Thai temple art and architecture is the art and architecture of Buddhist temples in Thailand. Temples are known as wats, from the Pāḷi vāṭa, meaning "enclosure". A temple has an enclosing wall that divides it from the secular world.
Wat architecture adheres to consistent principles. A wat, with few exceptions, consists of two parts: the Phutthawat and the Sangkhawat.
The Phutthawat (Thai: พุทธาวาส) is the area which is dedicated to Buddha. It generally contains several buildings:
The buildings are often adorned with elements such as chofas.
In temples of the Rattanakosin era, such as Wat Pho and Wat Ratchabophit, the ubosot can be contained within a (low) inner wall called a Kamphaeng Kaeo (Thai: กำแพงแก้ว), which translates to "crystal wall".
Ubosot, Ho Trai and Chedi (from left to right) of Wat Chiang Man, built in Lanna architecture
Ubosot of Wat Nimmanoradi, Bangkok
An ancient Ayutthaya-style Ubosot without Chofas located at Wat Oi, Ang Thong, similar to Ubosot of Wat Phutthaisawan, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Ubosot with multiple front roof located at Wat Phra Kaew, Bangkok
Thai-Chinese Ubosot rebuilt in King Rama III period, single front roof, without Chofas located at Wat Ratchaorasaram, Bangkok
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Reclining Buddha inside Wihan Phra Non (Wihan of Reclining Buddha) of Wat Phai Lom, Chnathaburi
Mondop of Wat Phra Kaew, Bangkok
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Ho Trai of Wat Apson Sawan, Bangkok
Sermon hall of Wat Rachathiwat, Bangkok
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Ho Rakhang of Wat Phra That Chang Kham, Nan
Ubosot of Wat Benchamabophit, Bangkok
Crematoria of Wat Phanom Yong, Ayuthhaya
Kamphaeng Kaeo surrounding the Ubosot of Wat Ratchabophit, Bangkok
The sangkhawat (Thai: สังฆาวาส) contains the monks' living quarters. It lies within the wall surrounding the temple compound. The sangkhawat can have the following buildings:
Temples display multiple roof tiers. The use of ornamented tiers is reserved for roofs on temples, palaces and important public buildings. Two or three tiers are most often used, but some royal temples have four. The practice is more aesthetic than functional. Temple halls and their roofs are large. To lighten the roof's appearance, the lowest tier is the largest with a smaller middle layer and the smallest tier on top. Multiple breaks in each roof lighten it further – a double-tiered roof might have 2–4 breaks in each tier. The tiers, breaks and tier patterns create dynamic visual rhythms. In northern temples, the roof area is larger, sweeping low to cover more of the wall. The lower tiers telescope toward the entrance. In a central Thai temple, the lower tiers reach a short distance beyond the top roof at the gable ends.
Most decorations are attached to the bargeboard, the long, thin panel on the edge of the roof at the gable ends. The decorative structure is called the lamyong. The lamyong is sculpted in an undulating, serpentine nag sadung shape evoking the Nāga. Its blade-like projection called bai raka suggest both Nāga fins and the feathers of Garuda. Its lower finial is called a hang hong, which usually takes the form of a Nāga's head turned up and facing away from the roof. The Nāga head may be styled in flame-like kranok motifs and may have multiple heads. A roof with multiple breaks or tiers has identical hang hong finials at the bottom of each section. Perched on the peak of the lamyong is the large curving ornament called a Chofah, which resembles the beak of a bird, perhaps representing Garuda.
Thai Theravada Buddhism and Hindu cultures merged, and Hindu elements were introduced into Thai iconography. Popular figures include the four-armed figure of Vishnu; the garuda (half man, half bird); the eight-armed Shiva; elephant-headed Ganesh; the Nāga, which appears as a snake, dragon or cobra; and the ghost-banishing giant Yaksha.
