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((short description|Radioactive form of water in which the usual protium atoms are replaced with tritium))
((confused|Heavy water|Semiheavy water))
((Refimprove|auto=yes|date=May 2013))
((Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields  = changed
| verifiedrevid  = 459509222
| Name           = Tritium oxide
| ImageFile      = Tritium-oxide-2D.png
| ImageFile1     = Tritiated-water-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSize      = 120px
| ImageName      = All types of isotopically substituted water molecules have this structure.
| IUPACName      = [<sup>3</sup>H]<sub>2</sub>-water
| SystematicName = (<sup>3</sup>H<sub>2</sub>)Water
| OtherNames     = ((unbulleted list|Super-heavy water|Tritium oxide|Ditritium oxide))
| Section1       = ((Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = ((cascite|changed|??))
| CASNo = 14940-65-9
| PubChem = 104752
| ChemSpiderID = 94563
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = ((chemspidercite|changed|chemspider))
| ChEBI_Ref = ((ebicite|changed|EBI))
| ChEBI = 29374
| SMILES = [3H]O[3H]
| StdInChI_Ref = ((stdinchicite|changed|chemspider))
| StdInChI = 1S/H2O/h1H2/i/hT2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = ((stdinchicite|changed|chemspider))
| StdInChIKey = XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-PWCQTSIFSA-N
| MeSHName = tritium+oxide
 ))
| Section2       = ((Chembox Properties
| Formula = T<sub>2</sub>O or <sup>3</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O
| MolarMass = 22.0315&nbsp;g·mol<sup>−1</sup>
| Density = 1.21&nbsp;g/mL
| Appearance = Colorless liquid<ref name=pubchem>((cite web | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tritium-oxide | title=Tritium oxide ))</ref>
| MeltingPtC = 4.48
| MeltingPt_ref = <ref>((cite journal |title=The Triple Point Temperature of Tritium Oxide|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |author=W. M. Jones |volume=74 |issue=23 |pages=6065–6066|doi=10.1021/ja01143a070|year=1952 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc172725/ ))</ref>
<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/278523/hydrogen-H/80848/Isotopes-of-hydrogen|title=hydrogen (H) - chemical element|date=6 June 2023 ))</ref><ref>((cite journal |title=Nuclear Quantum Effects in the Reorientation of Water |first1=Francesco |last1=Paesani |first2=Soohaeng |last2=Yoo |first3=Huib J. |last3=Bakker| first4=Sotiris S. |last4=Xantheas |date=5 August 2010 |journal=J. Phys. Chem. Lett. |volume=1 |issue=15 |pages=2316–2321 |doi=10.1021/jz100734w))</ref>
| BoilingPtC =101.51
 ))
| Section3       = ((Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = corrosive and radioactive
| FlashPt =
| AutoignitionPt = 
 ))
| Section4       = 
| Section5       = 
| Section6       = 
))
((Portal|Water))

'''Tritiated water''' is a [[radioactivity|radioactive]] form of [[Water (molecule)|water]] in which the usual [[Isotopes of hydrogen#Hydrogen-1 (Protium)|protium]] atoms are replaced with [[tritium]] atoms. In its pure form it may be called '''tritium oxide''' ('''T<sub>2</sub>O''' or '''<sup>3</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O''') or '''super-heavy water'''. Pure T<sub>2</sub>O is a colorless liquid,<ref name=pubchem></ref> and it is [[corrosive]] due to self-[[radiolysis]]. Diluted, tritiated water is mainly H<sub>2</sub>O plus some HTO (<sup>3</sup>HOH).  It is also used as a [[isotopic labelling|tracer]] for water transport studies in life-science research.  Furthermore, since it naturally occurs in minute quantities, it can be used to determine the age of various water-based liquids, such as vintage [[wines]].

The name ''super-heavy water'' helps distinguish the tritiated material from [[heavy water]], which contains [[deuterium]] instead.

==Applications==
Tritiated water can be used to measure the [[body water|total volume of water in one's body]]. Tritiated water distributes itself into all body compartments relatively quickly. The concentration of tritiated water in [[urine]] is assumed to be similar to the concentration of tritiated water in the body. Knowing the original amount of tritiated water that was ingested and the concentration, one can calculate the volume of water in the body.

* Amount of tritiated water ([[Milligram|mg]]) = Concentration of tritiated water (mg/ml) × Volume of body water ([[Millilitre|ml]])
* Volume of body water (ml) = [Amount of tritiated water (mg) − Amount excreted (mg)] / Concentration of tritiated water (mg/ml)

== Health risks ==
((Verification|Section|date=September 2023))
The tritium contained in tritiated water (HTO) is radioactive and a low energy [[Beta particle|beta emitter]]. It is not dangerous externally as its beta particles are unable to penetrate the skin. It can be a radiation hazard if inhaled, ingested via food or water, or absorbed through the skin.

While HTO is produced naturally by [[cosmic ray]] interactions in the stratosphere, it is also produced by human activities and can increase local concentrations and be considered an air and water pollutant. Anthropogenic sources of tritiated water include [[nuclear weapons testing]], [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear power plants]], [[Nuclear reprocessing|nuclear fuel reprocessing plants]] and consumer products such as self-illuminating watches and signs.

HTO has a short [[Biological half-life#Water|biological half-life]] in the human body of 7 to 14 days, which both reduces the total effects of single-incident ingestion and precludes long-term [[bioaccumulation]] of HTO from the environment. The biological half life of tritiated water in the human body, which is a measure of body water turn-over, varies with the season. Studies on the biological half life of occupational radiation workers for free water tritium in a coastal region of [[Karnataka]], India, show that the biological half life in the winter season is twice that of the summer season. 

If tritium exposure is suspected or known, drinking uncontaminated water will help replace the tritium from the body. Increasing sweating, urination or breathing can help the body expel water and thereby the tritium contained in it. However, care should be taken that neither [[dehydration]] nor a depletion of the body's [[electrolytes]] results as the health consequences of those things (particularly in the short term) can be more severe than those of tritium exposure.((Citation needed|date=October 2023))

==References==
((Reflist))

((Commons category))
((Water))
((Hydrides by group))
((Oxygen compounds))

[[Category:Nuclear materials]]
[[Category:Forms of water]]
[[Category:Body water]]
[[Category:Tritium]]

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