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((short description|Sport of skiing downhill))
((redirect2|Alpine ski|Ski slope|the 1981 video game|Alpine Ski|resorts that offer skiing activities|Ski resort))
((Use American English|date=April 2023))
((Use mdy dates|date=April 2023))
[[File:Ski Famille - Family Ski Holidays.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Alpine skiers]]

'''Alpine skiing''', or '''downhill skiing''', is the pastime of sliding down [[snow]]-covered slopes on [[ski]]s with fixed-heel [[Ski binding|bindings]], unlike other types of [[skiing]] ([[Cross-country skiing|cross-country]], [[Telemark skiing|Telemark]], or [[ski jumping]]), which use skis with free-heel bindings. Whether for [[recreation]] or for [[sport]], it is typically practiced at [[ski resort]]s, which provide such services as [[ski lift]]s, artificial [[snow making]], [[snow grooming]], [[restaurant]]s, and [[ski&nbsp;patrol]].

"[[Piste|Off-piste]]" skiers—those skiing outside ski area boundaries—may employ [[snowmobile]]s, [[heliskiing|helicopters]] or [[Snowcat|snowcats]] to deliver them to the top of a slope. [[Back country skiing|Back-country skiers]] may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode, including 'sticky' [[Ski skins|skins]] on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent, then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent.

Alpine ski racing has been held at the [[Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]] since [[Alpine skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics|1936]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Sports/All-Sports/Skiing/Alpine-Skiing/|title=Alpine Skiing|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=March 12, 2010))</ref> A competition corresponding to modern [[Slalom skiing|slalom]] was introduced in [[Norway]] at [[Oslo]] in&nbsp;1886.<ref name=":1" />

((TOC limit|2))

==Participants and venues==
[[File: Rastkogel ski slope.jpg |right|thumb|Alpine ski slope in the [[Zillertal]] valley, [[Austria]]]]
[[File:Base del Cerro Catedral en Bariloche. (Patagonia Argentina) 01.JPG|right|thumb|225px|Alpine ski slopes in [[San Carlos de Bariloche]] ([[Argentina]])]]
As of 2023, there were estimated to be 55 million people worldwide who engaged in alpine skiing. The estimated number of skiers, who practiced alpine, [[cross-country skiing]], and related snow sports, amounted to 30 million in Europe, 20 million in North America, and 14 million in Japan. As of 1996, there were reportedly 4,500 ski areas, operating 26,000 ski lifts and enjoying skier visits. The predominant region for downhill skiing was Europe, followed by Japan and the US.<ref>
((cite book
 | last = Hudson
 | first = Simon 
 | title = Snow Business: A Study of the International Ski Industry
 | publisher = Cengage Learning EMEA
 | series = Tourism (Cassell)
 | date = 2000
 | page = 26
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tGRLt8tG-kMC&q=Snow+Business%3A+A+Study+of+the+International+Ski+Industry
 | access-date = May 15, 2018
| isbn = 9780304704712))</ref>

==History==
The ancient origins of skiing can be traced back to prehistoric times in [[Russia]], [[Finland]], [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] where varying sizes and shapes of wooden planks were found preserved in [[peat bogs]].<ref name="history">((cite web |title=Alpine skiing Equipment and History – Olympic Sport History |url=https://www.olympic.org/alpine-skiing-equipment-and-history |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=March 8, 2019 |language=en |date=May 15, 2018))</ref> The word ''ski'' is related to the [[Old Norse]] word ((lang|non|skíð)), which means "split piece of wood or firewood."<ref name=":0">Caprona, Yann de: Norsk etymologisk ordbok. Oslo: Kagge forlag, 2014. ((ISBN|9788248910541)).</ref> Skis were first invented to cross wetlands and marshes in the winter when they froze over. Skiing was an integral part of transportation in colder countries for thousands of years. In the 1760s, skiing was recorded as being used in military training. The Norwegian army held skill competitions involving skiing down slopes, around trees and obstacles while shooting.<ref name="military">((cite web |last1=Sood |first1=Suemedha |title=Where did skiing come from? |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20101221-travelwise-where-did-skiing-come-from |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=March 8, 2019 |language=en |date=December 22, 2010))</ref> The birth of modern alpine skiing is often dated to the 1850s, and during the late 19th century, skiing was adapted from a method of transportation to a competitive and recreational sport.<ref name=history/> Norwegian legend [[Sondre Norheim]] first began the trend of skis with curved sides, and bindings with stiff heel bands made of [[willow]]. Norheim also trended the [[slalom skiing|slalom]] turn style.<ref name=history/> The wooden skis designed by Norheim closely resemble the shape of modern slalom skis.<ref>Vaage, Jakob (1952). ''Norske ski erobrer verden''. Oslo: Gyldendal.</ref> Norheim was the champion of the first downhill skiing competition, reportedly held in [[Oslo, Norway]] in 1868.<ref name=history/> Norheim impressed spectators when he used the [[stem christie]] in [[Oslo|Christiania]] (Oslo) in 1868, the technique was originally called ''christiania turn'' (norwegian: ''christianiasving'' or ''kristianiasving'') after the city (first printed in 1901 in guidelines for ski jumping). The telemark turn was the alternative technique. The christiania turn later developed into [[parallel turn]] as the standard technique in alpine skiing.<ref name="Bjaaland, Olav S. 1966">Bjaaland, Olav S. (1966). ''Den moderne skiidrott hundre år: 1866–1966.'' Oslo.</ref><ref>aage, Jakob (1979). ''Skienes verden''. Oslo: Hjemmenes forlag i samarbeid med Foreningen til ski-idrettens fremme. ((ISBN|8270061689)).</ref><ref>''Alpin skisport: utfor, slalåm, storslalåm.'' Oslo: Teknologisk forlag 1980. ((ISBN|8251201942)).</ref><ref>Hem, Olav (1996). ''Idrettsordboka: norsk-engelsk/engelsk-norsk ordbok for vinteridretter.'' Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. ((ISBN|8200227758)).</ref>

The term "slalom" is from Norwegian dialects ''slalåm'' meaning a trail (''låm'') on a slope (''sla'').<ref name=":0" /> In Telemark in the 1800s, the steeper and more difficult trails were called ''ville låmir'' (wild trails). Skiing competitions in [[Telemark]] often began on a steep mountain, continued along a logging-slides (''tømmerslepe'') and was completed with a sharp turn (''Telemark turn'') on a field or frozen lake. This type of competition used the natural and typical terrain in Telemark. Some races were on "bumpy courses" (''kneikelåm'') and sometimes included "steep jumps" (''sprøytehopp'') for difficulty.<ref>Bø, Olav (1993). ''Skiing throughout history''. Oslo: Samlaget. ((ISBN|8252138853)).</ref> The first known slalom competitions were presumably held in Telemark around 1870 in conjunction with [[ski jumping]] competitions, involving the same athletes and on slopes next to the ski jump.<ref name="Bjaaland, Olav S. 1966"/> [[Husebyrennet]] from 1886 included ''svingrenn'' (turning competition on hills), the term ''slalåm'' had not been introduced at that time.<ref name=":1" /><ref>((cite book |last1=Huntford |first1=Roland |title=To planker og en lidenskap : skiløpingens historie |date=2006 |publisher=Aschehoug |location=Oslo |isbn=978-82-03-20945-1))</ref> ''Slalom'' was first used at a skiing competition in [[Sonnenberg]] in 1906.<ref>Bergsland, Einar (1946): ''På ski''. Oslo: Aschehoug.</ref> Two to three decades later, the sport spread to the rest of Europe and the US. The first slalom ski competition occurred in [[Mürren]], [[Switzerland]] in 1922.

== Technique ==
A skier following the [[Fall line (skiing)|fall line]] will reach the maximum possible speed for that slope. A skier with skis pointed perpendicular to the fall line, across the hill instead of down it, will accelerate more slowly. The speed of descent down any given hill can be controlled by changing the angle of motion in relation to the fall line, skiing across the hill rather than down it.

Downhill skiing technique focuses on the use of turns to smoothly turn the skis from one direction to another. Additionally, the skier can use the same techniques to turn the ski away from the direction of movement, generating skidding forces between the skis and snow which further slow the descent. Good technique results in a fluid flowing motion from one descent angle to another one, adjusting the angle as needed to match changes in the steepness of the run. This looks more like a single series of S's than turns followed by straight sections.

===Stemming===
((main|Stem (skiing)))
The oldest and still common type of turn on skis is the stem, angling the tail of the ski off to the side, while the tips remain close together. In doing so, the snow resists passage of the stemmed ski, creating a force that retards downhill speed and sustains a turn in the opposite direction. When both skis are stemmed, there is no net turning force, only retardation of downhill speed.

===Carving===
((main|Carve turn))
Carving is based on the shape of the ski itself; when the ski is rotated onto its edge, the pattern cut into its side causes it to bend into an arc. The contact between the arc of the ski edges and the snow naturally causes the ski to tend to move along that arc, changing the skiers direction of motion.

====Checking====

This is an advanced form of speed control by increasing the pressure on one inside edge (for example the right ski),  then releasing the pressure and shifting immediately to increasing the other inside edge (the left ski).  Then repeat if necessary.  Each increased pressure slows the speed.  Alternating right and left allows the skis to remain parallel and point ahead without turning.  The increase and release sequence results in the up and down motions of the upper body.  Some skiers go down the top of moguls and control the speed by checking at the tops.  This is how they can practically go straight down the fall line without gaining speed.

=== Snowplough turn===
((main|Snowplough turn))
The snowplough turn is the simplest form of turning and is usually learned by beginners. To perform the snowplough turn one must be in the snowplough position while going down the ski slope. While doing this they apply more pressure to the inside of the opposite foot of which the direction they would like to turn. This type of turn allows the skier to keep a controlled speed and introduces the idea of turning across the fall line.&nbsp;<ref name = gamma>((Cite book|title=The handbook of skiing|first=Karl|last=Gamma|date=1992|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780679743163|edition=Rev. and updated|location=New York|oclc=25632229|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofskiing00karl_0))</ref>

==Equipment==

[[File:SkiCollection.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Four groups of different ski types, from left to right:<br>
1. Non-sidecut: cross-country, telemark and mountaineering<br>
2. Parabolic<br>
3. Twin-tip<br>
4. Powder]]

===Skis===
((main|Ski#Alpine))
Modern alpine skis are shaped to enable carve turning, and have evolved significantly since the 1980s, with variants including powder skis, freestyle skis, all-mountain skis, and children's skis.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/downhill-skis.html|title=How to Choose Downhill Skis|website=REI|language=en-US|access-date=December 12, 2017))</ref> [[Powder skiing|Powder skis]] are usually used when there is a large amount of fresh snow; the shape of a powder ski is wide, allowing the ski to float on top of the snow, compared to a normal downhill ski which would most likely sink into the snow. Freestyle skis are used by skiers who ski terrain parks. These skis are meant to help a skier who skis jumps, rails, and other features placed throughout the terrain park. Freestyle skis are usually fully symmetric, meaning they are the same dimensions from the tip of the ski to the backside (tail) of the ski. All-mountain skis are the most common type of ski, and tend to be used as a typical alpine ski. All-mountain skis are built to do a little bit of everything; they can be used in fresh snow ([[Types of snow|powder]]) or used when skiing groomed runs. Slalom race skis, usually referred to as race skis, are short, narrow skis, which tend to be stiffer because they are meant for those who want to go fast as well as make quick sharp turns.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.mechanicsofsport.com/skiing/equipment/skis.html|title=Ski Equipment – Mechanics of Skiing|website=www.mechanicsofsport.com|access-date=November 16, 2017))</ref>

===Bindings===
((main|Ski binding#Alpine|Ski binding#History))
The binding is a device used to connect the skier's boot to the ski. The purpose of the binding is to allow the skier to stay connected to the ski, but if the skier falls the binding can safely release them from the ski to prevent injury. There are two types of bindings: the heel and toe system (step-in) and the plate system binding.<ref name = gamma/>

=== Boots ===
((main|Ski boot#Alpine))Ski boots are one of the most important accessories to skiing. They connect the skier to the skis, allowing them full control over the ski. When ski boots first came about they were made of leather and laces were used. The leather ski boots started off as low-cut, but gradually became taller, allowing for more ankle support, as injuries became more common . Eventually the tied laces were replaced with buckles and the leather boots were replaced with plastic. This allowed the bindings to be more closely matched to the fit of the boot, and offer  improved performance. The new plastic model contained two parts of the boots: an inner boot and an outer shell. The inner part of the boot (also called the liner) is the cushioning part of the boot and contains a footbed along with a cushion to keep a skier's foot warm and comfortable. The outer shell is the part of the boot that is made of plastic and contains the buckles. Most ski boots contain a strap at shin level to allow for extra strength when tightening the boots.<ref name = gamma/>

=== Poles ===
((main|Ski pole))Ski poles, one in each hand, are used for balance and propulsion.

=== Helmet ===
((main|Ski helmet))
Ski helmets reduce the chances of head injury while skiing. Ski helmets also help to provide warmth to the head since they incorporate an inner liner that traps warmth. Helmets are available in many styles, and typically consist of a hard plastic/resin shell with inner padding. Modern ski helmets may include many additional features such as vents, earmuffs, headphones, goggle mounts, and camera mounts.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.mechanicsofsport.com/skiing/equipment/helmets.html|title=Ski Helmets Guide – Ski Equipment – Mechanics of Skiing|website=www.mechanicsofsport.com|access-date=November 16, 2017))</ref>

=== Protective gear ===
The protective gear used in alpine skiing includes: helmets, mouth guards, shin guards, chin guards, arm guards, back protectors, pole guards, and padding. Mouth guards can reduce the effects of a concussion and protect the teeth of the athlete. Shin guards, pole guards, arm guards and chin guards are mainly used in slalom skiing in order to protect the body parts having impact with the gates. Back protectors and padding, also known as stealth, is worn for giant slalom and other speed events in order to better protect the body if an athlete were to have an accident at high speeds.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://my.ussa.org/alpine-programs/parents/ski-racing-101/equipment|title=Ski Racing 101 – Equipment |website=www.my.ussa.org|access-date=March 1, 2020))</ref>

[[File:20170213 HIRSCHER MARCEL C6864.jpg |thumb|200px|[[Marcel Hirscher]] competing in the [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017 – Men's alpine combined|combined slalom]] at the [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|World Championships]] in [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017|2017]]]]

==Competition==
Elite competitive skiers participate in the [[International Ski Federation|FIS]] [[FIS Alpine Ski World Cup|World Cup]], the [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|World Championships]], and the [[Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]]. Broadly speaking, competitive skiing is divided into two disciplines:
* Racing, comprising [[Slalom skiing|slalom]], [[giant slalom]], [[Super-G|super giant slalom]], [[Alpine skiing combined|combined]], and [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]], [[parallel slalom]] and [[parallel giant slalom]].
* [[Freestyle skiing]], incorporating events such as [[Mogul (skiing)|moguls]], aerials, [[halfpipe]], and [[ski cross]].

Other disciplines administered by the FIS but not usually considered part of alpine are [[speed skiing]] and [[grass skiing]].

== Ski trail ratings ==
((main|Piste#Ratings))((More citations needed|date=June 2019))
In most ski resorts,<ref name=":1">((Cite news|url=https://my-mountains.ch/how-to-protect-yourself-from-covid-19-in-ski-resorts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045403/https://my-mountains.ch/how-to-protect-yourself-from-covid-19-in-ski-resorts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 28, 2021|title=Protect Yourself From COVID-19 in Ski Resorts|date=2021))</ref> the runs are graded according to comparative difficulty so that skiers can select appropriate routes. The grading schemes around the world are related, although with significant regional variations. A beginner-rated trail at a large mountain may be more of an intermediate-rated trail on a smaller mountain.

[[File:Ski trail difficulty ratings in North America.jpg|alt=Diagram visualizing ski slope angles|thumb|Ski trails are measured by percent slope, not degree angle. (North America)]]
[[File:Piste ratings Europe.svg|thumb|European piste rating system (blue, red, black)]]

In the United States and Canada, there are four rating symbols: Easy (green circle), Intermediate (blue square), and Difficult (black diamond), and Experts Only (double black diamond) Ski trail difficulty is measured by percent slope, not degree angle. A 100% slope is a 45-degree angle. In general, beginner slopes (green circle) are between 6% and 25%. Intermediate slopes (blue square) are between 25% and 40%. Difficult slopes (black diamond) are 40% and up. Although slope gradient is the primary consideration in assigning a trail difficulty rating, other factors come into play. A trail will be rated by its most difficult part, even if the rest of the trail is easy. [[Ski resort]]s assign ratings to their own trails, rating a trail compared only with other trails at that resort. Also considered are width of the trail, sharpest turns, terrain roughness, and whether the resort regularly [[Snow grooming|grooms]] the trail.

==Safety==
In 2014, there were more than 114,000 alpine skiing-related injuries treated in hospitals, doctor's offices, and emergency rooms.<ref name="injury">((cite web |title=Skiing Injury Prevention – OrthoInfo – AAOS |url=https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/staying-healthy/skiing-injury-prevention |website=www.orthoinfo.org |publisher=[[American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons]] |access-date=March 8, 2019 |date=January 2016))</ref>
The most common types of ski injuries are those of the knee, head, neck and shoulder area, hands and back. Ski helmets are highly recommended by professionals as well as doctors. Head injuries caused in skiing can lead to death or permanent brain damage.<ref name = safety>((Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/skier-safety-tips-3008592|title=Follow These Tips to Stay Safe While Skiing on the Slopes|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=November 16, 2017|first = Mike |last = Doyle|date = May 12, 2017))</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;In alpine skiing, for every 1000 people skiing in a day, on average between two and four will require medical attention.  Most accidents are the result of user error leading to an isolated fall.<ref name = safety/> Learning how to fall correctly and safely can reduce the risk of injury.<ref name=injury/>

== Health ==
According to a 2004 [[Harvard Medical School]] study, alpine skiing burns between 360 and 532 calories per hour.'''<ref>Publishing, Harvard Health. "Calories Burned in 30 Minutes for People of Three Different Weights." July 2004. Web. March 2, 2021.</ref>'''

==Climate change==
Winter season lengths are projected to decline at ski areas across North America and Europe due to the [[effects of global warming]]. In the United States, winter season lengths are projected to decline by more than 50 percent by 2050 and by 80 percent by 2090 if greenhouse gas emissions continue at current rates.<ref>((cite journal |title=Projected climate change impacts on skiing and snowmobiling: A case study of the United States|journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=45|pages=1–14|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.04.006|year=2017|last1=Wobus|first1=Cameron|last2=Small|first2=Eric E.|last3=Hosterman|first3=Heather|last4=Mills|first4=David|last5=Stein|first5=Justin|last6=Rissing|first6=Matthew|last7=Jones|first7=Russell|last8=Duckworth|first8=Michael|last9=Hall|first9=Ronald|last10=Kolian|first10=Michael|last11=Creason|first11=Jared|last12=Martinich|first12=Jeremy|doi-access=free))</ref> About half of the 103 ski resorts in the [[Northeastern United States]] operating in 2012 may not be able to maintain an economically viable ski season by 2050.<ref>((cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/3208898|title=Managing for climate change in the alpine ski sector|journal=Tourism Management|volume=35|pages=244–254|format=PDF |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=February 3, 2019|last1=Scott|first1=D.|last2=Dawson|first2=J.|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.009|year=2013))</ref> In Europe, half of the glacial ice in the [[Alps]] has melted and the [[European Geosciences Union]] projects snowpack in the mountains could decline 70 percent by 2100 (however, if humans manage to keep global warming below 2&nbsp;°C, the snow-cover reduction would be limited to 30 percent by 2100).<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.egu.eu/news/323/less-snow-and-a-shorter-ski-season-in-the-alps/|title=Less snow and a shorter ski season in the Alps|format=PDF |publisher=European Geosciences Union|access-date=February 3, 2019))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Para-alpine skiing]]
* [[Skiboarding]]

== References ==
((Reflist|2))

== External links ==
((Commons))
((Wikivoyage|Alpine skiing))
* [http://www.alpinecanada.org/ Alpine Canada Alpin] – Alpine Canada Alpin, National Governing Body for Ski Racing within Canada
* [http://www.ussa.org/ U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association] – The National Governing Body for Ski Racing
* [http://www.usskiteam.com/ U.S. Ski Team] – Bio information and stories on U.S. elite athletes
* [http://www.nevasport.com/nevablogs/?id_blogs=31  Retro Ski – ski history  ]
* [http://www.ski-db.com Alpine Ski Database]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190114220217/http://www.skimuseum.net/ Colorado Ski Museum]

((Skiing))
((Winter Olympic sports))
((Racing))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Alpine Skiing))
[[Category:Alpine skiing| ]]
[[Category:Winter Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Snow sports]]

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Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Commons link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Redirect hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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