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[[File:Chinese cardinal and intermediary colors.png|thumb|Chinese cardinal and intermediary colors]]

[[Chinese culture]] attaches certain values to [[color]]s, like which colors are considered auspicious (((lang|zh|吉利))) or inauspicious (((lang|zh|不利))). The Chinese word for 'color' is ((transl|zh|yánsè)) (((lang|zh|顏色))). In [[Literary Chinese]], the character ((lang|zh|色)) more literally corresponds to 'color in the face' or 'emotion'. It was generally used alone and often implied sexual desire or desirability. During the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), the word ((transl|zh|yánsè)) came to mean 'all color'. A Chinese idiom meaning 'multi-colored', ((transl|zh|Wǔyánliùsè)) (((lang|zh|五顏六色))), can also refer to 'colors' in general.

In [[Chinese mythology]], the goddess [[Nüwa]] is said to have [[Nüwa#Nüwa Mends the Heavens|mended the Heavens]] after a disaster destroyed the original pillars that held up the skies, using five colored-stones in these five auspicious colors to patch-up the crumbling heavens, accounting for the many colors that the skies can take-on.

== ''Wuxing'' ==
Traditionally, the standard colors in Chinese culture are black, red, [[Distinguishing blue from green in language|cyan]] (((zhi|c=青|p=qīng))), white, and yellow. Respectively, these correspond to water, fire, wood, metal, and earth, which comprise the 'five elements' (''[[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|wuxing]]'') of traditional Chinese metaphysics. Throughout the Shang, Tang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, China's emperors used the ''Theory of the Five Elements'' to select colors. Other colors were considered by [[Confucius]] to be "inferior".<ref>((Cite web|title=Colors in Chinese|url=https://www.maayot.com/blog/colors-in-chinese/|url-status=live|access-date=18 June 2021|website=maayot|date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624091715/https://www.maayot.com/blog/colors-in-chinese/ |archive-date=24 June 2021))</ref>((better source needed|date=February 2024))

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Element
| Wood || Fire || Earth || Metal || Water
|-
! Color
| Blue, azure, green || Red || Yellow || White || Black
|-
! Direction
| east || south || center || west ||north
|-
! Planet
| Jupiter || Mars || Saturn || Venus || Mercury
|-
! Heavenly creature
| [[Azure Dragon]] || [[Vermilion Bird]] || [[Yellow Dragon]] || [[White Tiger (Chinese constellation)|White Tiger]] || [[Black Tortoise]]
|-
! [[Heavenly Stems]]
| ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:甲|甲]])), ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:乙|乙]])) || ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:丙|丙]])), ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:丁|丁]])) || ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:戊|戊]])), ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:己|己]])) || ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:庚|庚]])), ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:辛|辛]])) || ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:壬|壬]])), ((lang|zh|[[wiktionary:癸|癸]]))
|-
![[Wufang Shangdi]]
|[[Cāngdì]]
|[[Chidi (god)|Chide]]
|[[Yellow Emperor|Huangdi]]
|[[Baidi (god)|Baidi]]
|[[Heidi (god)|Heidi]]
|-
! Phase
| New Yang || Full Yang || Balance || New Yin || Full Yin
|-
! Energy
| Generative || Expansive || Stabilizing || Contracting || Conserving
|-
! Season
| Spring || Summer || Change of seasons<br />(Every third month) || Autumn || Winter
|-
! Climate
| Windy || Hot || Damp || Dry || Cold
|-
! [[Developmental biology|Development]]
| Sprouting || Blooming || Ripening || Withering || Dormant 
|-
! Livestock
| dog || sheep, goat || cattle || chicken || pig
|-
! Fruit
| [[Prunus mume|Chinese plum]] || [[apricot]] || [[jujube]] || peach || [[Castanea mollissima|Chinese chestnut]]
|-
! Grain
| wheat || [[legume]] || rice || [[hemp]] || [[pearl millet]]
|}

== Yellow ==
[[File:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu.jpg|thumb|Portrait of the [[Hongwu Emperor]] in a silk yellow [[dragon robe]] featuring embroidered the [[Yellow Dragon]]]]
[[Yellow#China|Yellow]] of a golden hue is considered the most beautiful and prestigious color.<ref name="StClair">((Cite book|title=The Secret Lives of Colour|last=St. Clair|first=Kassia|publisher=John Murray|year=2016|isbn=9781473630819|location=London|pages=84–85|oclc=936144129))</ref> The [[Chinese language|Chinese]] conception of yellow (((lang|zh|((linktext|黃)))) ((transl|zh|huáng))) is inclusive of many shades considered [[tan (color)|tan]] or [[brown (color)|brown]] in English and the primary association is with the [[earth (classical element)|earth]] rather than the sun. (It was formerly also inclusive of many [[orange (color)|orange]]s,<ref>((citation |last=Schafer |first=Edward H. |jstor=4527434 |contribution=The Early History of Lead Pigments and Cosmetics in China |title=T'oung Pao |series=2nd ser. |volume=44 |date=1956 |issue=4/5 |pages=413–438 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden )).</ref><ref>((citation |last=Dupree |first=Scratch |contribution-url=https://chajournal.blog/2017/01/30/colors/ |contribution=Colors |date=30 January 2017 |title=Cha |url=https://chajournal.blog |publisher= |location=Hong Kong )).</ref> although speakers of modern [[Standard Mandarin]] increasingly map their use of ((transl|zh|huáng)) to shades corresponding to English yellow.)<ref>((citation |last=Hsieh |first=Tracy Tsuei-ju |author2=Ichiro Kuriki |author3=Chen I-ping |author4=Yumiko Muto |author5=Rumi Tokunaga |author6=Satoshi Shiori |ref=((harvid|Hsieh & al.|2020)) |date=November 2020 |display-authors=1 |title=Journal of Vision |volume=20 |issue=12 |page=6 |doi=10.1167/jov.20.12.6 |contribution=Basic Color Categories in Mandarin Chinese Revealed by Cluster Analysis |pmid=33196769 |publisher=Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology |location=[[Rockville, Maryland|Rockville]] |pmc=7671860 )).</ref> The Chinese saying "Yellow generates yin and yang" implies that yellow is the center of everything. Associated with but ranked above brown, yellow signifies neutrality and good luck. Yellow is sometimes paired with red in place of gold.

The [[Yellow River]] is the cradle of Chinese civilization. In imperial China, yellow was the color of the emperor, and is held as the symbolic color of the five legendary emperors of ancient China, such as the [[Yellow Emperor]]. The [[Yellow Dragon]] is the zoomorphic incarnation of the Yellow Emperor of the center of the universe in Chinese religion and mythology. The [[flag of the Qing dynasty]] featured golden yellow as the background. The [[Plain Yellow Banner]] and the [[Bordered Yellow Banner]] were two of the upper three banners of [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] and [[Qing dynasty]].

Yellow often decorates royal palaces, altars and temples, and the color was used in the [[dragon robe]]s and attire of the emperors.<ref name="StClair" /> It was a rare honor to receive the [[imperial yellow jacket]].

Yellow also represents freedom from worldly cares and is thus esteemed in Buddhism. Monks' garments are yellow, as are elements of Buddhist temples. Yellow is also used as a mourning color for Chinese Buddhists.

Yellow is also symbolic of heroism, as opposed to the Western association of the color with cowardice.<ref name="provideocoalition.com"/>

<gallery>
File:Yellow River - panoramio.jpg | The [[Yellow River]] at [[Sanmenxia]]
File:Ma Yuan - Water Album - The Yellow River Breaches its Course.jpg|''The Yellow River Breaches its Course'' by [[Ma Yuan (painter)|Ma Yuan]] (1160–1225), [[Song dynasty]]
File:Flag_of_China_(1889–1912).svg|The 1889–1912 [[flag of the Qing dynasty|flag of the Qing Empire]]
File:Flickr - archer10 (Dennis) - China-6184.jpg|Yellow tiles and figures on the roof the [[Hall of Supreme Harmony]] in the Forbidden City
File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase.jpg|A [[Peking glass]] vase in Imperial Yellow, a shade of yellow so named for the banner of the [[Qing dynasty]]
</gallery>

== Black ==
[[File:Bagua Zhao Huiqian.jpg|thumb|A black-and-white 18th-century representation of the ''Taijitu'' of Zhao Huiqian (1370s)]]
Black (((lang|zh|((linktext|黑)))) ((transl|zh|hēi))), corresponding to water, is generally understood as a neutral color although appearing in many negative contexts in ''[[chengyu]]'' and common names. "Black cult" ((nowrap|(((lang|zh|((linktext|黑幫)))))) ((transl|zh|hēibāng))) is the usual name for [[Chinese mafia|Chinese organized crime]] and the ''[[Thick Black Theory]]'' of the late Qing [[Chinese intellectualism|intellectual]] [[Li Zongwu]] (((lang|zh|((linktext|李|宗|吾)))), 1879–1943) is an exhortation to [[Machiavellianism (politics)|Machiavellianism]]. In modern China, black is used in clothing, especially in professional contexts. Black has less association with [[Chinese mourning|mourning]] than white in traditional Chinese culture but formal black jackets and slacks have become associated with international professionalism.

The ''[[I Ching]]'' regards black as Heaven's color.((fact|date=March 2023)) The saying "heaven and earth are black"((fact|date=March 2023)) was rooted in the observation that the northern sky was black for a long time.((dubious|date=March 2023)) Ancient Chinese people believed [[Yuhuang Dadi|Tiandi]] or the Heavenly Emperor resided in the [[North Star]].((fact|date=March 2023)) The ''[[taijitu]]'' uses black and white or red to represent the unity of [[yin and yang]]. Ancient Chinese people regarded black as the king of colors((fact|date=March 2023)) and honored black more consistently than any other color.((dubious|date=March 2023)) [[Laozi]] said ''know the white, keep the black''((fact|date=March 2023)) and Taoists believe black is the color of the [[Tao]].((dubious|date=March 2023))

== White ==
White (((lang|zh|((linktext|白)))), ((transl|zh|bái))) corresponds with metal among the ''wuxing'' and represents gold((dubious|date=March 2023))<!--silver, maybe--> and symbolizes brightness, purity, and fulfillment.((Citation needed|date=February 2022)) White is also the traditional color of [[Chinese mourning|mourning]].<ref name="provideocoalition.com">((Cite web |url=http://provideocoalition.com/shullfish/story/psychology_of_color |title=Psychology of Color: Does a specific color indicate a specific emotion? By Steve Hullfish ((!)) July 19, 2012 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304130251/http://provideocoalition.com/shullfish/story/psychology_of_color |archive-date=March 4, 2015 |url-status=dead ))</ref> Nevertheless, since the [[Chinese economic reform]] and influx of Western cultural values, white [[wedding gown]]s have become more popular. Light-colored skin [[Discrimination based on skin color|is also valued]] by many Chinese, especially in consideration of women as potential brides, presumably due to the association of dark-color skin with manual labor and poverty. 
((anchor|Red / Vermilion|Vermilion))

== Red ==
((See also|Vermilion#Chinese red))
Red (((nowrap|((zhi|t=((linktext|紅))|s=红)))) ((transl|zh|hóng))), [[vermilion]] (((lang|zh|((linktext|丹)))) ((transl|zh|dān))), and [[crimson]] (((lang|zh|((linktext|赤)))) ((transl|zh|chì))) are associated with [[yang (concept)|masculine yang]] [[qi (force)|energy]] and [[fire (classical element)|fire]], good fortune and joy. Red is the traditional color used during [[Chinese New Year]] and other celebrations, including [[Chinese wedding|weddings]] and [[wedding gown]]s. Chinese reds are traditionally inclusive of shades English might consider [[orange (color)|orange]] or warm [[brown]].

A ''[[hongbao]]'', a red envelope stuffed with money, now frequently red [[100 RMB note]]s, is the usual gift in Chinese communities for [[Chinese New Year]], birthdays, [[Chinese wedding|marriages]], [[bribery in China|bribes]],<!--Yes, this is an important context for 'hongbao' in Chinese culture--> and other special occasions. The red color of the packet symbolizes good luck. Red is strictly forbidden at [[funeral]]s as it is traditionally symbolic of happiness.<ref name="Funeral">see ((slink|Funeral|Asian funerals))</ref> The names of the dead were previously written in red,((fact|date=March 2023)) so it is generally somewhat offensive to use red ink for Chinese names in contexts other than official [[seal (East Asia)|seals]].

In the [[People's Republic of China]], red remains a very popular color and is [[Red in Communism|affiliated with]] and used by the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] and the [[government of the People's Republic of China|government]].

<gallery>
File:Laisee.jpg|Contemporary [[red envelope]]s
File:Red paper lanterns, Shanghai, 2012.jpg|Red [[paper lantern]]s for sale in [[Shanghai]]. The color red symbolizes luck and is believed to ward away evil
File:永福姜家.jpg|Chinese seal and red seal paste
File:Ciudad prohibida-Pekin-China5527.JPG|One of the red gates to the Forbidden City
</gallery>

((anchor|Blue / Azure / Green|Blue|Green|Azure))

== Blue and green ==
((main|Qing (color)))
[[Old Chinese]] did not make a [[blue-green distinction]], having a [[qing (color)|single verdant color]] (((lang|zh|((linktext|青)))), ((transl|zh|qīng))) that encompassed both. The clear blue sky and fresh green vegetables were considered shades of a single color which could even include black as its darkest hue in some contexts. Modern [[Standard Mandarin]] ((em|does)) make the blue-green distinction using ((transl|zh|lǜ)) (((zhi|t=((linktext|綠))|s=((linktext|绿)))) '[[leaf]]y') for green and ((transl|zh|lán)) (((zhi|t=((linktext|藍))|s=((linktext|蓝)))) '[[indigo]]') for blue.

((transl|zh|Qīng)) was associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. It was used for the roof tiles and ornate interior of the [[Temple of Heaven]] and in other structures to represent [[Tian (god)|Heaven]].((fact|date=March 2023)) It is also the color of most [[jade]] as well as the [[Greenware (pottery)|greenware]] [[Chinese pottery|pottery]] that was developed to imitate it.

Separately, green hats are associated with [[infidelity]] and used as an idiom for a [[cuckold]].<ref>Norine Dresser, ''Multicultural Manners: New Rules of Etiquette for a Changing Society'', ((ISBN|0-471-11819-2)), 1996, page 67</ref> This has caused uneasiness for Chinese [[Catholic bishop]]s, who, in [[ecclesiastical heraldry]], would normally have a green [[galero|hat]] above their arms. Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms.((cn|date=March 2023))

<gallery>
File:Templeofheavenclose.jpg|Azure roof structure and name plaque of the Temple of Heaven 
File:Jade Bi Ornament, Dragon designs, China - Warring States period, Western Han dynasty, 4th-2nd century BC.tiff|A [[Western Han dynasty]] green jade ''Bi'' disk, with dragon designs
File:Porcelaine chinoise Guimet 241101.jpg|Green [[Longquan celadon]] from [[Zhejiang]], [[Song dynasty]], 13th century
</gallery>

== Intermediary colors ==
The five intermediary colors (((lang|zh|五間色)) ((transl|zh|wǔjiànsè))) are formed as combinations of the five elemental colors. These are:<ref>((Cite book|title=Questioning Science in East Asian Contexts: Essays on Science, Confucianism, and the Comparative History of Science|last=Kim|first=Yung-sik|publisher=Brill|year=2014|isbn=9789004265318|location=London|page=32))</ref>

* ((lang|zh|綠)) ((transl|zh|lǜ)) 'green': The intermediary color of the east, combination of central yellow and eastern blue
* ((lang|zh|碧)) ((transl|zh|bì)) 'emerald blue': The intermediary color of the west, combination of eastern blue and western white
* ((lang|zh|紅)) ((transl|zh|hóng)) 'light red': The intermediary color of the south, combination of western white and southern red
* ((lang|zh|紫)) ((transl|zh|zǐ)) 'violet': The intermediary color of the north, combination of southern red and northern black
* ((lang|zh|硫)) ((transl|zh|liú)) 'horse-brown': The intermediary color of the center, combination of northern black and central yellow

== See also ==
* [[Chinese art]]
* [[Culture of China]]
* [[Culture of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Fashion of China]]
* [[Haint blue]]
* [[Luck]]
* [[Numbers in Chinese culture]]
* [[Jing (Chinese opera)#Face design]] for information on color in Chinese opera face paintings
* [[Four Symbols]]
* [[Wufang Shangdi]]

== References ==
((reflist|2))

((Chinese New Year))
((Portal bar|Society|China))
((color topics))

[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Color in culture]]
[[Category:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)]]

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