In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus listed the 564 species of bird from around the world which were known to him at the time.[1] There are now believed to be around 10,000 extant species.[2][3] Linnaeus described the class Aves as:[4]
A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are areal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.
^The current names of all Linnaeus' Simia species are taken from Darwiniana.[1]
^The current names of all Linnaeus' Lemur species are taken from Darwiniana.[1]
^The genus Colymbus was mis-spelt "Columbus" in the list of bird genera on p. 84, but appears as Colymbus elsewhere.
^ abLinnaeus mixed the two species Turdus iliacus and Turdus musicus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Under Turdus iliacus, he gave a description of the Song Thrush, but cited references referring to the Redwing; under Turdus musicus, he gave a description of the Redwing, but cited referenced referring to the Song Thrush. The confusion was partly clarified in the 1766 12th edition. The name Turdus musicus was suppressed after a 1957 appeal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Ernst Mayr and Charles Vaurie.[25]
^ abCarl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 1. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
^James L. Peters (1930). "The identity of the toucans described by Linnaeus in the 10th and 12th editions of the Systema Naturae". The Auk. 47 (3): 405–408. doi:10.2307/4075491. JSTOR4075491.
Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.
Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
Lungs: breaths uncertainly
Jaw: incumbent
Penis: (frequently) double
Eggs: (usually) membranaceous
Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears
Covering: a naked skin
Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in Warm Places & Hisses
Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in Sweden, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and grass snake) would hunt and be active in the water.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass Osteichthyes) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species with cartilaginous gills.
Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.[2]
Reptiles
The European pond turtle was named Testudo orbicularis and Testudo lutaria in 1758.
The Carolina anole was named Lacerta principalis in 1758.The Sand Lizard was named Lacerta agilis in 1758.The Smooth Newt was named Lacerta vulgaris, Lacerta palustris and Lacerta aquatica in 1758.The Common Chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, was named Lacerta chameleon in 1758.
^Except for Rana marginata, the modern identities of all Linnaeus' names in Rana are taken from Kitchell & Dundee (1994).[5]
^The modern identities of all Linnaeus' Serpentes taxa (genera Crotalus, Boa (except Boa scytale), Coluber, Anguis, Amphisbaena and Caecilia) are taken from Kitchell & Dundee (1994).[5]
References
^ abCarl von Linné (Translated from GMELIN'S last Edition of the Celebrated SYSTEMA NATURAE, ... AMENDED AND ENLARGED BY THE IMPROVEMENTS AND DISCOVERIES OF LATER NATURALISTS AND SOCIETIES, ... By William Turton) (1800). Volume 1. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co. p. 638. ISBN9780598643421.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcdefgAnders G. J. Rhodin, James F. Parham, Peter Paul van Dijk & John B. Iverson (2009). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, 2009 Update, with Conservation Status Summary". In A. G. J. Rhodin, P. P. van Dijk, R. A. Sumure, K. A. Buhlmann, J. B. Iverson & R. A. Mittermeier (ed.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises(PDF). Vol. 5. pp. 000.39–000.41. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v2.2009. ISBN978-0965354097. ((cite book)): |journal= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides they parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with an swim-blader, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure.
^ abCarl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 1. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
A very numerous and various class consisting of small animals, breathing through lateral spiracles, armed on all sides with a bony skin, or covered with hair; furnished with many feet, and moveable antennae (or horns), which project from the head, and are the probable instruments of sensation.
Despite this key, however, Linnaeus grouped insects together that shared other affinities. His genus Coccus, containing the scale insects, he placed among the 4-winged Hemiptera, along with aphids and other plant-attacking insects, even though females have no wings, and males have two wings.[2] Similarly, the sheep ked Hippobosca ovina (now Melophagus ovinus) was correctly placed among the Diptera, despite being wingless.[2]
^ abCarl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 1. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
^The current names of all Linnaeus' Blatta species are taken from Marshall (1983).[14]
^The current names of all Linnaeus' Gryllus species are taken from Marshall (1983).[14]
References
^ abMiguel Angel Morón Ríos (2004). Escarabajos: 200 millones de años de evolución (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Istituto de Ecología. ISBN978-84-932807-6-5.
^Milan Nikodým & Denis Keith (2007). "A contribution to knowledge of the genus Glaphyrus Latreille, 1807 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Glaphyridae)". Animma.x. 20: 1–20.
When naming the nearly 200 species of butterflies known to him at the time, Linnaeus used names from classical mythology as specific names. These were thematically arranged into six groups, and were drawn from classical sources including the Fabulae of Gaius Julius Hyginus and Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia.[2] The first such group was the Equites, or knights, which were divided into the Equites Trojani (Trojan army) and Equites Achivi (Achaean army), and between them named most of the figures involved in the Trojan War.[2] The second group was the Heliconii, comprising Apollo and Muses. The third group was the Danai, divided into the Danai Candidi and the Danai Festivi, representing the Danaids and their husbands.[2] The fourth group was the Nymphales, or nymphs, divided into the Nymphales gemmati and the Nymphales phalerati, on the basis of the insects' wing markings.[2] The fifth group, the Plebeji, were divided into Plebeji Rurales and Plebeji Urbicolae. There is little thematic connection between their names. The final group was the Barbari, or Argonauts.[2]
Xyleutes strix was described as Phalaena strix in 1758.Callimorpha dominula was described as Phalaena dominula in 1758.Tyria jacobaeae was described as Phalaena jacobaeae in 1758.The Angle Shades moth, Phlogophora meticulosa, was described as Phalaena meticulosa in 1758.Orthosia gothica was described as Phalaena gothica in 1758.Aedia leucomelas was described as Phalaena leucomelas in 1758.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". Insects with net-veined wings were brought together under the name Neuroptera.
^ abcde"Listes faunistique des Ephémères" [Faunistic list of the Ephemeroptera] (PDF) (in French). Office pour les Insectes et leur Environnement. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
^A. Poppels & M.Kalniņš (November 11, 2002). "Viendienītes – Ephemeroptera". Entomological Society of Latvia. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
^Paul Foster (2007). "The Gibraltar collections: Gilbert White (1720–1793) and John White (1727–1780), and the naturalist and author Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723–1788)". Archives of Natural History. 34 (1): 30–46. doi:10.3366/anh.2007.34.1.30.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". Insects with membranous wings, including bees, wasps and ants were brought together under the name Hymenoptera.
^James L. Reveal (2009). "Identification of the plant and associated animal images in Catesby's Natural History, with nomenclatural notes and comments". Rhodora. 111 (947): 273–388. doi:10.3119/08-4.1. S2CID85793102.
^Clarence E. Mickel (1964). "Synonymical notes on Neotropical Mutillidae (Hymenoptera)". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy. 33 (9–10): 163–171. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1964.tb01635.x.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". Insects with simply two wings (true flies) were brought together under the name Diptera.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus classified the arthropods, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans, among his class "Insecta". Wingless arthropods were brought together under the name Aptera.
The "edible crab", Cancer pagurus, is the only one of Linnaeus' species to remain in the genus Cancer.Lithodes maja (named Cancer maja in 1758) on top of Hyas araneus (named Cancer araneus in 1758).Grapsus grapsus ("Sally Lightfoot") was named Cancer grapsus in 1758.
^Rupert L. Wenzel & Phyllis T. Johnson (1966). "Checklist of the sucking lice of Panama (Anoplura)". In Rupert L. Wenzel & Vernon J. Tipton (ed.). Ectoparasites of Panama(PDF). Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 273 279.
^François-Xavier Pajot (2000). "Famille des Microthoracidae Kim et Ludwig". Les poux (Insecta, Anoplura) de la région afrotropicale [Lice of the Afrotropical region]. Volume 37 of Faune et flore tropicales (in French). IRD Editions. pp. 151–154. ISBN978-2-7099-1456-7.
^C. Moreby (1978). "The biting louse genus Werneckiella (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) ectoparasitic on the horse family Equidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)". Journal of Natural History. 12 (4): 395–412. doi:10.1080/00222937800770261.
^ abJames E. Keirans (1967). The Mallophaga of New England birds. Volume 492 of Station bulletin. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire.
^Mark S. Harvey (2003). "Uropygi". Catalogue of the smaller arachnid orders of the world: Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 59–81. ISBN978-0-643-06805-6.
^V. Neumanna (1998). "A review of the Maja squinado (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) species-complex with a key to the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean species of the genus". Journal of Natural History. 32 (10 & 11): 1667–1684. doi:10.1080/00222939800771191.
^ abcdefgMarilyn Schotte (2009). M. Schotte, C. B. Boyko, N. L. Bruce, G. C. B. Poore, S. Taiti & G. D. F. Wilson (ed.). "Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758". World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 29, 2010.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenatious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles (or feelers). By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects.
Organs of Sense: tentacles (generally), eyes, no brain, no ears, no nostrils
Covering: calcareous or none, except spines
Supports: no feet, no fins. Crawls in Moise Places & are Mute
The class Vermes, as Linnaeus conceived it, was a rather diverse and mismatched grouping of animals; basically it served as a wastebasket taxon for any invertebrate species that was not an arthropod. With the advent of the scientific understanding of evolution, it became clear that many of the animals in these groups were not in fact closely related, and so the class Vermes was dropped for several (at least 30) phyla.
Furia infernalis – Despite the many accounts of this purported animal by respected authorities, including Daniel Solander and Linnaeus himself, it is now accepted that no such animal exists.[5]
^Carl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 4: Worms. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
^Carl von Linné, translated by William Turton (1806). Volume 1. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co.
^Carl August Nilsson-Cantell (1978). Cirripedia Thoracica and Acrothoracica. Issue 5 of Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia. Universitetsforlag. p. 57. ISBN978-82-00-01670-0.
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