Sir Joseph John Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) often known as J. J. Thomson, was an English physicist. Thomson is credited for the discovery of the electron, of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. Thomson conducted a series of experiments with cathode ray tubes which led him to the discovery of electrons and subatomic particles.

In physics, Coulomb's law is an inverse-square law indicating the magnitude and direction of electrostatic force that one stationary, electrically charged object of small dimensions exerts on another. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb who used a torsion balance to establish it.

The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.

For calculating the direction and magnitude of the force simultaneously, one will wish to consult the full vector version of the Law

${\displaystyle {\vec {F))={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0))}{\frac {q_{1}q_{2)){|{\vec {r))|^{3))}{\vec {r))={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0))}{\frac {q_{1}q_{2)){|{\vec {r))|^{2))}{\hat {r))}$

where ${\displaystyle {\vec {F))}$ is the electrostatic force vector, ${\displaystyle q_{1))$ is the charge on which the force acts, ${\displaystyle q_{2))$ is the acting charge, ${\displaystyle {\vec {r))={\vec {r_{1))}-{\vec {r_{2))))$ is the distance vector between the two charges, ${\displaystyle {\vec {r_{1))}\ }$ is position vector of ${\displaystyle q_{1))$, ${\displaystyle {\vec {r_{2))}\ }$ is position vector of ${\displaystyle q_{2))$, ${\displaystyle {\hat {r))}$ is a unit vector pointing in the direction of ${\displaystyle {\vec {r))}$, and ${\displaystyle \epsilon _{0))$ is a constant called the permittivity of free space.

This vector equation indicates that opposite charges attract, and like charges repel. When ${\displaystyle q_{1}q_{2}\ }$ is negative, the force is attractive. When positive, the force is repulsive.

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Bose headphones are a family of headphone products sold by the Bose Corporation. The company pioneered the development of headphones that use active noise cancellation technology. It took Bose about 10 years to develop the first QuietComfort Headphones, released in 1989. The current revision provides active equalization as well as active noise reduction.