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((Short description|1948 treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union))
((refimprove|date=July 2008))
((Infobox treaty
| name                 = Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948
| long_name            = 
| image                = Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948.jpg
| image_width          = 200px
| image_alt            = 
| caption              = Finno-Soviet Treaty
| type                 = Bilateral treaty
| context              = 
| date_drafted         = 
| date_signed          = ((Start date|df=yes|1948|4|6))
| location_signed      = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
| date_sealed          = 
| date_effective       = 
| condition_effective  = 
| date_expiration      =
| date_expiry          =    ((Start date|df=yes|1992|1|20))
| mediators            = 
| negotiators          = 
| original_signatories = 
* ((flagcountry|USSR|1936))
* ((flagcountry|Finland))
| signatories          =  Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] <br> Prime Minister of Finland [[Mauno Pekkala]]
| parties              = 
| ratifiers            = 
| depositor            = 
| depositories         = 
| citations            = 
| language             = 
| languages            = [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
| wikisource           = 
| wikisource1          =
| footnotes            =
))
[[File:YYA-sopimus-1973.jpg|thumb|left|Presidents [[Urho Kekkonen]] and [[Nikolai Podgorny]] at the Finlandia Hall, who signed the YYA agreement in 1973.]]
((multiple image
 | direction = 
 | alignment = left
 | width = 180
 | footer =  Postage stamps mark the 25th and 40th anniversary of the YYA agreement.
 | image2 = The Soviet Union 1988 CPA 5930 stamp (40th anniversary of Finno-Soviet Treaty. State Kremlin Palace, Moscow, Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, national flags, and rainbow).jpg
 | caption2 = A Soviet postage stamp was issued in 1988
 | image1 = 1973 - yya25 anniversary stamp.jpg
 | caption1 = A Finnish postage stamp was issued in 1973
))
The '''Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance''' of 1948, also known as the '''YYA Treaty''' from the [[Finnish language|Finnish]] ((lang|fi|Ystävyys-, yhteistyö- ja avunantosopimus)) (((lang|fi|YYA-sopimus))) ([[Finland-Swedish|Swedish]]: ((lang|sv|Vänskaps-, samarbets- och biståndsavtalet (VSB-avtalet)),)) was the basis for [[Finland|Finno]]&ndash;[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] relations from 1948 to 1992. It was the main instrument in implementing the Finnish policy called [[Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine]].

Under the treaty, which was signed on 6 April 1948, the Soviets sought to deter [[Western World|Western]] or [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Power (international)|Powers]] from attacking the [[Soviet Union]] through Finnish territory, and the Finns sought to increase Finland's political [[independence]] from the Soviet Union. It thus ensured Finland's survival as a [[liberal democracy]] in close proximity to strategic Soviet regions, such as the [[Kola Peninsula]] and the old capital [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]].

Under the pact, Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by ''"Germany or its allies"'' (in reality interpreted as ''the [[United States]] and allies'')((cn|date=June 2018)) against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland. If necessary, Finland was to ask for Soviet military aid to do so. However the pact in itself did not provide any provisions for the Soviet military to enter Finland and stipulated that all such actions would have to be agreed separately should Finland choose to request aid. Furthermore, the pact did not place any requirements for Finland to act should the Soviet Union be attacked (if the attack would not take place through Finland). The agreement also recognized Finland's desire to remain outside [[Great Power|great-power]] conflicts, allowing the country to adopt a policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]].

Due to the uncertain status of Finno&ndash;Soviet relations in the years after the [[Continuation War]], and the precise interpretation of the treaty's wording, Finland followed the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries' decision and did not participate in the [[Marshall Plan]]. As a result, Finland's post-war period of economic hardship was prolonged, compared to other European capitalist countries, and it thus became considerably more economically dependent on the Soviet Union. In general, Finland kept its relations towards western military powers officially distant (including the proposed [[Scandinavian Defense Union]]) and [[NATO]] in particular. By avoiding supporting the West, it attempted to fend off Soviet pressure for affiliation with the [[Warsaw Pact]]. No joint military exercises were ever held, and other military cooperation was minimal, despite occasional Soviet advances.[[image:Yya allekirjoitus 1948.jpg|thumb|left|380px|Signing of the Finno-Soviet Treaty  between the Soviet Union and Finland in Moscow on April 6, 1948. Signed by Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], followed by Soviet Prime Minister [[Joseph Stalin]]. To the left of Stalin are the Prime Minister of Finland [[Mauno Pekkala]], to the right of Stalin are Foreign Ministers [[Carl Enckell]] and [[Reinhold Svento]], Minister of the Interior [[Yrjö Leino]] and MPs [[Urho Kekkonen]], [[Onni Peltonen]] and [[J. O. Söderhjelm]].]]The YYA Treaty was a cornerstone in [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi|Paasikivi]]'s foreign policy. It was also a central policy under the presidency of [[Urho Kekkonen]] (1956&ndash;1981), who dubbed his foreign policy [[doctrine]] ''the [[Paasikivi-Kekkonen line]].'' The treaty was an instrumental tool for the Soviet Union to gain political leverage in the internal affairs of Finland in post-war era, in confrontations such as the [[note crisis]]. This influence was commonly referred to as [[Finlandization]]. It is hotly debated to what degree President Kekkonen (President 1956–1981) intentionally used it to further his own influence and damage his opponents.

Despite the official policy, there was some secret co-operation with the West. This ranged from Finnish organizations such as the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democratic Party]] accepting U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] funding to sharing of seismic data on nuclear tests. Likewise, Eastern Bloc countries conducted espionage in Finland, e.g., the East German [[Stasi]] had agents there.

The Soviet Union had similar agreements with many nations that were not directly allied with it but depended heavily on Soviet support, such as [[North Korea]] since 1961, with [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|India]] since 1971, and [[Vietnam]] since 1978. The first such agreement, however, was with [[Free France]] on 10 December 1944.<ref>((cite web|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/32777/1/17-Volume8.pdf|title=The Franco–Soviet Treaty of ALliance and Mutual Aid|publisher=University Library of Hawaii|language=English|date=10 December 1944|accessdate=21 June 2022))</ref>

The treaty came to an end in 1992 with the signing of a new treaty between Finland and the [[post-Soviet Russia]].<ref>((cite journal |title=Finland Vindicated |first=John |last=Lukacs |journal=[[Foreign Affairs (journal)|Foreign Affairs]] |volume=71 |issue=4 |year=1992 |pages=50–63 |doi=10.2307/20045309 |jstor=20045309 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/1992-09-01/finland-vindicated))</ref>

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==
* [http://www.mannerheim.fi/11_pres/e_yya.htm Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance] at www.mannerheim.fi
* [http://heninen.net/sopimus/1948_e.htm Text of Agreement] at heninen.net
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040613052725/http://www.paasikivi-seura.fi/society/paasikivipolicy.htm The Paasikivi Policy and Foreign-Policy Thinking] at the ''Paasikivi Society''
* [http://countrystudies.us/finland/24.htm The Cold War and the Treaty of 1948] from Library of Congress (the Country Studies)

((Finland topics))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Political history of Finland]]
[[Category:1948 in Finland]]
[[Category:1948 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Finland–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1948]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1948]]
[[Category:April 1948 events in Europe]]
[[Category:1948 in Moscow]]

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Finland (view source) (semi-protected)
Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 (edit)
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