help people who use this writing system to slow down and explore how not only the language but also the method of communication can influence their thinking.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=134))<ref name="ss-welcome">((Cite web |last=Gabel |first=Jonathan |date=2019-10-20 |title=Lesson 1: Welcome |url=https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/lesson-1/ |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=Jonathan Gabel |archive-date=2019-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020145800/https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/lesson-1/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

((Lang|tok|sitelen sitelen))'s overall aesthetics are inspired by [[West Coast of the United States|US west-coast]] [[underground comix|comix]] artists such as [[Jim Woodring]] and [[East Coast of the United States|US east-coast]] [[graffiti]] artists such as [[Kenny Scharf]]. The designs of many individual characters are inspired by characters and principles from various other writing systems, including [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]], [[Chinese characters]], [[Maya script]], [[Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing]], [[Dongba symbols]], as well as early [[Pagan]] and [[Christian]] signs and symbols.<ref>((Cite web |last=Gabel |first=Jonathan |year=2021 |title=sitelen sitelen acknowledgements and etymology |url=https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/acknowledgements/ |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=Jonathan Gabel |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125111515/https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/acknowledgements/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Grammar==
Toki Pona's [[word order]] is [[subject–verb–object]].<ref name="tomaszewski-2012a" /><ref name="language-creation-society-2019a">((Cite web |title=3. Toki Pona Text – Grammar and Vocabulary |url=https://conlang.org/language-creation-conference/lcc6/lcc6-relay/3-toki-pona-text/ |access-date=2019-01-25 |website=Language Creation Society |archive-date=2019-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061134/https://conlang.org/language-creation-conference/lcc6/lcc6-relay/3-toki-pona-text/ |url-status=live ))</ref> The word ((Lang|tok|li)) introduces [[Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]s, ((Lang|tok|e)) introduces [[direct object]]s. 

:{| cellspacing="5"
|- style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: larger;"
! Subject || + || "li" || + || Verb || + || "e" || + Object
|}

A noun is followed by its adjectives.  Likewise, a verb is followed by its modifiers.  

The position of a word in a sentence tells you its role.  This allows Toki Pona's limited number of words to serve many purposes.  Thus, the word ((Lang|tok|moku)) when in the verb position means "to eat".  But in the noun position, it means "food".  As an adjective, it might mean "edible".

Toki Pona has more complicated sentence structures too.  [[Prepositional phrase]]s follow the [[Object (grammar)|objects]], and ((Lang|tok|la)) ends a phrase or [[clause]] that comes before the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] to add additional context.<ref name="fabbri-2018a" />

Some [[Root (linguistics)|roots]] are [[grammatical particle]]s, while others are [[content word]]s with [[Lexical semantics|lexical]] meanings. The content words do not fall into well defined [[part of speech|parts of speech]]; rather, they may be used generally as nouns, verbs, [[Grammatical modifier|modifiers]], or [[interjection]]s depending on context or their position in a phrase.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="tomaszewski-2012a" />

=== Sentence structures ===
A sentence may be an interjection, statement, wish/command, or question.

For example, interjections such as ((Lang|tok|a)), ((Lang|tok|ala)), ((Lang|tok|ike)), ((Lang|tok|jaki)), ((Lang|tok|mu)), ((Lang|tok|pakala)), ((Lang|tok|pona)), ((Lang|tok|toki)), etc. can stand alone as a sentence.<ref name="tomaszewski-2012a" />

Statements follow the normal structure of ''subject-predicate'' with an optional ((Lang|tok|la)) phrase at the beginning. The word ((Lang|tok|li)) always precedes the predicate unless the subject is ((Lang|tok|mi)) or ((Lang|tok|sina)), in which case it always doesn't.<ref name="fabbri-2018a" /> The direct object marker ((Lang|tok|e)) comes before direct objects. More ((Lang|tok|li)) and ((Lang|tok|e)) markers can present new predicates or direct objects. [[Vocative case|Vocative]] phrases come before the main sentence and are marked with ((Lang|tok|o)) at the end of the phrase, after the addressee.<ref name="tomaszewski-2012a" /><ref name="fabbri-2018a" />

In commands, the word ((Lang|tok|o)) comes before a verb to express a second person command. It can also replace ((Lang|tok|li)), or come after the subjects ((Lang|tok|mi)) or ((Lang|tok|sina)), to express wishes.

There are two ways to form [[yes–no question]]s in Toki Pona. The first method is to use the "verb ((Lang|tok|ala)) verb" construction in which ((Lang|tok|ala)) comes in between a duplicated verb, auxiliary verb, or other [[Predicate (grammar)#Semantic predication|predicators]].<ref name="tomaszewski-2012a" /> Another way to form a yes–no question is to put ((Lang|tok|anu seme?)) (((lit|or what?))) after the phrase being inquired about. Questions cannot be made by just putting a question mark at the end of a sentence.

[[Non-polar question]]s are formed by replacing the unknown information with the [[interrogative word]] ((Lang|tok|seme)).<ref name="fabbri-2018a" />

===Pronouns===
Toki Pona has three basic pronouns: ((Lang|tok|mi)) (first person), ((Lang|tok|sina)) (second person), and ((Lang|tok|ona)) (third person). Number and [[Grammatical gender|gender]] are not specified by default, but they can be specified with additional modifiers to the pronouns. <ref>((Cite web |last=Martin |first=Matthew |date=2007-09-11 |title=Toki Pona: Pronouns unleashed |url=http://www.suburbandestiny.com/?p=239 |access-date=2019-01-25 |website=My Suburban Destiny |archive-date=2019-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420220524/http://www.suburbandestiny.com/?p=239 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

===Nouns===
With such a small root-word vocabulary, Toki Pona relies heavily on [[noun phrase]]s, where a noun is modified by a following root, to make more complex meanings.<ref name="latimes">((Cite news |last=Dance |first=Amber |date=2007-08-24 |title=In their own words – literally / Babel's modern architects |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-conlang24aug24,0,4155484,full.story |url-status=dead |access-date=2007-08-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103134152/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-conlang24aug24,0,4155484,full.story |archive-date=2013-01-03))</ref> A typical example is combining ((Lang|tok|jan)) ('person') with ((Lang|tok|utala)) ('to fight') to make ((Lang|tok|jan utala)) ('fighter, soldier, warrior'). ((See below|((section link||Modifiers))))

Nouns do not [[Declension|decline]] according to number. ((Lang|tok|jan)) can mean 'person', 'people', 'humanity', or 'somebody', depending on context.<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

Toki Pona does not use isolated proper nouns; instead, they must modify a preceding noun. For this reason, they may be called "proper adjectives" or simply "proper words" instead of "proper nouns". For example, names of people and places are used as modifiers of the common roots for "person" and "place", e.g. ((Lang|tok|ma Kanata)) (((lit|Canada land))) or ((Lang|tok|jan Lisa)) (((lit|Lisa person))).<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

===Modifiers===
[[Phrase]]s in Toki Pona are [[head-initial]]; modifiers always come after the word that they modify.<ref name="tomaszewski-2012a" /> Therefore, ((Lang|tok|soweli utala)), ((lit|animal of fighting)), can be a 'fighting animal', whereas ((Lang|tok|utala soweli)), ((lit|lk=no|fighting of animal)), can mean 'animal war'.<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

When a second modifier is added to a phrase, for example ((Lang|tok|jan pona lukin)), it modifies all that comes before it, so ((Lang|tok|jan pona mute)) might mean 'many good people', with both ((lang|tok|pona)) 'good' and ((lang|tok|mute)) 'many' modifying ((lang|tok|jan)) 'person'.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> The particle ((Lang|tok|pi)) is placed before two or more modifiers to group them into another phrase that functions as a unit to modify the head: In ((Lang|tok|jan pi pona mute)), ((lang|tok|pona mute)) as a unit means 'much goodness', to together mean 'very good person'. ((Lang|tok|mute)) modifies ((Lang|tok|pona)), and ((Lang|tok|pona mute)) as a whole modifies ((Lang|tok|jan)).<ref name="blahus-2011a" /><ref name="fabbri-2018a" />

[[Demonstrative]]s, numerals, and [[possessive]] pronouns come after the head like other modifiers.<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

===Verbs===
Toki Pona does not inflect verbs according to person, tense, mood, or voice, as the language features no [[inflection]] whatsoever. Person is indicated by the subject of the verb; time is indicated through context or by a temporal adverb in the sentence.<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

Prepositions are used in the predicate in place of a regular verb.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=134))<ref name="language-creation-society-2019a" />

==Vocabulary==
Toki Pona has around 120 to 137 words.((efn-la|name="wordcount")) Each is [[Polysemy|polysemous]] and covers a range of similar concepts,<ref name="синящик-2018a">((Cite journal |last=Синящик |first=Анна (Anna Sinyashchik) |date=2018-01-03 |title=Коротко и ясно. Как искусственный язык учит фокусироваться на главном |trans-title=Briefly and Clearly. How an Artificial Language Teaches to Focus on What's Important |url=https://focus.ua/ukraine/388398/ |journal=Фокус (Focus) |language=ru |access-date=2019-02-10 |archive-date=2019-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212132257/https://focus.ua/ukraine/388398/ |url-status=live ))</ref> so ((Lang|tok|suli)) not only means 'big' or 'long', but also 'important'.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> Their use relies heavily on context. To express more complex thoughts, the roots can be combined. For example, ((Lang|tok|jan pona)) can mean 'friend', although it translates to ((lit|good/friendly person)),<ref name="latimes" /> and ((Lang|tok|telo nasa)), ((lit|lk=no|strange liquid)), could be understood to mean 'alcohol' or 'alcoholic beverage' depending on the context. The verb ''to teach'' can be expressed by ((Lang|tok|pana e sona)), ((lit|lk=no|give knowledge)).<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> Essentially identical concepts can be described by different words as the choice relies on the speaker's perception and experience.<ref name="thomas-2018a" />

===Colors===
[[File:Color mixture.svg|alt=|thumb|167x167px|Many colors can be expressed by using [[subtractive colour|subtractive colors]].]]

Toki Pona has five words for colors: ((Lang|tok|pimeja)) (black), ((Lang|tok|walo)) (white), ((Lang|tok|loje)) (red), ((Lang|tok|jelo)) (yellow), and ((Lang|tok|laso)) ([[Blue–green distinction in language|blue and green]]). Although the simplified conceptualization of colors tends to exclude a number of colors that are commonly expressed in Western languages, speakers sometimes may combine these five words to make more specific descriptions of certain colors. For instance, "purple" may be represented by combining ((Lang|tok|laso)) and ((Lang|tok|loje)). The phrase ((Lang|tok|laso loje)) means "a reddish shade of blue" and ((Lang|tok|loje laso)) means "a bluish shade of red".<ref name="blahus-2011a" />

===Numbers===
Toki Pona has words for one (((Lang|tok|wan))), two (((Lang|tok|tu))), and many (((Lang|tok|mute))). In addition, ((Lang|tok|ala)) can mean 'zero', although its meaning is ((lit|no|none)), and ((Lang|tok|ale)) 'all' can express an infinite or immense amount.

The simplest number system uses these five roots to express any amount necessary. For numbers larger than two, speakers would use ((Lang|tok|mute)) which means 'many'.<ref name="синящик-2018a" />

A more complex system expresses larger numbers additively by using phrases such as ((Lang|tok|tu wan)) for three, ((Lang|tok|tu tu)) for four, and so on. This feature purposely makes it impractical to communicate large numbers.<ref name="синящик-2018a" /><ref name="Yerrick">((Cite web |last=Yerrick |first=Damian |date=2002-10-23 |title=Toki Pona li pona ala pona? A review of Sonja Kisa's constructed language Toki Pona |url=http://www.pineight.com/tokipona/tpreview.html |access-date=2007-07-20 |website=Pin Eight |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014539/http://www.pineight.com/tokipona/tpreview.html |url-status=live ))</ref> This system, described in Lang's book, also uses ((Lang|tok|luka)) (((lit|hand))) to signify 'five', ((Lang|tok|mute)) (((lit|lk=no|many))) to signify 'twenty' and ((Lang|tok|ale)) (((lit|lk=no|all))) to signify 'hundred'. For example, using this structure ((Lang|tok|ale tu)) would mean '102' and ((Lang|tok|mute mute mute luka luka luka tu wan)) would signify '78'.<ref>((Cite web |title=Numbers |url=http://tokipona.net/tp/Numbers.aspx |access-date=2019-01-26 |website=tokipona.net |archive-date=2020-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128112058/http://tokipona.net/tp/numbers.aspx |url-status=dead ))</ref>

===Roots history===
[[File:BodyTokiPona.jpg|thumb|right|Body parts in Toki Pona. The words ((Lang|tok|oko)), ((Lang|tok|uta)), ((Lang|tok|lawa)), ((Lang|tok|luka)) and ((Lang|tok|noka)) have Slavic, particularly [[Serbo-Croatian]] roots: ((Lang|sh|oko, usta, glava, ruka, noga)).]]
Some words have obsolete [[synonym]]s. For example, ((Lang|tok|nena)) replaced ((Lang|tok|kapa)) (protuberance) early in the language's development for unknown reasons.<ref name="knight-2017a" /> Later, the pronoun ((Lang|tok|ona)) replaced ((Lang|tok|iki)) ('he, she, it, they'), which was sometimes confused with ((Lang|tok|ike)) ('bad').<ref name="Yerrick" />

Similarly, ((Lang|tok|ali)) was added as an alternative to ((Lang|tok|ale)) ('all') to avoid confusion with ((Lang|tok|ala)) ('no, not') among people who [[vowel reduction|reduce]] unstressed vowels, though both forms are still used.

Originally, ((Lang|tok|oko)) meant 'eye' and ((Lang|tok|lukin)) was used as a verb 'see'. In the book, the meanings were later merged into ((Lang|tok|lukin)), ((Lang|tok|oko)) being the alternative''.''((sfn|Lang|2014|p=134))<ref name="fabbri-2018a" />

Words that were simply removed from the lexicon include ((Lang|tok|leko)) ('block, stairs'), ((Lang|tok|monsuta)) ('monster, fear'), ((Lang|tok|majuna)) ('old'), ((Lang|tok|kipisi)) ('to cut'), and ((Lang|tok|pata)) ('sibling').<ref name="knight-2017a">((Cite web |last=Knight |first=Bryant |date=2017-08-31 |title=Extinct words |url=http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/extinctwords.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217124810/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/extinctwords.php |archive-date=2020-02-17 |access-date=2019-01-13 |website=lipu pi jan Pije))</ref> These words were considered outdated because they were not included in the official book.<ref name="knight-2017a" /> However, ((Lang|tok|oko)), ((Lang|tok|leko)), ((Lang|tok|monsuta)), and ((Lang|tok|kipisi)) retained enough usage in the community that they were re-included in the lexicon as ((Lang|tok|nimi ku suli)) in ''Toki Pona Dictionary''.((sfn|Lang|2021|p=22))

Besides ((Lang|tok|nena)) and ((Lang|tok|ona)), which replaced existing roots, a few roots were added to the original 118: ((Lang|tok|pan)) ('grain, bread, pasta, rice'), ((Lang|tok|esun)) ('market, shop, trade'), ((Lang|tok|alasa)) ('hunt, gather'), and ((Lang|tok|namako)) ('extra, additional, spice'), another word for ((Lang|tok|sin)) ('new, fresh').<ref name="Classic Word List Improved!" />

===Provenance===
[[File:Toki Pona etymologies.png|thumb|Origin of the Toki Pona roots by language. Obsolete roots are not included.|333x333px]]

Most Toki Pona roots come from English, [[Tok Pisin]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Acadian French]], [[Esperanto]], and [[Serbo-Croatian]], with a few from [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] and [[Cantonese]]).<ref name="tokiponaorg-2009a" /><ref name="rogers-2011a" />

Many of these derivations are transparent. For example, ((Lang|tok|toki)) ('speech, language') is similar to [[Tok Pisin]] ((Lang|tpi|tok)) and its English source ''talk'', while ((Lang|tok|pona)) ('good, positive'), from Esperanto ((Lang|eo|bona)), reflects generic [[Romance languages|Romance]] ((Lang|fr|bon))'','' ((Lang|it|buona)), English ''bonus'', etc. However, the changes in pronunciation required by the simple phonetic system often make the origins of other words more difficult to see. The word ((Lang|tok|lape)) ('to sleep, to rest'), for example, comes from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ((Lang|nl|slapen)) and is cognate with English ''sleep''; ((Lang|tok|kepeken)) ('to use') is somewhat distorted from Dutch ((Lang|nl|gebruiken)), and ((Lang|tok|akesi)) from ((Lang|nl|hagedis)) ('lizard') is scarcely recognizable. [Because ''*ti'' is an illegal syllable in Toki Pona, Dutch ''di'' becomes ''si.'']<ref name="tokiponaorg-2009a" />

Although only 14 roots (12%) are listed as derived from English, a large number of the Tok Pisin, Esperanto, and other roots are transparently cognate with English, raising the English-friendly portion of the vocabulary to about 30%. The portions of the lexicon from other languages are 15% Tok Pisin, 14% Finnish, 14% Esperanto, 12% Serbo-Croatian, 10% Acadian French, 9% Dutch, 8% Georgian, 5% Mandarin, 3% Cantonese; one root each from [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Tongan language|Tongan]] (an English borrowing), [[Twi|Akan]], and an uncertain language (apparently [[Swahili language|Swahili]])((Original research inline|date=December 2022)); four [[sound symbolism|phonesthetic]] roots (two which are found in English, one from [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and one which was made up); and one other made-up root (the grammatical particle ((Lang|tok|e))).<ref name="tokiponaorg-2009a" />

===Signed Toki Pona and Luka Pona===
[[File:Toki pona signs.png|alt=|thumb|220x220px|Hand shapes of Signed Toki Pona and Luka Pona]]

Signed Toki Pona, or ((Lang|tok|toki pona luka)), is a [[Manually coded language|manually coded form]] of Toki Pona. Each word and letter has its own [[Sign language|sign]], which is distinguished by the hand shape, location of the hand on the body, palm or finger orientation, and the usage of one or both hands. Most signs are performed with the right hand at the required location. A few signs, however, are performed with both hands in a symmetrical way. To form a sentence, each of the signs is performed using the grammar and word order of Toki Pona.((sfn|Lang|2014|p=134))

A more naturalistic constructed sign language called ((Lang|tok|luka pona)) also exists, and is more widely used in the Toki Pona community than ''((Lang|tok|toki pona luka))''. It is a separate language with its own grammar, but has a vocabulary that generally parallels Toki Pona. ((Lang|tok|luka pona))'s signs have increased [[Iconicity#Sign languages|iconicity]] as compared to ''((Lang|tok|toki pona luka))'', and many signs are loan-words from natural sign languages. Its grammar is subject-object-verb, and, like natural sign languages, it makes use of [[Classifier constructions in sign languages|classifier constructions]] and [[signing space]].<ref>((Cite web |title=luka pona li seme? |url=https://lukapona.blogspot.com/2021/04/luka-pona-li-seme.html |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=lukapona.blogspot.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515170532/https://lukapona.blogspot.com/2021/04/luka-pona-li-seme.html |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=lipu tenpo nanpa akesi > lipu tenpo |url=https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-akesi/ |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=lipu tenpo |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720193243/https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-akesi/ |url-status=live ))</ref> In ''Toki Pona Dictionary'', Sonja Lang recommends learning ''((Lang|tok|luka pona))'' instead of ''((Lang|tok|toki pona luka)).''((sfn|Lang|2021|p=11))

==Community==
The language is fairly well known among [[Esperanto|Esperantists]], who often offer courses and conversation groups at their meetings.<ref name="blahus-2011a" /> In 2007, Lang reportedly said that at least 100 people speak Toki Pona fluently and estimated that a few hundred have a basic knowledge of the language.<ref name="roberts-2007a" /><ref name="Marsh">((Cite news |last=Marsh |first=Stefanie |date=2007-09-06 |title=Now you're really speaking my language |page=2 |work=[[The Times]] |location=London, England))</ref> One-hour courses of Toki Pona were taught on various occasions by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] during their [[Independent Activities Period]].<ref name="roberts-2007a" />

The language is used mainly online on social media, in forums, and other online groups.<ref name="Marsh" /> Users of the language are spread out across multiple platforms. A [[Yahoo! Groups|Yahoo! group]] existed from about 2002 to 2009, when it moved to a forum on a [[phpBB]] site.<ref>((Cite web |last=Martin |first=Matthew |date=2018-03-11 |title=Conlang SE |url=http://fakelinguist.wakayos.com/?p=861 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112190751/http://fakelinguist.wakayos.com/?p=861 |archive-date=2019-11-12 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=Fake languages by a fake linguist))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=2019-10-20 |title=tokipona Toki Pona |url=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tokipona/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430061813/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tokipona/ |archive-date=2013-04-30 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=Yahoo! Groups))</ref> For a short time there was a Wikipedia written in Toki Pona (called ((Lang|tok|lipu Wikipesija))). It was closed in 2005<ref>((Cite news |last=van Steenbergen |first=Jan |year=2018 |title=A new era in the history of language invention. |work=Linguapax Review |url=https://www.linguapax.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Linguapax_Review_2018_revisio%CC%81MC-complet-1.pdf |access-date=2020-07-09 |archive-date=2022-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424225844/https://www.linguapax.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Linguapax_Review_2018_revisio%CC%81MC-complet-1.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref> and moved to [[Wikia|Wikia/Fandom]], and then moved from Fandom to an independent website on 23 April 2021.<ref>((Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=lipu open |url=https://wikipesija.org/wiki/lipu_open |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=Wikipesija |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720193229/https://wikipesija.org/wiki/lipu_open |url-status=live ))</ref>

The largest groups exist on [[Facebook]], [[Discord (software)|Discord]], and [[Reddit]]. Two large groups exist on Facebook—one designated for conversation in Toki Pona and English, and the other for conversation in only Toki Pona.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Knežević |first=Nenad |year=2018 |title=Constructed languages in the whirlwind of the digital revolution |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328135114 |journal=Језик, књижевност и технологија (Jezik, književnost i tehnologija) / Language, Literature and Technology: Proceedings from the Sixth International Conference at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, 19–20 May 2017 |publisher=Алфа БК универзитет (Alfa BK univerzitet) |pages=16 |isbn=978-86-6461-023-0 |via=ResearchGate))</ref> The most subscribed Facebook group, in which members communicate in both English and Toki Pona, has over 6k members ((as of|2023|lc=y)).<ref>((Cite web |title=toki pona |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/153668188020908/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |via=Facebook |archive-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217141943/https://www.facebook.com/groups/153668188020908/ |url-status=live ))</ref> The largest community on Reddit has over 19k members ((as of|2024|February|lc=y)).<ref>((Cite web |title=lipu Wesi pi toki pona |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/tokipona/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216044108/https://www.reddit.com/r/tokipona |archive-date=2024-02-16 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Reddit))</ref> The largest Discord group has over 10k members ((as of|2023||lc=y)).<ref>((Cite web |title=Join the ma pona pi toki pona Discord Server! |url=https://discord.gg/zN5ZzVaMBt |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Discord |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423213755/https://discord.com/invite/zN5ZzVaMBt |url-status=live ))</ref>

In November 2021, the language was added as an interface language for the video game [[Minecraft]].<ref>((cite video game |title=[[Minecraft]] |developer=[[Mojang]] |date=2021-11-30 |platform=Java |version=1.18))</ref> Toki Pona is also an available language on fanfiction site [[Archive of Our Own]].<ref>((cite web | url=https://archiveofourown.org/languages | title=Languages &#124; Archive of Our Own ))</ref>

==Language learning resources==
[[Memrise]] has user-created materials for learning Toki Pona.<ref>((cite news |last=Bramley |first=Ellie Violet |date=8 January 2015 |title=What happened when I tried to learn Toki Pona in 48 hours using memes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jan/08/toki-pona-invented-language-memrise |url-status=live |work=The Guardian|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115224633/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jan/08/toki-pona-invented-language-memrise |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=25 March 2024 |quote=Only around 100 people in the world understand this language. This is Toki Pona, created in 2001 by Sonja Lang, a Toronto-based linguist, and I’m one of a group of 17 who recently took on a challenge to learn it in 48 hours. [...] To attempt it, we gathered in the East London warehouse that is the head office of Memrise, an online platform for language-learning.))</ref>

== Literature ==
[[File:Logo of lipu tenpo.png|thumb|upright=0.5|Logo of the first registered zine in Toki Pona]]
There are a few published books and many other works in Toki Pona. Most of the published works are language-learning books for beginners like ((Lang|tok|akesi seli lili)) and ((Lang|tok|meli olin moli)).<ref>((Cite book |last=Aaron (Fingtam Languages) |title=meli olin moli |publisher=Independently Published |year=2020 |isbn=979-8579152343))</ref>((Primary-inline|date=November 2023)) Many other works are translations of original literature in other languages. Starting in 2020, a group has been working on and publishing a [[zine]] in Toki Pona called ((Lang|tok|lipu tenpo)) (((Lit|book of time))), and it is officially registered as a zine in the United Kingdom.<ref>((Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=jan pali |url=https://liputenpo.org/about/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=lipu tenpo |publisher=kulupu pi lipu tenpo |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508172852/https://liputenpo.org/about/ |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=ISSN 2752-4639 (Online) ((!)) lipu tenpo ((!)) The ISSN Portal |url=https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2752-4639 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=portal.issn.org |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125115641/https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2752-4639 |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Sample texts==
[[File:Sitelen sitelen contract.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A contract in the ((Lang|tok|sitelen sitelen)) writing system (2012)<ref>((Cite web |title=lipu lawa pi esun kama |url=https://jonathangabel.com/2012/lipu-lawa-pi-esun-kama/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=jonathangabel.com |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020140446/https://www.jonathangabel.com/2012/lipu-lawa-pi-esun-kama/ |url-status=live ))</ref>|alt=Legal contract in the ((Lang|tok|sitelen sitelen)) writing system]]((wikisourceWiki|toki pona))
'''sona musi lili pi ma Antateka'''<ref>((Cite journal |last=mije Luke |date=2023-08-24 |title=sona musi lili pi ma Antateka |url=https://liputenpo.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0021ma.pdf |journal=Lipu Tenpo |language=Toki Pona |issue=ma |pages=7 |issn=2752-4639)) ((Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=bysa4|url=|authors=|vrt=|from this source=yes))</ref> (fun facts about [[Antarctica]])
((Blockquote|text=((Lang|tok|tenpo ali la, ma Antateka li lete a! sona jan la, tenpo wan la, lete li lete −89.2 °C anu lete −128.6 °F! lete a! tenpo ale la, ko walo lete li len e ma Antateka. sina len ala la, sina kama moli tan lete ni; taso, jan sona li lon ma Antateka. ona li kepeken len sijelo suli a. ma ale la, ma Antateka li lete nanpa wan; taso, seli li ken lon ma Antateka. sona jan la, tenpo wan la, seli pi ma Antateka li seli 19.8 °C anu seli 67.6 °F! sona ni li nasa tan ni: tenpo lete pi ma mi la, ma Antateka li seli! tenpo mute la, sina ken ala lukin e suno e mun lon ma Antateka. jan li tawa ma Antateka la, ona li wawa a. jan ale la, ma Antateka li lete li ken ala tomo e jan. ni la, jan ala li awen lon ma Antateka lon tenpo ale. sitelen pi ma ale la, ma Antateka li suli tawa lukin; taso, ni li powe lili. ma Mewika seli la, ona li lili; taso, ma Elopa la, ona li suli. tenpo pini weka a la, ma ale li wan la, ona li lon meso ma li lete ala sama ala tenpo lon. ma Antateka li sama ma pi telo ala tan ni: telo li kama ala tan sewi lon tenpo mute. ni ale la, sina wile ala wile tawa ma Antateka?))))

==See also==
((Portal|Constructed languages))
* ((wiktionary-inline|Appendix:Toki Pona))
* ((wiktionary-inline|Category:Toki Pona language))
* [[Alphabet of human thought]]
* [[Hyponymy and hypernymy]]
* [[Philosophical language]]
* [[Army Slavic]]

==Notes==
((reflist|group=lower-alpha))

==References==
((reflist))

==Publications==
((refbegin|))
<!-- lipu pu -->
*((Cite book |last=Lang |first=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: The Language of Good |publisher=Tawhid |year=2014 |isbn=978-0978292300 |oclc=921253340 |author-link=Sonja Lang))
** ((Cite book |last=Lang |first=Sonja |title=Toki Pona&nbsp;: la langue du bien |publisher=Tawhid |year=2016 |isbn=978-0978292355 |language=fr |trans-title=Toki Pona: The Language of Good))
** ((Cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |url=https://www.amazon.de/s?k=sprache+des+guten+toki+pona&ref=nb_sb_noss |title=Toki Pona: Die Sprache des Guten |translator-last=Strake |translator-first=Julius |year=2021 |isbn=979-8770755251 |publication-date=2021-12-01 |language=de |ref=none))
** ((Cite book |last=Lang |first=Sonja |title=Tokipono: La lingvo de bono |year=2022 |publisher=Tawhid |isbn=978-0978292355 |language=eo | trans-title=Toki Pona: The Language of Good))
<!-- lipu ku -->
*((Cite book |last=Lang |first=Sonja |title=Toki Pona Dictionary |publisher=Tawhid |others=Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani |year=2021 |isbn=978-0978292362))
<!-- lipu su -->
*  ((Cite book |last=Lang |first=Sonja |author-link=Sonja Lang |date=2024 |title=The Wonderful Wizard of Oz |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |edition=Toki Pona |isbn= 978-0-9782923-7-9))
<!-- Other authors -->
*((Cite book |last=Cárdenas |first=Eliazar Parra |title=Toki pona en 76 ilustritaj lecionoj |publisher=Espero |year=2013 |isbn=978-80-89366-20-0 |location=Partizánske, Slovakia |language=eo |translator-last=Blahuš |translator-first=Marek |trans-title=Toki Pona in 76 illustrated lessons))
*((Cite book |title=Toki Pona Stories: akesi seli lili |year=2020 |isbn=979-8637271252 |trans-title=The Little Dragon))
*((Cite book |last=Samys |first=Ret |url=https://janketami.wordpress.com/2021/06/13/ma-pi-kulupu-tu-toki-pi-nasin-sina/2/ |title=ma pi kulupu tu |date=2021-09-06 |publisher=Holtzbrinck Publishing Group |isbn=9783754161654 |location=Berlin, Germany |language=de |trans-title=The Land of Two Peoples |access-date=2022-06-27 |archive-date=2022-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627001747/https://janketami.wordpress.com/2021/06/13/ma-pi-kulupu-tu-toki-pi-nasin-sina/2/ |url-status=live ))
** ((Cite book |last=Samys |first=Ret |url=https://janketami.wordpress.com/2021/06/13/ma-pi-kulupu-tu-toki-pi-nasin-sina/ |title=ma pi kulupu tu |date=2021-09-06 |publisher=Holtzbrinck Publishing Group |isbn=9783754161647 |location=Berlin, Germany |language=en |trans-title=The Land of Two Peoples |access-date=2022-06-27 |archive-date=2022-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627001751/https://janketami.wordpress.com/2021/06/13/ma-pi-kulupu-tu-toki-pi-nasin-sina/ |url-status=live ))
((refend))

==External links==
((Sister project links|collapsible=true|s=no|v=no|n=no|commonscat=yes|q=Toki Pona proverbs|wikt=Appendix:Toki Pona|d=Q36846))
* ((Official website|https://tokipona.org/)) – The creator's website
* [https://jan-ne.github.io/tp/dictionary Toki Pona dictionary]
* [https://wikipesija.org/wiki/lipu_open ((lang|tok|lipu Wikipesija))], a wiki-based encyclopedia written in Toki Pona
* [https://sona.pona.la ((lang|tok|sona pona))], a wiki about Toki Pona
** [https://sona.pona.la/wiki/Where_is_Toki_Pona_used%3F Where is Toki Pona used?] – A page with many links to Toki Pona related websites
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY3Qe_b9ufI How can a language only have 120 words?] – Rob Watts on his ''RobWords'' YouTube channel
* [https://www.lang.sg Lang's personal website]

((Constructed languages|state=collapsed))

[[Category:2001 introductions]]
[[Category:Constructed languages]]
[[Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Analytic languages]]
[[Category:Engineered languages]]
[[Category:Artistic languages]]
[[Category:Isolating languages]]
[[Category:Taoism in popular culture]]
[[Category:Logographic writing systems]]

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Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/c (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Section link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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