Whale mounds (鯨塚, Kujira Tsuga) are Mounds dedicated to Whales that have been washed up on the shore, a custom unique to Japan.

Overview

Mounds are created to remember Cetacean stranding, a type of whale that was hunted for food and resources, and to show appreciation for the area being saved and enriched. Whales were considered gods and some were called Ebisu, so they were enshrined to prevent them from becoming angry gods after they died on the shore or were hunted. The mound is also built to prevent the god from becoming angry. These mounds can be found at Toda Shrine in Shinagawa, Tokyo and Whale Shrine in Miyake-jima, Tokyo.

After the establishment of organized whaling after the Edo period, there are also mounds built as memorials and thanksgivings in areas where Whaling was a livelihood, such as the Ryujima area near Ukishima Shrine in Chiba Prefecture and Taiji.

Because the arrival of whales coincides with the arrival of fish, whales were thought to have spiritual power and were used as fishing guides. For this reason, the whale, in the form of Ebisu, was enshrined as a god of fishing to bring good fortune to fishermen and as a sea god to pray for safety at sea.

In the same way, whale graves and monuments exist in areas where whaling has been a livelihood since ancient times, as well as passive and accidental whaling, and when combined with whale mounds, there are about 100 of them in Japan.

Examples

They are found throughout the coastal areas of Japan. They vary in form, some are Stone Monuments, Towers, Shrines (wooden or stone), and some are just mounds of rocks placed on top of the bones of some of the remains, heaped with earth

Tohoku

The following is an example from Miyagi Prefecture Kesennuma City Karakuwa Town.

It is said that one day during a storm, two white whales carried a sinking ship to shore, supporting it from both sides. Since then, the people of Karakuwa Town have not eaten whale for generations.

In the precincts of Misaki Shrine in Karakuwa Town, there are several stone monuments of "whale mounds" where whales were sacrificed. This is not the origin of the aforementioned tradition, but a remnant of the time when whale fishing was practiced. It is thought that the aforementioned folklore was born as an interpretation of the whale mounds after whale fishing ceased.

Shikoku

Examples from Ehime Prefecture Seiyo City Akehama Town are as follows.

There are three whale mounds in the Akehama-cho area of Seiyo City (formerly Akehama Town), but the best known is the one in Takayama District. The best known is the whale mound in the Takayama area, located on the roadside of the national highway facing the sea between Takayama village, where the city's Akihama General Branch Office is located, and Ohsatsu Beach. This place was called Maruishi Tsunadai in old times.

On June 21 (July 23 in the lunar calendar) of 1837 (the eighth year of Tenpo), a large whale washed up on this beach. That year, the village was suffering from a great famine called Tenpō famine, but thanks to this whale, the villagers somehow managed not to starve to death. In gratitude for this, the villagers dedicated it as Whale-sama. The preceptor's name, Rinno-in-den Hokkai Zenka Daishi, was given to him, and he was dedicated with great devotion. The inscription on the tombstone was written by the lord of the Uwajima Domain, Munenori Date. The name "In-dono Dai-iiji" was a nobleman's name at the time, and is very rare in Japan. It is a tangible folk cultural property designated by the town.

Kanto

There are several whale mounds in the southern part of the Bōsō Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture.

• In Kyonan-cho, Chiba Prefecture, whaling was practiced from the Edo period to the Meiji period by the Daigo family and others, and one stone shrine was built per year at Bensaiten in Itaigaya.^[1]
• Whaling was also practiced in Otohama, Shirahama-cho, Minamibōsō-shi, Chiba Prefecture, from the Edo period to the Meiji period, and a whale mound was built around 1871 for fishermen to pray for safety before going fishing.
• A whale mound for mourning the whales caught in 1896 remains at Choshoji Temple in Senda, Chikura-cho, Minamiboso City, Chiba Prefecture
• A whale mound was built around 1871 to pray for the safety of fishermen before their departure.^[2]
• There is a whale mound in Nagano Prefecture Saku City. In the past, whales came up to the Chikuma River in now Saku City, Nagano. In places where there was little water, the whale would block the river by lying on its side, and when water accumulated, it would rise at once. It is said that the whale was stopped by the inhabitants of the lower prefecture and its head was enshrined as Goshintai. For some reason, there are many legends of whales in the Saku area, which is far from the sea.^[3]

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  Itaigaya Benten (god of wealth, music, eloquence and water)

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  Whale Mound at Otohama

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  Whale Mound at Chojoji Temple

Whale Shrines

Whale shrines are secular names for shrines that are closely related to whaling, such as shrines where mounds are built in gratitude or remembrance of whales, or where the remains of whales are enshrined as Goshintai, or where the act of whaling itself is regarded as a ritual and Belief.

Suwa Shrine

In Nagasaki Prefecture, Suwa Shrine is located in Nagasaki City, and is dedicated to the Nagasaki Kunchi, an event that imitates whaling. For details, see Nagasaki Kunchi.

Hachiojigu

Kōchi Prefecture, Kami, Kōchi, Tosayamada, Kōchi. It was originally built in 1469 (the first year of Bunmei) in the former Meiji village of Hachioji, with the spirit of a branch of the Hachioji Palace in Omi. The shrine was moved to its present location in 1640 (Kan'ei17), where it became the Ujigami of the Ukitsu clan, a whaling group that has continued since the Edo period. Although it is a shrine, a whale rank is dedicated to it.

Whale Shrine

Tokyo Miyake Village, Akorasagahama. It has no official name, and is called only Whale Shrine. During the Tenpo era, Miyakejima was suffering from Famine and was on the verge of a crisis when in 1832 (the third year of the Tenpo era), a "stray whale" arrived and after an inspection by the authorities, the whale was sold and divided among five villages. The whale was divided among the five villages and they were saved from starvation. In gratitude, the bones of the whale were buried and a shrine was built.

Whale Palace

Nagano Prefecture Minamisaku-gun Sakuho Town has a whale shrine in Shimohata. Once upon a time, a whale came up the Chikuma River, and the residents of Shimohata stopped it, saying, "It's rare for a whale to come up to this place. Legend has it that they built a shrine to worship it. For some reason, there are many whale legends in this area far from the sea.^[4]

Whalebone Torii

A whalebone torii is a torii in which the torii of the shrine is made of whale bones (mainly ribs).^[5]

The oldest one in Japan is the torii of the Ebisu Shrine^[a] in Taiji Town, Wakayama Prefecture. This is mentioned in Ihara Saikaku's "Nihon Eitaigura" published in 1688 (Jōkyō5): "In the village of Taiji, Ominato, Kiiro, the wife and children sing. This place is prosperous and Wakamatsu village is standing. According to records, the current torii is the third generation, and it is unknown what it was made of before that. According to records, the current torii is the third generation, and it is not known what it was made of before that. These are all the whale torii gates that exist in Japan today, but there is also a Cape Eluanbi Shrine in Eluanbi, the southernmost point of Taiwan under Japanese rule at the time. There were also whale torii gates at three other shrines: Fudato Ebisu Shrine in Sakhalin, and Shikotan Shrine on Shikotan Island in the Northern Territories. Each of these five locations is either directly or indirectly related to whaling (such as whaling bases).