Rank | Administrative division | Pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Gaza ![]() East Jerusalem |
1 | Gaza | Gaza Governorate | 766,331 | ![]() Hebron ![]() Nablus | ||||
2 | East Jerusalem | Jerusalem Governorate | 361,700 | ||||||
3 | Hebron | Hebron Governorate | 308,750 | ||||||
4 | Nablus | Nablus Governorate | (({pop_4))} | ||||||
5 | [[(({city_5))}]] | [[(({div_5))}]] | (({pop_5))} | ||||||
6 | [[(({city_6))}]] | [[(({div_6))}]] | (({pop_6))} | ||||||
7 | [[(({city_7))}]] | [[(({div_7))}]] | (({pop_7))} | ||||||
8 | [[(({city_8))}]] | [[(({div_8))}]] | (({pop_8))} | ||||||
9 | [[(({city_9))}]] | [[(({div_9))}]] | (({pop_9))} | ||||||
10 | [[(({city_10))}]] | [[(({div_10))}]] | (({pop_10))} |
Palestine, officially known as the State of Palestine, is a country in Western Asia, with limited recognition. The country is located in the Levantine part of the Middle East and consists of two non-contiguous territories, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It shares its borders with Israel, Jordan and Egypt. The Gaza Strip is located on coast of the Mediterranean Sea, while the West Bank is situated within the Jordan River and the Dead Sea. With an actual population of 5.5 million peoples, Palestine is known as homeland for 14 million Palestinians, who are ethnically Arabs.
Modern state of Palestine is traditionally part of Holy Land (Eretz Israel or Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah), which holds significance to Abrahamic religions — Christianity, Islam and Judaism and to Mandaeism, Baháʼí Faith, Samaritanism and Druze. Throughout centuries, Palestine have been ruled by various entities such as Kingdom of Israel, Babylonian Empire, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Caliphate, Mamluk Sultanate, Ayyubid Dynasty and Ottoman Empire.
After fall of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, British government established Mandatory Palestine and facilitated immigration of Jews, giving rise to Zionism. This brought clashes between Arabs and Zionists. After end of Mandate, British withdrawn from Palestine. In 1948 UN prepared a partition plan, rejected by the Arabs. After declaration of independence of Israel, neighboring Arab countries in support of Palestine have fought four major wars in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, as a part of Israeli–Palestinian conflict and wider Arab–Israeli conflict. Since the Six Day War of 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank including East Jerusalem. The current efforts is to reach a permanent agreement, which will give Palestinians full right to establish their country and end the conflict.
Palestine is a democratic country, governed by a provisional government, headed by President. The country struggles with territorial disputes, broader political violence and status of Jerusalem. Despite its political position, Palestine have made notable progress. Palestine ranks among most educated countries in the Arab world. Palestine ranks 17th in the Open Data Inventory 2022.[1] The country is part of the United Nations, the Union for Mediterranean, the Arab League, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Al Quds Committee and the International Olympic Committee. Gaza is largest city, East Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine, while temporary administrative center is in financial hub Ramallah and Hebron is the industrial center.
Falastin | |
---|---|
Status | Disputed |
Capital | East Jerusalem (disputed) Ramallah (temporary) |
Muqata | Ramallah |
Largest city | Gaza |
Official languages | Arabic |
Recognized national languages | Arabic |
Recognized regional languages | Hebrew |
Common languages | Arabic, Hebrew |
Ethnic groups | Palestinians |
Religion | Islam, Christianity |
Demonym(s) | Palestinian |
Non-member observer state | United Nations |
Government | Democratic, Semi-presidential |
Mahmoud Abbas | |
Shtayyeh | |
Yahya Sinwar | |
Legislature | Palestine Legislative Council |
Disputed | |
History | |
• Established | 1988 |
Population | |
• 2016 estimate | 5.5 million |
• Census | 2016 |
GDP (PPP) | estimate |
• Total | $44 billion |
• Per capita | $6,575 |
GDP (nominal) | estimate |
• Total | $20 billion |
Currency | Shekel, Jordanian Dinar |
Website https://www.palgov.ps/en |
Palestine, officially known as the State of Palestine, is an Arab country in Western Asia. The country is located in the Levantine part of the Middle East and consists of two non-contiguous territories, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It shares borders with Israel, Jordan and Egypt. Palestine is known as homeland for 14 millions Palestinians, who are ethnically Arabs.
Today’s Palestine lies in a region known as Holy Land to Abrahamic religions of Christianity, Islam and Judaism, as well to Mandaenism, Samaritan and Druze. Throughout centuries, Palestine have been ruled by various entities such as Kingdom of Israel, Babylonian Empire, Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Islamic Caliphate, Mamluk Sultanate, Ayyubid Dynasty and Ottoman Empire.
After fall of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, British government established Mandatory Palestine and facilitated immigration of Jews, giving rise to Zionism. This brought clashes between Arabs and Zionists. After end of Mandate, British withdrawn from Palestine. In 1948 UN prepared a partition plan, rejected by the Arabs. After declaration of independence of Israel, neighboring Arab countries in support of Palestine have fought four major wars in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, as a part of Israeli–Palestinian conflict and wider Arab–Israeli conflict. Since the Six Day War of 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The current efforts is to reach a permanent agreement, which will give Palestinians full right to establish their country and end the conflict.
Palestine is a democratic country, governed by a provisional government, headed by President and Prime Minister. The country struggles with territorial disputes, terrorism activities, broader political violence and status of Jerusalem. Despite its political position, Palestine have made notable progress. Palestine ranks among most educated countries in the Arab world. The country is part of the United Nations, the Union for Mediterranean, the Arab League, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Al Quds Committee and the International Olympic Committee. Gaza is largest city, East Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine, while temporary administrative center is in financial hub Ramallah and Hebron is the industrial center.
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Judaism, one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, has its roots in historic Palestine during biblical times. The story begins with the biblical patriarch Abraham, who lived around 2000 BCE. According to Jewish tradition, God made a covenant with Abraham, promising him descendants and land. Abraham's descendants, known as the Israelites, settled in the land of Canaan, which would later become known as Palestine. The Israelites faced various challenges in Palestine, including periods of enslavement, oppression, and exile. The Exodus from Egypt, led by Moses, is a pivotal event in Jewish history. It is believed that God delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt and led them back to their ancestral homeland. The Israelites established themselves as a distinct people with a unique religious identity, centered around the worship of the God of Israel.
The Israelite kingdom reached its peak during the reigns of King David and his son Solomon in the 10th century BCE. Under their rule, Jerusalem became the political and religious center of the Israelites. Solomon constructed the First Temple in Jerusalem, which became a sacred site for Jewish worship. However, the kingdom of Israel eventually split into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. The Israelites faced numerous challenges, including foreign invasions and internal strife, which led to the destruction of the First Temple by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. This event marked a significant turning point for Judaism, as it led to the Babylonian exile and the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the region.
During the Babylonian exile, Jewish religious practices and beliefs were reinforced and codified. The exiled Jews maintained their faith and cultural identity, preserving their religious traditions, laws, and stories. After the Babylonian empire fell, some Jews returned to Palestine and rebuilt the Second Temple in Jerusalem. Throughout the subsequent centuries, Palestine came under the rule of various empires, including the Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Despite foreign domination, Jewish religious and cultural identity persisted. The emergence of different Jewish sects, such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes, contributed to the diversity within Judaism and the development of religious interpretation and practice.
Christianity, one of the world's major religions, has its origins in ancient Palestine during the first century CE. The birth and early history of Christianity are closely associated with the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who is considered the central figure of the religion. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, a town in historic Palestine, and spent much of his life in the region. According to Christian beliefs, Jesus' ministry began around the age of 30, during which he preached a message of love, compassion, and the coming of God's kingdom. He performed miracles, gathered disciples, and challenged the religious authorities of the time. Jesus' teachings and his claim to be the Messiah, the anointed one of God, attracted followers and sparked a movement that later became known as Christianity.
The crucifixion of Jesus by the Roman authorities in Jerusalem is a pivotal event in Christian history. Christians believe that Jesus' death and resurrection brought about salvation and forgiveness of sins for humanity. The disciples and early followers of Jesus, known as apostles, spread his teachings throughout the region and beyond. The growth of Christianity faced challenges and persecution in the early centuries. However, the conversion of the Roman Emperor Constantine to Christianity in the fourth century CE marked a significant turning point. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, leading to its widespread acceptance and the construction of churches and religious institutions.
Historic Palestine holds a significant place in the history of Islam, with several key events and developments taking place in the region. One of the pivotal events in Islamic history is the Isra and Miraj, which refers to the night journey and ascension of the Prophet Muhammad. According to Islamic tradition, during the Isra, the Prophet Muhammad was transported from Mecca to Jerusalem in a single night, where he led a congregational prayer at the Al-Aqsa Mosque. This event solidified Jerusalem's importance as a holy city in Islam.
The Miraj, the subsequent ascension of the Prophet Muhammad to the heavens, is believed to have taken place from the Al-Aqsa Mosque. During this spiritual journey, the Prophet Muhammad is said to have encountered various prophets and received instructions for the Muslim community, including the command to establish the five daily prayers (Salah). The Qibla, the direction Muslims face during prayer, initially faced towards Jerusalem. However, in the early years of Islam, the Qibla was changed to face Mecca. This change occurred after the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina and solidified the religious and symbolic significance of Mecca as the holiest city in Islam.
The Islamic conquest of Palestine occurred during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab in the mid-7th century CE. Muslim armies, under the command of General Shurahbil ibn Hasana, entered Palestine and gradually brought the region under Muslim rule. The conquest of Jerusalem took place in 638 CE when the city surrendered to the Muslim forces.Following the Islamic conquest of Palestine in the 7th century CE, Jerusalem became a focal point of Muslim worship. The Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, situated in the Haram al-Sharif compound, became prominent Islamic landmarks and centers of spiritual and religious activities.
Islamic governance in Palestine brought about significant architectural and cultural developments. Mosques, educational institutions, and other Islamic infrastructure were established, contributing to the growth of Islamic civilization in the region. Throughout history, Palestine has remained a cherished destination for Muslims on pilgrimage, with Jerusalem's holy sites attracting millions of visitors each year. The Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock continue to serve as symbols of Islamic heritage and religious identity. Under Islamic rule, Palestine became part of the larger Islamic Caliphate and experienced cultural, religious, and architectural developments. Muslims considered Jerusalem as a holy city due to its association with the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, both of which hold immense significance in Islam.
By 14th century, the Ottoman Empire took control of the entire region. In 1516, the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Selim I, conquered Palestine from the Mamluks, who had ruled the region for several centuries. Under Ottoman rule, Palestine became part of a larger administrative unit known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, which was initially part of the larger province of Syria. The Sanjak of Jerusalem included areas such as Jerusalem, Nablus, Gaza, and Jaffa.
The Ottoman Empire implemented a centralized administrative system in Palestine, with local governance under the control of appointed officials known as pashas or governors. These officials were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing the administration of justice. Palestine's economic landscape experienced changes during the Ottoman period. The empire encouraged agricultural development, and various measures were taken to enhance agricultural productivity. The construction of irrigation systems, such as the qanat system, helped improve water distribution and facilitated agricultural expansion. Under Ottoman rule, Palestine saw an increase in the cultivation of cash crops like cotton and olives, which were exported to other regions. Religiously, Palestine held great significance for Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The Ottomans maintained control over the holy sites in Jerusalem, including the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. They also regulated access to these sites and implemented various policies to manage religious affairs.
Under the Ottoman Empire , Jews and Christians enjoyed a significant degree of protection and autonomy, particularly within the framework of the Ottoman millet system. The millet system recognized religious communities as separate legal entities, allowing them to govern their own internal affairs, including religious, educational, and legal matters. During periods of Jewish persecution in Europe, particularly during the late 15th century and onward, the Ottoman Empire provided a relative haven for Jewish refugees.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as nationalist sentiments grew across the region, Palestinian Arab nationalism also began to emerge. Intellectuals and elites in Palestine expressed a sense of identity and called for greater autonomy and self-governance. This period coincided with the rise of the Young Turks movement within the Ottoman Empire, which introduced some political reforms but also faced opposition from various groups.
In the early 20th century, the Zionist movement gained momentum, aiming to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Jewish immigration increased, and Zionist organizations purchased land from local landowners, leading to tensions between Jewish and Arab communities. The end of the Ottoman Empire's rule in Palestine came with the conclusion of World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the region came under British control with the implementation of the British Mandate for Palestine in 1920.
Under British rule, the history of Palestine witnessed significant political, social, and economic transformations. The British Mandate for Palestine began in 1920 after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The mandate was established under the League of Nations, with the objective of facilitating the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine while protecting the rights of the Arab population.
During the initial years of the mandate, tensions between Jewish and Arab communities emerged. The British faced challenges in balancing the interests and demands of both groups. In 1936, a widespread Arab revolt erupted, demanding an end to Jewish immigration and land sales to Jewish settlers. The revolt was eventually suppressed by the British, leading to increased restrictions on both Arab and Jewish activities. As Jewish immigration continued, especially in the years leading up to and following World War II, the Zionist movement gained momentum. Jewish settlements expanded, and tensions between Jewish and Arab communities escalated. The British struggled to maintain control and peace, and in 1947, they decided to withdraw from Palestine.
The British withdrawal set the stage for the United Nations to propose the partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. The partition plan was met with mixed reactions, and it ultimately led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The war resulted in the establishment of the State of Israel and the displacement of a significant number of Palestinians, creating the Palestinian refugee crisis. During their rule, the British implemented various policies and measures that shaped the future of Palestine. They introduced administrative systems, infrastructure development, and modernization efforts. They also facilitated the growth of Jewish settlements and institutions, which laid the foundation for the future State of Israel.
However, the British mandate also faced criticism and resistance from both Jewish and Arab communities. Arab resentment towards British policies and the perception of favoring Jewish interests fueled anti-British sentiment.
After the establishment of Israel in 1948, the history of Palestine underwent significant changes and challenges, as well as ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict dynamics. The establishment of Israel led to the displacement and expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, resulting in the Palestinian refugee crisis that persists to this day. In the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jordan occupied the West Bank, and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian territories were not granted independent statehood but became administered by these respective Arab states. The Arab countries, along with the Palestinians, contested the legitimacy of Israel's existence and sought to reclaim the lost territories.
The Suez Crisis unfolded in 1956 when Israel, together with France and the United Kingdom, launched a military campaign against Egypt after the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Israeli forces quickly defeated the Egyptian military, but international pressure, particularly from the United States and the Soviet Union, forced the three aggressor countries to withdraw. The Suez Crisis highlighted the complexities and power dynamics in the region, as well as the ongoing tensions between Israel and Arab states.
During this period, Palestinian political organizations began to emerge, most notably the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), founded in 1964. The PLO aimed to represent the Palestinian people and their national aspirations, advocating for the establishment of a Palestinian state and the right of return for refugees. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the PLO, under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, gained international recognition and support. The PLO engaged in armed resistance and acts of terrorism against Israeli targets, leading to further escalations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
In 1967, the Six-Day War took place, resulting in Israel's occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, Golan Heights of Syria and entire Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. This occupation further complicated the political landscape and intensified the struggle for Palestinian self-determination. Israel began establishing settlements in the occupied territories, which became a contentious issue in subsequent peace negotiations. Since 1967, Israel have established settlements, which are considered illegal under the international law. In 1973, the Yom Kippur War (also known as the October War) erupted. Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. The war resulted in initial gains for the Arab coalition but ended in a stalemate. The conflict marked a turning point in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as it led to a diplomatic opening and the eventual Camp David Accords in 1978 between Egypt and Israel. The accords established a framework for peace between the two countries but did not directly address the Palestinian question.
In 1987, a popular uprising known as the First Intifada erupted in the occupied territories. It was a grassroots movement involving mass protests, civil disobedience, and acts of resistance against Israeli occupation. The First Intifada brought international attention to the Palestinian cause and led to renewed efforts to find a political solution.
In 1988, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, declared the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. This declaration, known as the Algiers Declaration, marked a pivotal moment in Palestinian history and represented a shift towards a negotiated settlement with Israel. However, during this period, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict continued to witness cycles of violence and unrest. In the late 1980s, the First Intifada, a popular uprising against Israeli occupation, erupted in the Palestinian territories. The Intifada involved mass protests, civil disobedience, and occasional violent confrontations, leading to significant casualties and damage.
Amidst this backdrop, diplomatic efforts were underway to find a resolution to the conflict. In 1991, the Madrid Conference marked the first direct negotiations between Israel and a joint Palestinian-Jordanian delegation. These talks aimed to address the core issues of the conflict, including borders, settlements, security, and the status of Jerusalem.
However, substantial progress was limited. In 1993, a significant breakthrough occurred with the signing of the Oslo Accords. Negotiated in secret, the accords established a framework for Palestinian self-rule, with the creation of the Palestinian Authority and the division of the West Bank into areas under Palestinian control (Areas A and B) and Israeli control (Area C). The accords also outlined a phased process for Israeli withdrawal from parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Oslo Accords brought a sense of optimism and hope for a peaceful resolution to the conflict. In 1994, the Palestinian National Authority was established, assuming limited self-governance responsibilities in parts of the Palestinian territories. Yasser Arafat returned from exile and became the leader of the newly formed Palestinian Authority
However, challenges persisted. Militant groups, such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad, opposed the peace process and carried out attacks against Israeli targets. These acts of violence further complicated the situation and strained the fragile peace. In 1995, another significant milestone was reached with the signing of the Oslo II Accord, also known as the Taba Agreement. This agreement expanded the Palestinian Authority's control over additional areas in the West Bank and outlined a timeline for further Israeli withdrawals. Tragically, the hopes for peace were marred by the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in November 1995. Rabin, who played a key role in the Oslo Accords, was assassinated by Yigal Amir, an extremist opposed to the peace process. This event deeply impacted the region and led to a period of uncertainty and setback in the peace negotiations.
In 1997, negotiations led to the Hebron Protocol, which expanded Palestinian self-rule in the city of Hebron and further redeployments of Israeli forces in the West Bank. This agreement demonstrated some progress, but the core issues of the conflict, including the status of Jerusalem, borders, settlements, and refugees, remained unresolved. The late 1990s witnessed a series of diplomatic efforts to revive the peace process. In 1998, the Wye River Memorandum was signed between Israel and the Palestine Authority under U.S. mediation. This agreement aimed to facilitate the implementation of previous agreements, including the withdrawal of Israeli forces from additional areas of the West Bank. However, the implementation of the Wye River Memorandum faced significant challenges and delays.
During the 1990s, Palestine experienced a period of relatively good economic growth despite the challenging political and security environment. The establishment of the Palestinian Authority and the implementation of the Oslo Accords brought an influx of international aid and investment, leading to increased infrastructure development, expansion of industries, and improved access to markets. The economy witnessed positive growth rates, driven by sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Additionally, the growth of the tourism industry and the establishment of Palestinian banks and financial institutions contributed to the overall economic stability and improved living conditions for many Palestinians during this period.
Main article: Second Intifada |
The Second Intifada, which lasted from 2000 to 2005, was a period of intense conflict and violence between Israelis and Palestinians. Despite the diplomatic efforts, the peace process suffered a severe setback in 1999 when negotiations between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat at the Camp David Summit failed to reach a final status agreement. Disagreements over the issues of Jerusalem, borders, and the right of return for Palestinian refugees proved insurmountable. Following the failure of the Camp David Summit in 2000, tensions between Israelis and Palestinians escalated dramatically. In September 2000, the Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, erupted. The Second Intifada was characterized by a wave of violence, including suicide bombings, shootings, and Israeli military responses, resulting in a high number of casualties on both sides.
Efforts to revive the peace process continued, including the convening of the Taba Summit in January 2001. Although progress was made, negotiations eventually broke down due to the escalating violence and political changes in both Israeli and Palestinian leadership. In 2002, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield, a major military incursion into Palestinian cities in response to the ongoing violence. The operation aimed to dismantle Palestinian militant infrastructure and restore security. However, it resulted in significant destruction, loss of life, and further deterioration of the Israeli-Palestinian relationship. Israel implemented stringent security measures, including checkpoints, curfews, and the construction of a separation barrier, to curb the attacks. These measures, while intended to enhance security, also led to restrictions on the movement of Palestinians, economic hardship, and the exacerbation of humanitarian conditions.
Efforts to mediate a ceasefire and resume peace negotiations were ongoing throughout this period. International actors, including the United States, the United Nations, and the European Union, made attempts to broker a truce and revive the peace process. However, these efforts faced significant challenges, including the deep-seated distrust, the escalation of violence, and the inability to address the core issues of the conflict.
During this period, international efforts to revive the peace process gained momentum. The Quartet on the Middle East, consisting of the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations, proposed the Roadmap for Peace in 2003. The roadmap outlined a series of steps towards the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside a secure Israel. However, the implementation of the roadmap faced significant challenges, and progress remained limited.
Against this backdrop of violence and political instability, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat remained a central figure. In 2004, Arafat's health deteriorated, and he was confined to his headquarters in Ramallah by Israeli authorities. In November 2004, Yasser Arafat passed away, marking the end of an era for the Palestinian national movement. Following Arafat's death, Mahmoud Abbas, also known as Abu Mazen, assumed leadership of the Palestinian Authority. Abbas advocated for a negotiated settlement with Israel and worked towards a ceasefire agreement, leading to a relative decrease in violence.
From the end of the Second Intifada in 2005 to the present, Palestine has experienced a complex and evolving political landscape with ongoing challenges and intermittent attempts to advance the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. In 2005, Israel unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip, withdrawing its military forces and dismantling settlements. The move was seen as a step towards Palestinian self-governance and the potential for progress. However, the withdrawal did not lead to a significant improvement in the overall situation, as Gaza soon fell under the control of the militant group Hamas.
Internal divisions between the two main Palestinian political factions, Fatah and Hamas, intensified during this period. In 2006, Hamas won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) elections, leading to a political standoff with Fatah. The power struggle eventually escalated into armed clashes and resulted in a split between the West Bank, governed by Fatah and the Palestinian Authority, and the Gaza Strip, controlled by Hamas. The division between the West Bank and Gaza complicated efforts to achieve Palestinian unity and negotiate a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel. Multiple rounds of reconciliation talks were held, but no lasting agreement was reached. The division also hindered the establishment of a unified Palestinian state and led to different governance structures and policies in the two territories.
Throughout this period, there were sporadic outbreaks of violence and tensions between Palestinians and Israelis. Incidents of rocket attacks from Gaza into Israeli territory and Israeli military operations in response often resulted in casualties and further strained the situation.
International efforts to revive the peace process continued. The United States, under the leadership of different administrations, made various attempts to broker negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians. However, significant obstacles such as settlement expansion, the status of Jerusalem, borders, and the right of return for Palestinian refugees, remained unresolved. In recent years, diplomatic initiatives have emerged, including the normalization agreements between Israel and several Arab states, known as the Abraham Accords. These agreements, while not directly addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, have reshaped regional dynamics and raised questions about the future of Palestinian aspirations for statehood. The status quo remains challenging for Palestinians, with ongoing issues of occupation, settlement expansion, restricted movement, and economic hardships. Efforts to find a just and lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict continue, but the path towards a comprehensive peace agreement and the establishment of a viable, independent Palestinian state remains uncertain.
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Death of Yasser Arafat on 11 November 2004, marked an end of Arafat era. Mahmoud Abbas became president and chairman of PLO. Yassin Ahmed, leader of Hamas was killed in an airstrike by the Israel Defense Force in same year. In 2005, Israel withdraws its forces and dismantles settlements from the Gaza Strip as part of the unilateral disengagement plan. However, Israel retains control over Gaza's borders, airspace, and coastline. Israel approved construction of an Israeli settlement in the West Bank known as "Ma'ale Adumim E1," in 2005 which draws international criticism and raises concerns about the viability of a future Palestinian state.
In 2006 Hamas won the elections, which gave birth to Fatah–Hamas conflict, initiating Battle of Gaza in 2007. As a result of war, Hamas got control of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank went on hands of Fatah. Fearing any attacks in the future, Israel and Egypt imposed a blockade on Gaza, since 2007. Since then, Gaza is ruled by Hamas, with whom Israel often engages in frequent wars and conflicts. In 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Southern Israel, in response to Ramadan Al Aqsa clashes. Next day, Benjamin Netanyahu declared war on Hamas. The war is continuously taking place between Hamas and IDF. More 25,000 Palestinians were killed in Gaza. The current objective of the Palestinians and their supporters is to reach in a state of ceasefire.
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Main article: Ottoman Palestine |
By 14th century, the Ottoman Empire took control of the entire region. In 1516, the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Selim I, conquered Palestine from the Mamluks, who had ruled the region for several centuries. Under Ottoman rule, Palestine became part of a larger administrative unit known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, which was initially part of the larger province of Syria. The Sanjak of Jerusalem included areas such as Jerusalem, Nablus, Gaza, and Jaffa.
The Ottoman Empire implemented a centralized administrative system in Palestine, with local governance under the control of appointed officials known as pashas or governors. These officials were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing the administration of justice. Palestine's economic landscape experienced changes during the Ottoman period. The empire encouraged agricultural development, and various measures were taken to enhance agricultural productivity. The construction of irrigation systems, such as the qanat system, helped improve water distribution and facilitated agricultural expansion. Under Ottoman rule, Palestine saw an increase in the cultivation of cash crops like cotton and olives, which were exported to other regions. Religiously, Palestine held great significance for Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The Ottomans maintained control over the holy sites in Jerusalem, including the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. They also regulated access to these sites and implemented various policies to manage religious affairs.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as nationalist sentiments grew across the region, Palestinian Arab nationalism also began to emerge. Intellectuals and elites in Palestine expressed a sense of identity and called for greater autonomy and self-governance. This period coincided with the rise of the Young Turks movement within the Ottoman Empire, which introduced some political reforms but also faced opposition from various groups. In the early 20th century, the Zionist movement gained momentum, aiming to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Jewish immigration increased, and Zionist organizations purchased land from local landowners, leading to tensions between Jewish and Arab communities.
The end of the Ottoman Empire's rule in Palestine came with the conclusion of World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the region came under British control with the implementation of the British Mandate for Palestine in 1920.
Salahuddin, known as "Conqueror of Jerusalem", capture Jerusalem and took control of Palestine. Once again Palestine came under control of Muslims. Salahuddin's capture of Jerusalem marked a significant turning point in the history of Palestine. Instead of the mass slaughter and pillaging that often accompanied conquests during that time, Salahuddin showed remarkable magnanimity and tolerance towards the defeated Crusaders and the city's inhabitants. He allowed Christians to leave peacefully and ensured the safety of their holy sites, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Palestine has a complex and turbulent history, marked by various conflicts and significant events. One notable period is the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918), which occurred during World War I. This campaign aimed to secure control over the Sinai Peninsula and Palestine region and included battles such as the decisive Battle of Megiddo in 1918.
Main article: Mandatory Palestine |
In the aftermath of World War I, tensions between Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine escalated, leading to the 1920 Palestine riots. These violent disturbances occurred in multiple cities and towns, resulting in casualties and property damage. Subsequently, the Jaffa riots of 1921 erupted in the city of Jaffa, fueled by growing Arab-Jewish tensions. The year 1929 witnessed further unrest with the 1929 Palestine riots. These incidents, triggered by religious and nationalist tensions, swept across Palestine, causing loss of life and displacing communities. The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine saw a widespread uprising against British colonial rule and Jewish immigration, characterized by guerrilla warfare and acts of civil disobedience.
During World War II, Palestine also experienced bombings by German and Italian forces, known as the Bombing of Palestine. These bombings targeted British military installations, infrastructure, and civilian areas, resulting in substantial damage and casualties.
The year 1948 marked a crucial turning point in Palestine's history with the 1948 Palestine war, also known as the Arab-Israeli War or War of Independence. This conflict between the newly declared State of Israel and surrounding Arab states resulted in significant territorial changes and the displacement of a large number of Palestinians. The war was followed by the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, known as the Nakba, leading to mass displacement. In the aftermath of the war, between 1949 and 1956, there was an ongoing Palestinian exodus due to various factors, including Israeli policies, military operations, and economic conditions. The Kfar Qasim massacre in 1956 stands as a tragic event during this period, where Israeli border police killed Palestinian villagers who were returning to the village unaware of a curfew imposed by Israeli authorities.
The 1967 War, also known as the Six-Day War, had a profound impact on Palestine. Israel's victory in this conflict resulted in the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and East Jerusalem. The war triggered a new wave of Palestinian displacement, known as the 1967 Palestinian exodus, as a consequence of Israeli occupation and military actions. Throughout subsequent years, various battles and conflicts shaped Palestine's history. These include the Battle of Karameh in 1968, the events of Black September in Jordan in 1970, the Lebanese Civil War lasting from 1975 to 1990, and the 1982 Lebanon War. The latter saw the Sabra and Shatila massacre, where Lebanese Christian militias attacked Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, resulting in significant loss of life.
In 1988, Yasser Arafat declared establishment of Palestine.
The period of Palestine under the leadership of Yasser Arafat is known a Arafat era.[2]
In beginning of Palestinian statehood, Yasser Arafat dominated politics of Palestine. Figures such as Ghassan Kanafani, George Habash and Abu Abbas also played important role in the statehood movement.
Yasser Arafat became chairman and president of the Palestinian National Authority.
In the early 2000s, the Second Intifada erupted, a period of intensified Palestinian-Israeli conflict marked by protests, violence, and armed confrontations. This period saw significant battles such as the Battle of Jenin and the Battle of Nablus. Additionally, the Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem took place in 2002, involving a prolonged standoff between Israeli forces and Palestinian militants seeking refuge inside the church.
The Gaza–Israel conflict remains an ongoing challenge in Palestine's history. Periodic escalations of violence, military operations, rocket attacks, blockades, and border clashes continue to impact the region, resulting in significant casualties and humanitarian challenges.
The government of Palestine is divided into two main entities: the Palestinian Authority and the Hamas-led government in the Gaza Strip. The Palestinian Authority was established in 1994 as part of the Oslo Accords, which aimed to create a framework for peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine. The PA has limited self-governance over certain areas in the West Bank, known as Areas A and B, where it exercises civil and security control. The PA is headed by a President, who is elected by popular vote, and has its own executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
The President of the Palestinian Authority is the head of state and is elected by the Palestinian people. The President appoints a Prime Minister to head the government and is responsible for representing Palestine internationally. The Council of Ministers, also known as the Cabinet, is appointed by the President and approved by the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). It consists of ministers who oversee various government departments and agencies. The Council of Ministers is responsible for implementing policies and managing public affairs. The PLC serves as the legislative body of the Palestinian Authority. Its members are elected by the Palestinian people. The PLC is responsible for enacting laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the work of the government.
Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been governed by Hamas, an Islamist political and military organization. Hamas won legislative elections in 2006 but faced political tensions with the Palestinian Authority, leading to a split in governance. The Hamas-led government operates independently from the PA, and its governance structure is distinct. The executive authority in the Gaza Strip is led by a Prime Minister, appointed by the Hamas leadership. The Prime Minister is responsible for overseeing the government's policies and administration within the Gaza Strip. Palestinian Legislative Council elections, held in 2006, resulted in a majority for Hamas. However, the council's functioning has been disrupted due to political divisions and the lack of regular elections.
The administrative division of Palestine is primarily based on the Oslo Accords, which divided the West Bank into three areas of varying degrees of Palestinian and Israeli control.
Area A is under full civil and security control of the Palestinian Authority. This includes major Palestinian cities such as Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Jericho. Area B is under joint Israeli-Palestinian control. While the Palestinian Authority has civil control over this area, Israel retains overall security control. Under full Israeli civil and security control, Area C comprises the majority of the West Bank and includes Israeli settlements, military bases, and nature reserves. The Israeli military maintains control over security matters, planning and zoning, and infrastructure development. Additionally, the Gaza Strip, which is geographically separated from the West Bank, is under the de facto control of Hamas since 2007. It operates as a distinct administrative entity with its own governing institutions.
The West Bank is divided into 11 governorates (often referred to as districts) and Gaza Strip into five governorates. Gaza Governorate was the largest governorate before Israel–Hamas war and invasion of Gaza. Jerusalem Governorate is largest governorate in the West Bank, followed by
Palestine has been recognized as a state by over 140 countries and has gained membership or non-member observer status in several international organizations, including the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) as a non-member observer state in 2012. The country has established diplomatic relations with numerous countries around the world. Many nations have diplomatic missions, including embassies or representative offices, in the Palestinian territories. These diplomatic relations focus on political, economic, and cultural cooperation.
Palestine enjoys strong support from Arab and Muslim nations. Many of these countries recognize Palestine as a sovereign state and have established diplomatic relations. They provide political, financial, and humanitarian support to the Palestinian cause. The Arab League, an organization of Arab states, has consistently advocated for Palestinian rights and the establishment of a Palestinian state. Palestine enjoys strong support from Arab and Muslim nations. Many of these countries recognize Palestine as a sovereign state and have established diplomatic relations. They provide political, financial, and humanitarian support to the Palestinian cause. The Arab League, an organization of Arab states, has consistently advocated for Palestinian rights and the establishment of a Palestinian state.
Palestine maintains diplomatic relations with China, Russia, and North Korea. China has expressed support for the Palestinian cause and has provided financial aid and development assistance. Russia has been supportive of the Palestinian cause, facilitating peace negotiations, and providing political support and humanitarian aid. North Korea has maintained diplomatic relations with Palestine, although the extent of their relations may be less significant compared to China and Russia.
Palestine has been engaged in peace negotiations with Israel under various frameworks, such as the Oslo Accords and the Quartet on the Middle East. The goal of these negotiations is to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, establish a two-state solution, and determine the final status issues, including borders, Jerusalem, and refugees. Beyond its status as a non-member observer state at the UNGA, Palestine has joined or sought membership in organizations such as UNESCO, the International Criminal Court (ICC), and others.
Palestine's relations with Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Lebanon, Qatar, Kuwait, and Jordan, have varied, with some countries offering political, diplomatic, and financial support for the Palestinian cause, while others face internal conflicts or have differing priorities that affect their engagement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The Palestinian Authority has established various security forces to maintain law and order. These forces include the Palestinian National Security Forces, Palestinian Civil Police, Preventive Security Service, General Intelligence Service, and Presidential Guard. They are responsible for enforcing laws, combating crime, and ensuring public safety within the areas under Palestinian Authority control.
The Palestinian Authority has its own criminal justice system, which includes law enforcement, judiciary, and correctional institutions. The Palestinian Civil Police are responsible for investigating crimes, making arrests, and gathering evidence. The Palestinian judiciary operates through courts at different levels, including Magistrate Courts, District Courts, and the High Court of Justice. These courts handle criminal cases and administer justice based on Palestinian laws and legal procedures.
In areas where Israel maintains security control, such as Area C in the West Bank, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and Israeli police are responsible for law enforcement and maintaining order. The coordination and cooperation between Palestinian security forces and Israeli authorities in these areas are essential for addressing security concerns and preventing crime.
Main article: Military of Palestine |
The military of Palestine consists of several security forces and paramilitary organizations. The Palestinian Security Forces (PSF) are the official security forces of the Palestinian Authority (PA). They include the Palestinian National Security Forces, Palestinian Civil Police, Preventive Security Service, General Intelligence Service, and Presidential Guard. The PSF is primarily responsible for maintaining internal security, law enforcement, and counterterrorism operations in areas under Palestinian Authority control.
The Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA) is the standing army of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was established during the early years of the Palestinian national movement but has largely been inactive since the Oslo Accords. The PLA's role was intended to be a conventional military force but has shifted to a more symbolic and political role. There are various armed factions within Palestine, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip and other smaller groups. These factions have their own armed wings and maintain paramilitary capabilities. They primarily focus on resistance activities against Israeli occupation and have engaged in armed conflicts with Israel in the past.
The military capabilities of Palestine are significantly limited compared to the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The Oslo Accords and subsequent agreements have placed restrictions on the size and armament of Palestinian security forces. The PA's security forces primarily focus on internal security rather than conventional military operations.
Palestine, as a country, refers to the region encompassing the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. The West Bank is located on the western side of the Jordan River and is characterized by a diverse landscape. It consists of fertile valleys, such as the Jezreel Valley and the Jordan River Valley, as well as mountainous areas, including the Samarian and Judean mountain ranges. The central highlands dominate the region, with peaks reaching over 1,000 meters (3,300 feet). The Dead Sea, the lowest point on Earth, lies in the eastern part of the West Bank.
East Jerusalem, a part of the West Bank, is a significant component of the Palestinian territories. It is located on a plateau in the central highlands and is surrounded by valleys. The Old City of Jerusalem, with its historical and religious sites, is centrally located within East Jerusalem. The Gaza Strip is a small coastal enclave located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Israel to the north, east, and south, while Egypt forms its southwestern border. The terrain is generally flat, with sandy beaches along the coast. The population is concentrated in urban areas, with Gaza City being the largest city and administrative center.
The Samarian Hills, also known as the Samarian Mountains, are a mountain range located in the central part of the West Bank. They extend north to south, running parallel to the Jordan River. The highest peak in this range is Mount Gerizim, standing at approximately 881 meters (2,890 feet) above sea level. The Judean Hills, or Judean Mountains, are another prominent mountain range located in the central and southern parts of the West Bank. They stretch from the Jerusalem area southwards towards Hebron. The highest point in this range is Mount Hebron, reaching approximately 1,020 meters (3,346 feet) above sea level. The Mount of Olives is a significant hill located to the east of Jerusalem's Old City. It is named after the olive groves that once covered its slopes. This hill has religious and historical significance, with several important religious sites located on its slopes, including the Church of All Nations and the Chapel of the Ascension. While Mount Carmel is mainly located in present-day Israel, a portion of this mountain range extends into northern parts of the West Bank. Mount Carmel is a coastal range stretching along the Mediterranean coast. It is known for its natural beauty and diverse ecosystems.
Palestine is home to several lakes and rivers that play a significant role in the region's geography and ecosystems. The Jordan River is a prominent waterway that forms part of Palestine's eastern border. It originates from the north, near the Lebanese border, and flows southward, passing through the Sea of Galilee (Lake Tiberias). The river then continues south, forming a natural boundary between Jordan and the West Bank, before eventually reaching the Dead Sea, the lowest point on Earth. The Jordan River and its associated lakes provide important water resources, support agriculture, and offer recreational opportunities. Additionally, there are smaller lakes within Palestine, such as Lake Hula in the northern part of the country, which serves as a vital wetland habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. While the region faces water scarcity challenges, these lakes and rivers remain crucial in sustaining both human and natural systems in Palestine.
The West Bank generally has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Summers, from June to September, are hot and dry, with temperatures often exceeding 30°C (86°F) and sometimes reaching the mid-40s°C (over 100°F). Winters, from December to February, are cooler and wetter, with temperatures averaging around 10-15°C (50-59°F). Snowfall is rare but can occur in higher elevations, particularly in the mountainous areas.
Both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip receive most of their rainfall during the winter months, with precipitation decreasing significantly during the summer. Annual rainfall varies, with the West Bank generally receiving higher amounts than the Gaza Strip. The Gaza Strip also experiences a Mediterranean climate, but with some variations due to its coastal location. Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures averaging around 30-35°C (86-95°F) and occasionally reaching higher. Winters are milder compared to the West Bank, with temperatures ranging between 15-20°C (59-68°F). Rainfall is generally lower in the Gaza Strip compared to the West Bank.
Palestine does not have officially recognized national parks or protected areas. However, there are areas within the West Bank that are considered to have ecological and cultural significance and are being managed with conservation efforts. These areas are often referred to as nature reserves or protected zones. Located near Jericho in the West Bank, Wadi Qelt is a desert valley with unique flora and fauna. The reserve is known for its rugged landscapes, natural springs, and historical sites such as the St. George Monastery. Efforts have been made to protect the biodiversity and natural beauty of the area.
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Saddam Hussein | |
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صدام حسين | |
![]() Saddam in August 1998 | |
5th President of Iraq | |
In office 16 July 1979 – 9 April 2003 | |
Prime Minister |
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Vice President |
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Preceded by | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Succeeded by | |
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council | |
In office 16 July 1979 – 9 April 2003 | |
Preceded by | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Succeeded by | Office abolished |
Prime Minister of Iraq | |
In office 29 May 1994 – 9 April 2003 | |
President | Himself |
Preceded by | Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai |
Succeeded by | Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum (as Acting President of the Governing Council of Iraq) |
In office 16 July 1979 – 23 March 1991 | |
President | Himself |
Preceded by | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Succeeded by | Sa'dun Hammadi |
Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party | |
In office January 1992 – 30 December 2006 | |
Preceded by | Michel Aflaq |
Succeeded by | Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri |
Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Iraqi Regional Branch | |
In office 16 July 1979 – 30 December 2006 | |
National Secretary |
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Preceded by | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Succeeded by | Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri |
In office February 1964 – October 1966 | |
Preceded by | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Succeeded by | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Vice President of Iraq | |
In office 17 July 1968 – 16 July 1979 | |
President | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Preceded by | Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Succeeded by | Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri |
Member of the Regional Command of the Iraqi Regional Branch | |
In office February 1964 – 9 April 2003 | |
Personal details | |
Born | [a] Al-Awja, Saladin Governorate, Kingdom of Iraq | 28 April 1937
Died | 30 December 2006 Camp Justice, Kadhimiya, Baghdad, Iraq | (aged 69)
Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
Resting place | Al-Awja |
Political party |
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Spouses | |
Children | |
Signature | ![]() |
Military service | |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Branch/service | Iraqi Armed Forces |
Rank | Marshal |
Battles/wars | |
Saddam Hussein (born as Saddam Hussein Abdul Majid; 28 April 1937 – 31 December 2006 )was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary leader, who served as vice president of Iraq from 1968 to 1979, prime minister and president of Iraq, from 1979 until his capture and overthrew in 2003. As a prime minister he served in two terms, first term from 1979 to 1991 and the second term from 1994 to 2003.
Saddam was born near the city of Tikrit. Both Saddam's father and brother died before his birth. His mother was about to commit suicide, when Saddam was in her womb, causing abortion. Luckily his mother was saved a neighboring Jewish family. Saddam was humiliated by his stepfather. Following, he lived with his uncle, who was a fatherly figure to him. Saddam completed his studied law from Cairo Law School.
Iraq under Saddam Hussein was a powerful and influential country in the Middle East. Saddam Hussein came to power in 1979 and ruled Iraq with an iron fist, consolidating power and maintaining control through a combination of military strength, repression, and propaganda. His regime was known for its aggressive foreign policy, including the invasion of Iran in 1980 and the invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Iraq also had a significant military capability, including a large army and advanced weaponry. However, the country was also subject to international sanctions and diplomatic isolation due to its aggressive actions and human rights abuses.
Saddam is viewed negatively in many Western nations, contrary to his support from
He is viewed negatively by many Western countries, as a dictatorial and authoritarianism. Due to his clashes with Kurds, Shiites and Turkmens. While the Arab and Muslim world regards him as a great leader, as he was known for his contributions in Pan-Arabism, Ba'athism and Palestinian cause. Iraq was stable under Saddam Hussein regime, in comparison to today's situation in the country after the Iraq War.
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Saddam Hussein was an Iraqi political leader and revolutionary, who served as first as Vice President of Iraq from 1968 to 1979 and as a prime minister and president of Iraq from 1979 until his capture in 2003. He served as leader of the Ba'athist party of Iraq from 1979 to until his execution in 2006.
Saddam Hussein rose to power within the Ba'ath Party and assumed the presidency of Iraq in 1979. He quickly consolidated his authority through a combination of political maneuvering, purges, and the establishment of a pervasive security apparatus. His regime was marked by absolute control over the country, with Saddam dominating politics, the military, and the economy. One of the defining aspects of Saddam's rule was his pursuit of regional dominance and territorial expansion. In 1980, he initiated the Iran-Iraq War, which lasted for eight years and resulted in immense human suffering and economic devastation. In 1990, Saddam's invasion of Kuwait triggered the Gulf War, leading to a multinational military intervention that pushed Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
Saddam Hussein's regime was notorious for its widespread human rights abuses and political repression. Dissent was ruthlessly suppressed, and the regime engaged in arbitrary arrests, torture, and executions to maintain control. The notorious Anfal campaign against the Kurdish population in the late 1980s resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians and the use of chemical weapons.
Saddam's reign came to an end in 2003 when a U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq and toppled his regime. Following his capture in December 2003, Saddam faced trial for crimes against humanity. In 2006, he was found guilty and executed by hanging. His execution marked the end of an era in Iraqi history, but the challenges and consequences of his rule continued to shape the country's future.
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Saddam Hussein was born in al-Awja, a village near Tikrit, to Hussein Abd Al-Majid and Subha Tulfah Al-Mussallat. His family belonged to the Albu Nasir tribe, which had migrated from Yemen and settled in Tikrit. Saddam's father and brother died before his birth, leading to his mother's depression and unsuccessful attempts to abort her pregnancy. His mother was saved by a neighboring Jewish family.[6] Saddam was taken in by an uncle and later moved to Baghdad to live with his uncle Khairallah Talfah, who became a fatherly figure to him.[7]
Under his uncle's guidance, Saddam attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad and briefly studied law at an Iraqi university. In 1957, at the age of 20, he joined the pan-Arab Ba'ath Party, which had a following in Syria and Iraq. Saddam's family connections played a role in his decision to join the party. The revolutionary sentiment was prevalent during that era in Iraq, and Saddam was influenced by the pan-Arab nationalism of leaders like Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt.
In 1958, a year after Saddam's party affiliation, a revolution led by General Abd al-Karim Qasim overthrew King Faisal II of Iraq in the 14 July Revolution.
The Ba'ath Party initially had representation in Qasim's cabinet, but Qasim, cautious about joining Nasser's union between Egypt and Syria, aligned with other groups in Iraq and adopted a policy of "Iraq First." This policy angered pan-Arab organizations, including the Ba'ath Party, which plotted to assassinate Qasim and seize power. Saddam Hussein was recruited to the assassination conspiracy but prematurely began shooting during the ambush, disorganizing the operation. Although Qasim was injured, he survived.
There are differing accounts regarding the involvement of the United States and Egyptian intelligence in the assassination attempt. Some sources suggest a collaboration between the CIA and Egyptian intelligence, while others argue that the U.S. adhered to a nonintervention policy. Available declassified documents indicate that the U.S. was aware of plots against Qasim and was considering various actions, but the extent of collaboration remains a topic of debate.
The failed assassination attempt on Qasim brought widespread exposure to Saddam Hussein and the Ba'ath Party in Iraq, elevating their public image. Saddam's biography and Iraqi television accounts emphasized his familiarity with guns from a young age, his bravery during the operation, and his daring escape. These stories became part of Saddam's public persona during his presidency. Michel Aflaq, the leader of the Ba'athist movement, expelled some leading Iraqi Ba'athist members, including Fuad al-Rikabi, for initiating the attempt on Qasim's life. However, Aflaq secured positions for his own supporters in the Iraqi Ba'ath leadership, one of whom was Saddam. The assassins, including Saddam, eventually escaped to Cairo, Egypt, where they found refuge under President Nasser's protection throughout Qasim's remaining tenure.
After initially fleeing to Syria, Saddam moved to Egypt in February 1960. He continued to live in Egypt until 1963, completing his high school education and briefly pursuing a law degree at Cairo Law School. It is believed that Saddam may have visited the U.S. embassy in Cairo during his exile, and there is evidence suggesting his frequent contact with U.S. officials and intelligence agents. According to a former high-ranking U.S. official, Iraqi Ba'athists, including Saddam, had established contact with American authorities in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Army officers with ties to the Ba'ath Party carried out the February 1963 Ramadan Revolution coup, overthrowing Qasim. The involvement of the CIA in supporting the coup has long been suspected, although relevant contemporary documents remain classified. The Ba'athist leaders appointed to the cabinet were later dismissed and arrested in the November 1963 Iraqi coup. Saddam, who was in Egypt at the time, played no direct role in these events but returned to Iraq afterward and became an organizer within the Ba'ath Party's civilian wing. He was involved in planning to assassinate President Arif but was eventually arrested in 1964, serving about two years in prison before escaping. In 1966, Saddam was appointed Deputy Secretary of the Regional Command and revitalized the party. He also challenged Syrian domination of the Ba'ath Party, leading to its split into two factions. Saddam established a Ba'athist security service under his exclusive control.
In July 1968, Saddam participated in a bloodless coup that ousted Abdul Rahman Arif, led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. While Saddam's direct role in the coup was not significant, he orchestrated the purge of non-Ba'athist factions, including Prime Minister Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif. Saddam personally escorted Naif out of Iraq at gunpoint. Al-Bakr became president, with Saddam as his deputy and deputy chairman of the Ba'athist Revolutionary Command Council. Saddam's behind-the-scenes political influence grew, and by 1969, he had become the driving force behind the party, despite al-Bakr's seniority and prestige.
In 1979, Iran's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown in the Islamic Revolution led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. This led to the establishment of an Islamic republic and the spread of revolutionary Shi'ite Islam, which worried Saddam Hussein in Iraq.
Saddam and Khomeini had a longstanding rivalry, and Khomeini's presence in Iraq fueled tensions. When Khomeini began encouraging Iraqi Shi'ites to overthrow Saddam, Saddam expelled him to France.[8] However, after Khomeini gained power in Iran, skirmishes over the Shatt al-Arab waterway led to increased tensions between Iraq and Iran. Despite publicly advocating for peaceful relations, Saddam privately revealed his intention to invade and occupy a significant part of Iran. He also sought support from the US and Western nations to topple the Islamic government in Iran.
In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, starting with an attack on Tehran's Mehrabad Airport and the seizure of Khuzestan, an oil-rich region declared as a new province of Iraq.[9] Supported by Arab states, the US, and Europe, Saddam Hussein positioned himself as the defender of the Arab world against revolutionary Iran.[10] Despite international law violations and the use of chemical warfare, Iraq received economic and military support.[11] Initially, Iraq made gains but faced losses from Iran's human wave attacks. In 1982, Iraq found itself on the defensive and sought ways to end the war. Amid discussions, Saddam considered stepping down temporarily, but later sacked and arrested Health Minister Dr. Riyadh Ibrahim, who had suggested the idea. Gruesomely, pieces of Ibrahim's dismembered body were delivered to his wife.
During the Iraq-Iran war, Iraq faced a prolonged and destructive war of attrition. They used chemical weapons against Iranian and Kurdish forces, utilizing materials and technology supplied by Western companies. The US provided satellite photos and removed Iraq from the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, aiming to support Iraq's war efforts. The Soviet Union, France, and China were major arms suppliers to Iraq. Saddam sought financial and political support from other Arab governments due to damage to Iraq's oil industry.
The war persisted despite calls for a ceasefire by the UN Security Council, and it finally ended on August 20, 1988. On March 16, 1988, the town of Halabja in Iraq was attacked with mustard gas and nerve agents, resulting in the deaths of 5,000 civilians and severe injuries to 10,000 others. This attack was part of the al-Anfal Campaign, aimed at regaining control over Kurdish areas and defeating rebel forces. Claims that Iran was responsible for the attack have been debunked.
The eight-year war between Iraq and Iran ended in a stalemate, with estimates of casualties ranging from 1 to 2 million. Both sides suffered significant losses, but Iran's were greater. The war left the southern oil-rich region in ruins and the borders largely unchanged. Saddam Hussein borrowed billions of dollars from Arab states and other sources to fund the war, but this strategy backfired, as it boosted Islamic radicalism and created tensions within Iraq. After the war, Saddam sought funds for postwar reconstruction.
The end of the war with Iran heightened tensions between Iraq and Kuwait. Saddam demanded that Kuwait waive Iraq's $30 billion war debt, but they refused. Disputes over oil production and prices further strained relations, as Kuwait refused to cut production, keeping prices low while Iraq needed high prices to repay its debt. Saddam claimed that Kuwait was historically part of Iraq, fueling nationalist sentiments. The significant oil reserves in both countries added to the tensions. Saddam deployed troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border.
As tensions escalated between Iraq and Kuwait, Saddam Hussein received conflicting information about how the US would respond to a potential invasion. The US had previously cultivated a relationship with Iraq, providing significant assistance, including financial aid. In April 1990, Saddam threatened to use chemical weapons against Israel if it took action against Iraq. He also criticized US support for Israel and warned against policies that undermined Arab interests. In response, the US deployed warplanes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf.
During an emergency meeting on July 25, 1990, between the US ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, and Saddam Hussein, tensions were high. Saddam criticized American policy towards Kuwait and the UAE, expressing concerns about their disregard for Iraq's rights. He also warned that Iraq could cause harm if pressured. Glaspie, in response, acknowledged Iraq's need for funds and expressed a lack of opinion on Arab-Arab conflicts. However, she expressed concern about Iraq's deployment of troops and perceived aggression towards Kuwait. Saddam mentioned attempting negotiations with Kuwait but emphasized that Iraq would not accept defeat.
US officials tried to maintain a conciliatory approach with Iraq, expressing a desire to avoid the use of force but refraining from taking a position on the Iraq-Kuwait boundary dispute. However, Saddam Hussein's troops invaded Kuwait after failed negotiations. As tensions escalated, the Soviet Union, led by Mikhail Gorbachev, strengthened its military relationship with Saddam, providing military advisers, arms, and aid.
Main article: Gulf War |
On August 2, 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait, sparking an international crisis. He initially claimed assistance to "Kuwaiti revolutionaries." On August 4, an Iraqi-backed "Provisional Government of Free Kuwait" was proclaimed, but lacked legitimacy and support. This led to an announcement of a "merger" between the two countries on August 8.
Kuwait formally became the 19th Governorate of Iraq on August 28, following the invasion. Saddam's actions occurred just two years after the 1988 Iraq and Iran truce. He overran Kuwait, confronting his Gulf neighbors in the name of Arab nationalism and Islam. When asked why he invaded Kuwait, Saddam first claimed it was Iraq's rightful 19th province. Later, he stated, "When I get something into my head I act. That's just the way I am." Saddam had the means to pursue military aggression due to the funds poured into Iraq by Kuwait and the Gulf states. He also had access to weapons and technology provided by the Soviet Union, Germany, and France.
In addition to economic disputes, an insulting exchange between the Kuwaiti emir and the Iraqi foreign minister played a decisive role in triggering the invasion. Saddam claimed the emir stated his intention to ruin Iraq financially, turning "every Iraqi woman into a $10 prostitute." Before the invasion, Saddam shipped 100 new Mercedes 200 Series cars to top editors in Egypt and Jordan. He reportedly offered Egypt's Hosni Mubarak 50 million dollars in cash, ostensibly for grain, just two days before the attacks. US President George H. W. Bush responded cautiously initially, considering Kuwait's previous hostility towards Israel and its friendly relations with the Soviets. However, concerns about stability in the region, the world economy, and British interests influenced his stance. Cooperation between the US and the Soviet Union led to the passage of UN resolutions setting a deadline for Iraq to leave Kuwait. The fear of Iraqi retaliation against Saudi Arabia, a key US ally, prompted a deployment of troops along the Saudi border with Kuwait and Iraq. During the invasion, Saddam's officers looted Kuwait, even taking the marble from its palaces for Saddam's personal use. Saddam Hussein ignored the Security Council deadline, leading to a US-led coalition launching missile and aerial attacks on Iraq starting on January 16, 1991. Israel refrained from retaliating to maintain the coalition. The coalition's ground forces, primarily US and British divisions, expelled Saddam's army from Kuwait in February 1991 and occupied southern Iraq. On March 6, 1991, President Bush announced the vision of a "new world order" where diverse nations unite for peace, security, freedom, and the rule of law.
The Iraqi army was unable to match the coalition's superior forces and air support. Thousands of Iraqis were taken prisoner, and casualties exceeded 85,000. As part of the cease-fire agreement, Iraq agreed to dismantle chemical and biological weapons and allow UN inspections. Trade sanctions remained until Iraq fully complied. Saddam publicly claimed victory at the end of the war.
See also: Iraq–Israel relations |
Saddam took vice presidency in 1968, a year after the Six-Day War of 1967. In 1973, Iraq participated with other Arab countries for support of Palestine in the Yom Kippur War. During the 1980s, Israel posed Iraq as a security threat. Then government of Israel, led by Menachem Begin, successfully executed Operation Opera in 1981, where an airstrike by the Israeli military and successfully destroyed Osirak Nuclear Reactor. To avenge this operation, Saddam with Yasser Arafat and Hosni Mubarak, planned to kidnap Begin. In 1991, Saddam launched scud missiles to Israel, targeting Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan and Haifa. This movement of Saddam received huge support from Palestinians and rest of Muslim world. Saddam agreed to pay US$74 million as a compensation to Israel. The amount was borrowed from Oil-for-Food Program.[12] He told Syria and Lebanon: “Give me your borders for 1 week and I will liberate Palestine.” Other than being hostile with Israel, Saddam also openly talked about making peace between Israel and Palestine and rest of the Arab world. In 1982, Saddam said to a U.S Congressman:[13]
Existence of an independent Palestinian state accepted by the Palestinians, and it is also necessary to have a state of security for the Israelis. No single Arab official includes in his policy now the so-called destruction of Israel or wiping it out of existence, but there is not one Arab who believes in coexistence with an aggressive and expansionist entity.
During the period of negotiations and threats following the invasion, Saddam Hussein focused attention on the Palestinian problem by promising to withdraw his forces from Kuwait if Israel would relinquish the occupied territories of the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and the Gaza Strip. Saddam's proposal created divisions within the Arab world, with US- and Western-supported Arab states opposing the Palestinians. The allies ultimately rejected any linkage between the Kuwait crisis and the Palestinian issues.
Different perspectives exist regarding Saddam Hussein's relationships with various groups in Iraq, including the Kurds, Turkmens, and Shiites. Some argue that Saddam Hussein's actions were targeted towards separatist movements within these communities rather than a blanket hatred towards all Kurds or Turkmens.
There is evidence to suggest that Iraq's Kurds were granted limited autonomy under Saddam Hussein's regime, particularly during certain periods. T. Y. Ramadan, an important Kurdish politician in Iraq at the time, has expressed that Saddam Hussein provided Kurds with autonomy. On 11 March 1970, Iraqi Kurdish Autonomy Agreement was signed between Saddam Hussein and Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani. This agreement granted autonomy to Kurdish peoples of Iraq over Iraqi Kurdistan region. Owing to Kurdish uprisings of 1991, Kurdistan was granted autonomy, to self govern the Kurd populated areas of Iraq.
I am a Iraqi Turkmen. my family never faced problems with the state for being non-Arab.
Similarly, it is acknowledged that not all Turkmens supported separatist movements, and Saddam Hussein's actions were aimed at those specific groups rather than the entire Turkmen population. The same can be said for Kurdish nationalists, as not all Kurds were involved in separatist activities. Tariq Aziz, a Chaldean, held significant positions in Saddam Hussein's government and was considered a close advisor.
Regarding Shiites, there are differing views on Saddam Hussein's stance towards them. Some argue that he primarily targeted the Dawa Party, which was supported by Iran and sought to introduce the Islamic Revolution in Iraq. The perception of Saddam Hussein's attitude towards the Shiite population as a whole is a subject of debate. Around 55% of Iraqi solider were Shi'ites.
They are not Zionists who tour certain Arab countries to sabotage their political, economic, social and even health security.
Cabinet Minister of Iraq (1998)
Iraq under Saddam Hussein was known for religious tolerance, as different religious minorities coexisted peacefully. During his tenure, more than 1.2 million Christians lived in Iraq, highlighting the country's diverse religious landscape. During Saddam Hussein's rule, the Jewish community in Iraq was treated fairly. They were among the various religious minority groups in the country and had the freedom to practice their religion. The government of Iraq even provided assistance in restoring the Baghdad Synagogue around ten years ago, before his downfall. An incident occurred on 4th October 1998, when a Palestinian man opened fire, which killed four peoples, including both Jews and Muslims. Following the arrest of Palestinian individual, the Iraqi government pledged to ensure prompt justice. As a precautionary measure, police guards were stationed at the synagogue, and the Iraqi Cabinet released a statement denouncing the shooting incident. The Cabinet emphasized that the Jewish community in Iraq are Iraqis, being Iraqi nationals, should not be associated with Zionist activities aimed at disrupting the political, economic, social, and health security of Arab countries. According to Israeli author Sami Michael, while speaking to Al Jazeera Media Network, the government was constructing a new road in Baghdad, whose route passes through an old Jewish cemetery. Saddam Hussein paid to Jewish community of Baghdad to relocate the cemetery, which is now in Israel. Michael said that: "If Saddam was president of Iraq in 1949, 1950, 1951 or 1952, then Jews won't faced persecution in Iraq. Jewish places such as Ezekiel's Tomb were protected during Saddam's regime, by Ba'athist security officers.
Osama bin Laden, leader of Al-Qaeda was preparator of September 11 attacks. Saddam Hussein was alleged by the U.S, involved in the attacks with Al Qaeda. After the 9/11 attacks, in 2002, George W Bush administration planning the overthrow of Saddam and his government. In 2003, U.S and its allies invaded Iraq. After fall of Baghdad, the Ba'athist government was overthrown. Saddam escaped and went to hide in his hometown Tikrit. A statue of Saddam was destroyed by his opponents.
The September 11 attacks in 2001, was preparator by
Main article: Ba'athist Iraq |
Saddam Hussein was widely known for his commitment to the Palestinian cause and his anti-Israel stance. However, the official position of Ba'athist Iraq on the conflict was that the future of Iraq's relation with Israel would be determined by the solution accepted by the Palestinians and withdrawal of Israel from the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights of Syria.
Saddam Hussein sought to position Iraq as a regional power and often engaged in power struggles with neighboring Arab countries. He portrayed himself as a leader of Arab nationalism and criticized Arab states that opposed his policies. However, his actions, especially the invasion of Kuwait, strained Iraq's relations with many Arab nations. During the 1990s, Saddam Hussein's regime faced scrutiny and accusations of developing and possessing weapons of mass destruction. These allegations led to UN inspections and the imposition of sanctions until Iraq complied with disarmament requirements. Ultimately, the claims of WMDs were not substantiated, and the issue played a significant role in the lead-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Saddam Hussein's foreign policy choices, including his confrontations with neighboring countries and the international community, led to Iraq's isolation diplomatically and economically. The country faced numerous sanctions, trade restrictions, and a deteriorating relationship with Western powers.
Iraq under Saddam Hussein was known for religious tolerance, as different religious minorities coexisted peacefully. During his tenure, more than 1.2 million Christians lived in Iraq, highlighting the country's diverse religious landscape. Tariq Aziz, who hold various political positions in the Ba'athist government as a Chaldean and was a close advisor to Saddam Hussein.
During Saddam Hussein's rule, the Jewish community in Iraq was treated fairly. They were among the various religious minority groups in the country and had the freedom to practice their religion. The government of Iraq even provided assistance in restoring the Baghdad Synagogue around ten years ago, before his downfall. An incident occurred on 4th October 1998, when a Palestinian man opened fire, which killed four peoples, including both Jews and Muslims. Following the arrest of Palestinian individual, the Iraqi government pledged to ensure prompt justice. As a precautionary measure, police guards were stationed at the synagogue, and the Iraqi Cabinet released a statement denouncing the shooting incident. The Cabinet emphasized that the Jewish community in Iraq are Iraqis, being Iraqi nationals, should not be associated with Zionist activities aimed at disrupting the political, economic, social, and health security of Arab countries. According to Israeli author Sami Michael, while speaking to Al Jazeera Media Network, the government was constructing a new road in Baghdad, whose route passes through an old Jewish cemetery. Saddam Hussein paid to Jewish community of Baghdad to relocate the cemetery, which is now in Israel. Michael said that: "If Saddam was president of Iraq in 1949, 1950, 1951 or 1952, then Jews won't faced persecution in Iraq. Jewish places such as Ezekiel's Tomb were protected during Saddam's regime, by Ba'athist security officers.
Before the Gulf War, Iraq had a strong military in the Middle East and the Arab world.
Nationalization of oil was implemented, which aimed to achieve economic independence. By the late 1970s, Iraq experienced significant economic growth, with a budget reserve surpassing US$35 billion and the value of 1 Iraqi dinar reaching more than 3 dollars, making it one of the most notable economic expansions in the region. The government provided subsidies on basic necessities such as food, fuel, and housing, which helped ensure access to essential commodities for the population. The government implemented a public distribution system (ration card system) that provided basic food items to the population at subsidized prices. Ssddam Hussein's regime aimed to diversify the Iraqi economy beyond oil. The government invested in various industries, including petrochemicals, fertilizer production, and textile manufacturing, to reduce dependence on oil revenues and promote economic self-sufficiency.
Saddam Hussein also took steps to promote women's rights within Iraq. By the late 1970s, women in Iraq held significant roles in society, representing 46 percent of all teachers, 29 percent of all doctors, 46 percent of all dentists, and 70 percent of all pharmacists. These advancements signaled progress in women's participation in various professional fields.
Saddam Hussein, who served as the President of Iraq for 24 years and as Vice President for 11 years, implemented several initiatives during his tenure that were viewed as beneficial for the country. These efforts included the nationalization of oil, which aimed to achieve economic independence.
One notable achievement was the provision of free education to all Iraqi citizens. This policy contributed to a significant decrease in the illiteracy rate, reaching some of the lowest levels in the country's history. UNESCO even recognized Saddam Hussein's efforts in the 1980s, honoring him for this educational milestone.
Infrastructure development was another area of focus during Saddam Hussein's rule. Considerable investments were made in constructing roads, bridges, canals, universities, hospitals, and more than 5,500 schools across Iraq. These infrastructure projects aimed to enhance the country's overall development and improve the quality of life for its citizens. The establishment of a strong military was prioritized to maintain stability, enforce law and order, and safeguard the country from terrorist groups. This emphasis on national security contributed to Iraq's relative stability during Saddam Hussein's rule.
Furthermore, Iraq developed a comprehensive and free healthcare system during the 1970s, which was considered one of the most robust systems in the Middle East. This initiative aimed to provide accessible healthcare services to all Iraqi citizens
After trial, Saddam was sentenced to death, for his crimes against humanity, by involving in Dujail Massacre, killing of more than 140 Shias.
The year Saddam took power in Iraq, he sent $250,000 to the Chaldean Christians (a sect of Christianity with roots in modern-day Iraq) in Detroit. Saddam was then presented the key to the city of Detroit, courtesy of then-Mayor Coleman Young. Hussein then gave the church another $200,000. Despite the hostile relationships between the two countries, Saddam donated 8.94 million USD to the American poor in 2001. The day before President George W. Bush took office, Saddam Hussein sought to send $94 million to the United States.
According to various perspectives, Saddam Hussein, the former dictator of Iraq, evoked different sentiments among different groups of people. Many Arabs saw him as a leader who stood up against Western imperialism, the Israeli occupation of Palestine, and foreign intervention in the region. However, for the majority of Iraqis, Saddam was seen as a tyrant whose 25-year reign from 1979 to 2003 was characterized by brutal authoritarianism, repression, and injustices, particularly against the country's Shia and Kurdish communities.
A large number of development projects in Iraq were launched, which includes leadership of Saddam Hussein. An expansion of Baghdad International Airport was laid by Saddam, which was named after him.
“Iraq under Saddam had global influence, a developed economy, strong dinar [local currency], welfare, housing, health, education, bridges, roads, dams, airports, self-sufficiency and a respected passport,”
Cabinet Minister of Iraq (1998)
The memory of Saddam Hussein remains divisive and polarizing, even two decades after the 2003 United States-led invasion of Iraq, which aimed to free the Iraqi people from his oppressive rule, according to former US President George W. Bush. However, for many, the invasion resulted in economic and political chaos that inadvertently enhanced Saddam's legacy and elevated his standing. Before Saddam's rise to power in 1979, the Baath regime he was affiliated with advocated for anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism. It called for Arab unity, implemented nationalization policies in the early 1970s to gain control over foreign-held shares in Iraqi oil, and pursued diversified economic development, improvements in education, infrastructure, and social services.
Under Saddam's leadership, Iraq's Baath party formed the Arab Liberation Front and joined the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in support of the Palestinian cause. The party believed that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was not solely a Palestinian issue but an Arab one that Iraq should fight for. Saddam's portrayal as a defender of Arab interests, particularly the Palestinian cause, garnered support from many Arabs. A defining moment in Saddam's image came during the early hours of January 18, 1991, when he launched Scud missiles towards Israel in response to the US-led assault on Baghdad following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. This act resonated with many Arabs who saw Saddam as standing up for them when other Arab leaders did not. Saddam also provided refuge to thousands of Palestinians in Iraq, granting them equal rights as Iraqi citizens. This was in contrast to the conditions faced by Palestinian refugees in other Arab countries, who often lived in refugee camps with limited access to employment, healthcare, and education. Palestinians in Saddam's Iraq enjoyed special status, including eligibility for state jobs, free education, and state housing.
For some individuals, particularly those growing up in the 1980s and 1990s, Saddam's powerful speeches in defense of Palestinian and Arab rights served as an outlet for frustrations towards what they perceived as the impotence of Arab leaders against Western interventions. They viewed Saddam as a voice for their shared cause, placing less emphasis on his governance of Iraq.
Due to his strong influence, his name was top choice to Muslim parents for naming their child, specially in India. Saddam Hussein was an admirer of Indian politician Indira Gandhi, with whom, he met, during an international trip to Indian capital New Delhi in 1974.
Bank of Palestine becomes the first bank in the Middle East to sign up to Citi’s Sustainable Deposit Solution.[14]
Jerusalem, also known as Al–Quds or Yerusalem, is an ancient city, nestled on the mountainous range of Judea. It is for being significant to world’s three major Abrahamic religions – Christianity, Islam and Judaism. The population in the city limits is around 9 thousand, while its metropolitan area is home to more than 1.5 million peoples. Jerusalem is divided into East and West, as a part of Palestinian territory (West Bank) and Israel’s Jerusalem District.
Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, which created disputes over the city’s status. Today’s Jerusalem is politically divided between Israel and Palestine. After the 1948 war, West Jerusalem went in hands of Israel and Eastern sector gone to Jordan. After 1967 war, Israel occupied East Jerusalem and passed Jerusalem Law in 1980, declaring unified Jerusalem as its undivided capital. Signed in 1993, based on Oslo Accords, some areas in and around Jerusalem were designated as Palestinian enclaves, where Palestinian government controls. Nevertheless, Israel have established its administrative center in Jerusalem and Palestine foresees it as a seat of government. Overall, Jerusalem is subjected to in future negotiations, where a satisfying accord can define the city’s status between Israel and Palestine
According to the Oslo Accords, Jerusalem was subject to future negotiations, and the Palestinian Authority's operations in Jerusalem were restricted. Under the Oslo Accords, many neighborhoods of the city were designated as either Area A or Area B, where the Palestinian Authority had varying degrees of control. The neighborhoods where the Palestinian Authority exercises complete or partial administration include Sur Baher, Kafr 'Aqab, 'Arab al-Jahalin, Al-Ram, Beit Hanina, Bethany, Al-Walaja, Jabel Mukaber (Ash-Sheikh Sa'd), Dahiyat al-Barid, and Umm Tuba. Additionally, towns and villages in the Jerusalem Governorate are also classified as Palestinian enclaves.
Despite international recognition of East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory, the Palestinian government maintains its temporary administrative center in Ramallah, which is just 10km from Jerusalem. Palestinian Authority has designated the East Jerusalem metropolitan area, which also includes Bethlehem and Ramallah.
The Palestinian Authority maintains a regional office and an electoral office in Dahiyat al-Barid. The offices of Jerusalem Affairs are located in Abu Dis, which is also the location of the Palestinian Ministry of Interior. In 2000, a parliament building was constructed in Abu Dis to house the Palestinian Legislative Council. However, the intifada and the erection of a barrier made Abu Dis unsuitable as a capital. Foreign consulates of the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Greece, Turkey, Sweden, Spain, and Belgium are located in Jerusalem, serving Palestine rather than Israel. The British Consulate General is located in Sheikh Jarrah, which is currently controlled by Israel. The Consulate General of France declares itself independent from Israel and serves only Palestinians.
Throughout the years, there have been indications of economic growth in the city; however, it is worth noting that since 1967, East Jerusalem has faced developmental disparities compared to West Jerusalem. This discrepancy is evident in various statistics. Despite these challenges, it is interesting to observe that the percentage of households with employed individuals is higher among Arab households (76.1%) compared to Jewish households (66.8%). These figures highlight a notable trend in the labor force dynamics within the city.
Poverty continues to be a significant issue in the city, with a substantial portion of families in Jerusalem living below the poverty line. In 2011, approximately 37% of families were classified as living in poverty. The situation is particularly challenging for the Arab population, as reported by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI). According to their findings, the percentage of Arabs living in poverty in Jerusalem increased from 64% in 2006 to 78% in 2012. The ACRI attributes this rise to various factors such as limited employment opportunities, inadequate infrastructure, and a deteriorating educational system. Another perspective, put forth by Ir Amim, points to the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem as a contributing factor to their poverty.
With the increase in the literacy rate among Palestinians, several successful initiatives, projects, and reforms have been introduced to improve the Palestinian economy in Jerusalem. The Palestine Investment Fund, the investment arm of the Palestinian government, has launched and approved numerous projects in the real estate, tourism, hospitality, and retail sectors in Jerusalem. Notably, the construction of a large shopping mall called Baladi Mall is underway in Beit Hanina. Amaar Group has also launched three projects in Jerusalem: the Golden Gate Hotel, Jerusalem Commercial Center, and Beit Hanina Hills. In 2022, prominent Palestinian industrialist Bashar Masri initiated a significant residential project called "Lana," located in Beit Hanina. Jerusalem has also seen a recent tech boom, with the city developing as a high-tech hub for Palestinian entrepreneurs, second only to Ramallah. In 2023, Jerusalem Municipality inaugurated a technology park named EasTech in Sheikh Jarrah, aimed at employing Palestinians. This project received investments from companies such as AT&T, HP, Intel, Intuit, Natural Intelligence, and Unity.
Palestinian companies such as Paltel Group, Jawwal, Bank of Palestine, Palestine Investment Fund and Arab Palestinian Investment Company
Industrial zones, managed by Palestinian Authority around Jerusalem are Bir Nabala, Al-Judeira, Abu Dis and Bethany. A large number of factories located in these areas, engaged in manufacture of marbles, processed foods, cigarettes, concrete, chemical products, and auto components. Sioniora Food operates its Palestinian headquarter and large factory in Eizariya.
Historically, Jerusalem have been known for its religious sites, thus tourism is the most important source of economy for the city. During Ayyub and Ottoman rule, heavy investments were made in the city's development. After the 1948 war, both West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem experienced economic development.
Jewish sector of Jerusalem is prosperous and developed in comparison to Arabian sector. Due to which, many Palestinian companies have move their manufacturing facilities to suburban areas of Jerusalem such as Eizariya and Bir Nabala. Israel's tech boom have contributed greatly in economic development of modern Jerusalem. Three largest industrial parks in Jerusalem — Har Hotzvim, Jerusalem Technology Park and Atarot Industrial Park house several multinational companies' facilities, which includes Intel, Cisco Systems, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Mellanox Technologies, IBM, Mobileye, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic and Mercedes-Benz etc.
Due to political disputes and occupation of East Jerusalem, Palestinian neighborhoods lag behind in development, comparable to West Jerusalem. Nevertheless, the households with employed persons is higher in Arab sector than the Jewish sector. Since occupation of most of the neighborhoods in East Jerusalem, where Palestinian companies located pay taxes to the government of Israel. Only 30% of Palestinians receive building permits. Most of the construction projects of Palestinians, often faces obstacles by Israeli authorities.
Three industrial areas managed by the Palestinian Authority are located around Jerusalem — Abu Dis, Bir Nabala and Bethany, which houses several factories, manufacturing food products, leathers, textiles, apparels and auto parts (like tires and brakes). Palestinian companies such as the Palestine Investment Fund, Siniora Food, Sinokrot Holding, Masar International, Jerusalem District Electricity Company, Bank of Palestine and APIC have operations in the city. Bank of Palestine have a branch in Dahiyat al Barid, which serves to Palestinian Jerusalemites.[15]
With the increase in the literacy rate among Palestinians, several successful initiatives, projects, and reforms have been introduced to improve the Palestinian economy in Jerusalem. The Palestine Investment Fund, the investment arm of the Palestinian government, has launched and approved numerous projects in real estate, tourism, hospitality, and retail sectors in Jerusalem. Notably, the construction of a large shopping mall called Baladi Mall is underway in Beit Hanina. Amaar Group has also launched three projects in Jerusalem: the Golden Gate Hotel, Jerusalem Commercial Center, and Beit Hanina Hills. In 2022, prominent Palestinian industrialist Bashar Masri initiated a significant residential project called "Lana" located in Beit Hanina. Jerusalem has also seen a recent tech boom, with the city developing as a high-tech hub for Palestinian entrepreneurs, second only to Ramallah. In 2023, the Jerusalem Municipality inaugurated a technology park named EasTech in Sheikh Jarrah, aimed at employing Palestinians. This project received investments from companies such as AT&T, HP, Intel, Intuit, Natural Intelligence, and Unity.
As a part of Silicon Wadi project, Jerusalem Municipality and the Jerusalem Foundation opened EasTech, a high tech complex in Sheikh Jarrah, where many Palestinian programmers are employed. The project was invested by AT&T, HP, Intel, Intuit, Natural Intelligence and Unity.
Most educational institutions were funded by trusts, with one of the largest being the "Salahiyyah" (named after its founder, Salah-eddin, in the 12th century). However, these centers of learning, along with other government and community institutes and activities, experienced a decline during the 19th century.
The idea to establish "Al Aqsa" university in Jerusalem was proposed in 1931 but remained a concept.[16] The occupation of West Jerusalem and the Palestinian Diaspora hindered its realization. In the 1950s, the idea was revived, but Jordan focused on establishing a university in Amman instead.[16] The Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem further delayed the establishment of an Arab university.[16] In the early 1970s, discussions resumed to establish a Palestinian university, resulting in the transformation of existing institutions into universities in the West Bank.[16] Jerusalem was overlooked once again.[16]
In the late 1970s, independent colleges were established in Jerusalem and its surroundings.[16] The College of Daawa and Religious Principles, College of Medical Professions, and College of Science and Technology were founded in 1978 and 1979. In 1982, the College of Hind Al-Husseini for Women and the Center for Islamic Archaeology were established.[16]
In 1984, steps were taken to unify these colleges, aiming for recognition by the Union of Arab Universities.[16] A coordinating committee was formed, allowing the colleges to maintain their separation. The Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1994.[16] In 1995, all colleges and faculties officially amalgamated, establishing Al-Quds University. New centers and colleges were opened or merged, offering a comprehensive range of academic programs. The university emphasized engagement with society, becoming a distinct entity.[16]
Over the past years, Al Quds University has experienced mounting pressure from the Israeli government, both politically and militarily.[16] In 2013 alone, the Israeli army launched 26 separate attacks on the university campus in Abu Dis, resulting in 1,769 injuries to students and staff.[17] Notably, one of these attacks even occurred during a visit by the U.S. Consul-General to the campus. In the early weeks of 2014, the Israeli army conducted three additional attacks on the Abu Dis campus.[18] Staff and students frequently face summonses, arrests, and intimidation, both at the Abu Dis campus and the premises in the Old City, which have been raided and occasionally closed on multiple occasions.[19]
Simultaneously, the university has been engaged in legal and political battles to secure its existence. Since 17 years, it has faced the threat of closure by the Israeli authorities.[20] Despite being fully accredited and licensed by relevant Palestinian bodies, and internationally recognized, the Israeli authorities in occupied East Jerusalem, insist that the university obtain Israeli accreditation or face closure and arrests of its administration. However, Israel has also prevented the university from functioning as a unified entity, forcing it to split into two separate institutions. Al Quds University's attempts to meet Israeli requirements have been unsuccessful thus far.[21]
The idea of revitalizing Jerusalem's role as an educational hub was proposed at an All-Islamic conference held in Jerusalem in 1931. The conference called for the establishment of a university named "Al Aqsa" in honor of the Islamic shrine in Al-Quds. Nevertheless, this university remained a mere concept, with only the Arab College being founded at the end of the British Mandate period in Palestine. The sense of pride in this achievement, however, was quickly overshadowed by the dismantling of Palestine, the occupation of West Jerusalem, and the Palestinian Diaspora. The idea of creating Al-Quds University, on the remaining land of Jerusalem, was revived again in the 1950s. By that time, the West Bank had been annexed to Jordan, with Amman as its capital. Jordan's efforts naturally focused on establishing a university in Amman instead. Meanwhile, the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967 had a significant and ongoing impact on the city. The establishment of an Arab university in Jerusalem was once again put on hold.
In the early 1970s, discussions resumed to establish a Palestinian university capable of accommodating the increasing number of students graduating from schools in the West Bank and Gaza. Due to the circumstances created by the 1967 occupation, these students faced difficulties in pursuing higher education in the Arab world. Although there were calls to locate a university in Jerusalem, the prevailing opinion was that establishing it outside the Israeli-occupied East Jerusalem would prevent it from falling under Israel's control. Gradually, certain well-established educational institutions in the West Bank transformed into universities, such as Birzeit and Al-Najjah, followed by other universities in Hebron and Bethlehem. Once again, Jerusalem/Al-Quds was overlooked.
During the late seventies, several independent colleges were established in Jerusalem and its surrounding areas to address specific educational needs. The first initiative took place in 1978 with the establishment of the College of Daawa and Religious Principles in Beit-Hanina. This was followed by the creation of the Colleges of Medical Professions and Science and Technology in Al-Bireh and Abu-Dis, respectively, in 1979. In 1982, the College of Hind Al-Husseini for Women (Faculty of Arts) and the Center for Islamic Archaeology were formed in the Sheikh Jarrah district.
The vision of a university in the capital city, Jerusalem, began to take shape in 1984 when steps were taken to unify these colleges. This step was necessary for the recognition of their degrees by the Union of Arab Universities. A coordinating committee was established, comprising representatives from the various college boards of trustees. Thus, an evolving process of "confederacy" began, allowing the colleges to maintain their legal separation. In 1994, the Faculty of Medicine was founded.
The official amalgamation of all colleges and faculties was fully realized in 1995. A "basic law" of the university was endorsed, followed by the refinement of integrated bylaws that were subsequently put into effect. This paved the way for the establishment of Al-Quds University as a unified institution. New centers and colleges were opened or merged, and a comprehensive range of academic programs and educational plans were implemented, emphasizing a positive concept of engagement with society. Finally, Al-Quds University came into existence as a distinct entity.
For over three decades, Al Quds University has been an esteemed academic institution in Jerusalem. It holds a prominent position in the country and ranks as a leading institution in the Arab world, boasting the highest number of peer-reviewed publications per faculty member annually. The university encompasses various faculties and departments, including the first Palestinian schools of law and medicine. It is also home to museums dedicated to mathematics, science, and prisoners' affairs, as well as research centers focusing on nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and environmental sciences. Additionally, the university houses centers for community action, legal aid clinics, an educational television station, and a media laboratory. With approximately 1,300 staff members, Al Quds University delivers educational services to around 13,000 students, including those pursuing MA degrees.
Al Quds University operates across two main campuses. The larger campus is located in Abu Dis, situated on the outskirts of Jerusalem, while a smaller "city" campus is situated within East Jerusalem, encompassing the Old City and its surroundings. The city campus, hosting around 1,000 students, accommodates numerous institutes and research centers. In recent years, the separation wall has divided the Abu Dis campus from the Jerusalem city campus, leading to legal and practical challenges. The university has faced significant obstacles in carrying out educational activities in East Jerusalem due to restricted access for both students and professors.
Over the past years, Al Quds University has experienced mounting pressure from the Israeli government, both politically and militarily. In 2013 alone, the Israeli army launched 26 separate attacks on the university campus in Abu Dis, resulting in 1,769 injuries to students and staff. Notably, one of these attacks even occurred during a visit by the U.S. Consul-General to the campus. In the early weeks of 2014, the Israeli army conducted three additional attacks on the Abu Dis campus, causing significant injuries and damage. Staff and students frequently face summonses, arrests, and intimidation, both at the Abu Dis campus and the premises in the Old City, which have been raided and occasionally closed on multiple occasions.
Simultaneously, the university has been engaged in legal and political battles to secure its existence. For the past seventeen years, it has faced the threat of closure by the Israeli authorities. Despite being fully accredited and licensed by relevant Palestinian bodies, and internationally recognized, the Israeli authorities in East Jerusalem, considered occupied territories under international law, insist that the university obtain Israeli accreditation or face closure and arrests of its administration. However, Israel has also prevented the university from functioning as a unified entity, forcing it to split into two separate institutions. Al Quds University's attempts to meet Israeli requirements have been unsuccessful thus far.
Ultimately, Al Quds University was compelled to seek accreditation for its "city" campus as a separate institution under Israeli jurisdiction. This decision was made based on an informal agreement with the Israeli Ministry and Council of Higher Education, which promised automatic recognition of all degrees held by the university's graduates. Despite significant efforts, including hiring a prominent Israeli lawyer in this field, the application has faced prolonged delays by the Israeli authorities. Additionally, the Israeli authorities reneged on their commitment to retroactively recognize the university's degrees. The university's file is now reportedly being handled by the Prime Minister's Office. Even if the Israeli authorities eventually recognize the university's city campus as a separate Israeli-regulated entity in East Jerusalem, the consequences of the forced split would remain in terms of finances, administration, and other aspects.
Israel's refusal to recognize Al Quds University degrees has significant implications. Graduates are unable to work and establish lives in Jerusalem, particularly in crucial sectors such as medicine, health professions, and education, which are regulated by Israeli authorities and face a severe shortage of professionals. For instance, it is estimated that approximately 10,000 school-age children in East Jerusalem lack access to education. Graduates from Al Quds University's Hind Husseini College for Girls, located in Sheikh Jarrah, are unable to teach in Jerusalem schools due to the non-recognition of their degrees by Israel. Similarly, the university's distinguished College of Medicine graduates are unable to practice in Jerusalem, where the main Palestinian hospital, Makassed, is located. Moreover, the university plays a central role as the primary remaining Palestinian institution in Jerusalem, contributing to essential activities in the city, including cultural initiatives through the Centre for Jerusalem Studies, social welfare programs through the Community Action Centre, and the Child Institute's work with learning disabilities and therapy. All of these activities are now under threat.
Al Quds University has exhausted its legal options. Palestinians residing in Jerusalem have the right to education and to live and work in the city. Al Quds University has the right to exist as a university in East Jerusalem. In September 1993, as Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords, Shimon Peres, then Israel's Foreign Minister (now President), formally stated in the Knesset and reiterated in a letter to Minister Holst of Norway on October 11, 1993, thatAl Quds University would be recognized as a Palestinian institution in Jerusalem. However, this recognition has not been fully implemented by the Israeli authorities.
The situation of Al Quds University reflects the broader challenges faced by Palestinians in Jerusalem, including restrictions on movement, residency rights, and access to education and healthcare. The university continues to operate under difficult circumstances and strives to provide quality education and contribute to the development of Palestinian society.
Al Quds University, which is around 40 years old, is a merger of four prominent institutions in Jerusalem. After establishment of the Hebrew University for Jewish sector by Zionist Congress, a plan for establishing a Palestinian university was released at All Islamic Conference. In 1931, the first time, the idea of an Arab university in Jerusalem was expressed. However this plan remained just as a plan. After the 1948 war, when East Jerusalem came under the control of Jordan, focus of the government was to develop Amman as the education center. Jerusalem was not exploited as an education hub for Arabs.
After the Six Day war of 1967, Israel gained control whole of East Jerusalem
Oldest among them is College of Arts in Sheikh Jarrah. It was founded by Hind al-Husseini, a Palestinian educator, who is known for rescuing the orphaned survivors of Deir Yassin massacre
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Falastin | |
---|---|
Status | Disputed |
Capital | East Jerusalem (disputed) Ramallah (temporary) |
Muqata | Ramallah |
Largest city | Gaza |
Official languages | Arabic |
Recognized national languages | Arabic |
Recognized regional languages | Hebrew |
Common languages | Arabic, Hebrew |
Ethnic groups | Palestinians |
Religion | Islam, Christianity |
Demonym(s) | Palestinian |
Non-member observer state | United Nations |
Government | Democratic, Semi-presidential |
Mahmoud Abbas | |
Shtayyeh | |
Yahya Sinwar | |
Legislature | Palestine Legislative Council |
Disputed | |
History | |
• Established | 1988 |
Population | |
• 2016 estimate | 5.5 million |
• Census | 2016 |
GDP (PPP) | estimate |
• Total | $44 billion |
• Per capita | $6,575 |
GDP (nominal) | estimate |
• Total | $20 billion |
Currency | Shekel, Jordanian Dinar |
Website https://www.palgov.ps/en |
Palestine is a country located in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It shares borders with Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. The population of Palestine consists primarily of Palestinians, who consider the country their homeland. Palestine encompasses the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. It has a diverse population and is known for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance. The region has a distinct identity and is recognized as the ancestral homeland of the Palestinian people.
During its historic period, Palestine has witnessed a rich and diverse history. Situated at the crossroads of ancient civilizations, Palestine has been inhabited by various peoples, including Canaanites, Israelites, Philistines, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, and others. The region holds significant religious and cultural importance for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Throughout history, Palestine has experienced conquests, conflicts, and cultural exchanges.
After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Palestine underwent a complex history. With the British mandate, tensions between Jewish and Arab communities intensified. In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan, leading to the establishment of Israel in 1948 and subsequent armed conflicts with neighboring Arab nations. The Oslo Accords in the 1990s led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority in parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict persists, with ongoing disputes over borders, settlements, and the status of Jerusalem, hindering a lasting resolution and peace in the region.
The current situation in Palestine is marked by ongoing challenges due to the conflict. It struggles with border disputes, settlements, and Jerusalem persist, impacting economic stability. The occupation of the West Bank and the blockade on Gaza have led to restricted movement and limited access to resources. Efforts have been made to promote economic development, with positive strides in sectors such as technology, tourism, and renewable energy. It achieved 17th global position in Open Data Inventory.[22] However, sustainable progress hinges on resolving the conflict and establishing an independent Palestinian state. Gaza is largest city of Palestine. East Jerusalem is proclaimed and official capital, with temporary administrative center is in financial hub Ramallah, while Hebron is industrial hub for country.[23]
Main articles: History of Palestine and History of the State of Palestine |
See also: Temple in Jerusalem and Muslim conquest of the Levant |
Places around Palestine have been mentioned in religious texts such as Bible, Torah, Quran and Ginza Rabba. Early inhabitants of the region are Israelites (Bani Israel), who are considered as a part of broader Canaanites. City of David in Jerusalem is considered to be one of the earliest settlements in the region.
Abraham settled in this region which was known as Canaan at that time. Ishmael, one of his son left for Arabia. While his another son Isaac remained with him. Jacob, son of Isaac had twelve sons. One of them, Joseph became minister of Egypt and called his remaining brothers. They flourished in every field and became a powerful community. They became twelve tribes of Israelites. Fearing by their rising power, Pharaoh oppressed and enslaved them. Levi's son Moses was chosen by God to liberate them. After successfully liberating them, his next target was attack and conquer Jerusalem and rest of Canaan. However, Israelites refused Moses. As a punishment, God ordered them to stay in a desert of Sinai Peninsula for 40 years. After 40 years, Israelites formed under Joshua and conquered it. But they could not handle the region for a longer time. For next 400 years, they could not capture this territory. Finally, under the leadership David, they successfully conquered Canaan. Solomon, son of David, built Solomon's Temple and kept Ark of the Covenant.
Solomon belonged to the tribe of Judah. His son, Rehoboam could not become sharp like him. Due to which, clashes began between these twelve tribes. This great kingdom was divided into two parts — Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah. Only tribe of Benjamin and Judah remained united, while other ten tribes formed Kingdom of Israel. Because of this clashes, God cursed them in the shape of Neo-Assyrian Empire, who conquered Kingdom of Israel, by which a large number of Israelites fled to East of Euphrates. Gradually, the religion and culture of those lost tribes changed. Only Benjamin tribe and Judah tribe remained in old religion of Israelites. Judah was powerful and used to rule, that's why it was named as Kingdom of Judah. Because of this kingdom and its people, today Judaism came as a religion and these peoples are known as Jews.
Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylonia attacked Judah, the Solomonic Temple was destroyed and many Jews were killed. Remaining Jews were enslaved and held in captivity in Babylon for 70 years. 70 years later, a noble Persian king, Cyrus the Great conquered Babylonia and freed Jewish people. He also funded in construction of Second Temple. Jewish rule lasted for 400 years, until the invasion of Roman Empire. In Romanian siege, once again the Jerusalem's Temple was destroyed and could not built till date. The invasion marked by massacres, riots and clashes. Jews were expelled by Roman Empire. It was the Roman Empire, who named this place as Palestine for the first time. With rapid growth of Caliphate, with an year, Roman and Persian Empire were conquered. After conquering much of Levant, Patriarch Sophronius agreed to handover Jerusalem to Caliphate, once Umar comes and meet him. Finally, after the meeting, Palestine including Jerusalem came under control of Muslims.
In 1099, Crusaders gathered troops from Europe and conquered Palestine. Thousands of Muslims and Jews were killed and massacred. They ruled for 90 years. In 1189, Salahuddin of Ayyubid dynasty invaded and took control of Palestine. Later the sovereignty went to hands of Mamluk Sultanate and later to Ottoman Empire.
See also: Zionism, Ottoman Empire in World War I, and Palestinian nationalism |
The fled Jewish community were facing hardship in Europe. They were discriminated and oppressed by Christians, for centuries long religious conflict related to Jesus. Theodor Herzl, founded concept of Zionism. It means, Jews having their own country. In beginning, Jews were against but later it started taking a political shape. As part of Aliyah, Jews starting immigrating Palestine. On other hands, Palestine was still in control of Ottoman Empire under leadership of Sultan Abdul Hamid, where Muslims were majority and Jews and Christians also used to live without conflict.
Arabs of Palestine were fed up by the rule of Ottoman Empire, because they were culturally different and wanted to liberate themselves. To accomplish this plan, they secretly met British government and agreed to support them in war against Ottoman Empire. In return they will be given and independent country. A similar proposal was made by British to Jewish community of Europe, seeking financial support in overthrowing Ottoman Empire. In return, British will support in establishing a Jewish state. In 1917, Arthur Balfour wrote a declaration, stating British government's plan of establishing a Jewish country in Palestine and assured that Muslims already living their won't be harmed.
After the fall of Ottoman Empire in World War I, British army occupied Palestine and established Mandatory Palestine in 1920. Jewish people began immigrating Palestine. They built houses, institutes and factories with support of British. Arabs felt ignored by British in regard of their independent country. In beginning they tolerate. Later they started a strike focusing on Palestinian nationalism. In 1937, Peel Commission formed which proposed division of Palestine, into two parts, one for Jewish and another for Arabs. This plan was rejected by Arabs. Their strike continued until release of While Paper in 1939. White Paper rejected Peel Commission and proposed unified Palestine as a country for both Arabs and Jews. Zionists rejected White Paper and clashed with British and Arabs. Zionist groups such as Irgun, Lehi (Stern Gang) and Haganah conducted terrorist attacks on British and Arab civilians. Notable attacks include Haifa Oil Refinery massacre, Deir Yassin massacre and King David Hotel bombing. Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir were few big names behind these attacks.
See also: Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world and Arab and Muslim rescue efforts during the Holocaust |
In beginning of World War II, Hitler led Nazi Government planned and started exterminating European Jews. Then mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini supported Hitler. On other hands, a large number of Palestinians opposed Husseini. Around 12,000 Palestinians were trained by British Army to fought Nazis. In rescue efforts, many Palestinians welcomed Jews and provided no-objection in giving refugee to Holocaust survivors. Also, remaining European Jews had no other option than migrating Palestine. After World War II, British decided to leave Palestine. By 1947, British began living Palestine and handed over the responsibility of solving clashes to the United Nations. Zionists and Palestinians came face-to-face in clashes. UN prepared a partition plan for Israel and Palestine. This plan received 72% of votes in favor. While the Arab League and countries like India and Pakistan rejected this plan. On 14th May 1948, David Ben Gurion declared independence of Israel and became first prime minister.
See also: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six-Day War of 1967 |
Prior to Israel's establishment, neighboring Arab countries attacked Israel and declared first Arab—Israeli war in 1948. Shockingly, alone Israel defeated all Arab countries. Israel also occupied few parts of areas allotted to Palestinians as per UN plan. After this war, West Bank and East Jerusalem went in control of Jordan and Gaza Strip under control of Egypt. In 1956, a war between Egypt and a coalition of Britain, France and Israel takes place. Many Palestinians were killed in Rafah massacre and Khan Yunis massacre, as a part of Suez Crisis. In 1964, Yasser Arafat formed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) with mission to combat the Zionist entity and bring back Palestine. Due to some kinds of misunderstandings, an unexpected war again took place between Israel and Arab coalition and PLO also participates in the war. The war ended with Israeli victory. As a result, Israel occupied whole Palestinian territories of West Bank and Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and Golan Heights of Syria.
Yom Kippur War of 1973 was the last major war between Israel and Arab coalition. Once again, Arab coalition lost the war. Israel also had support of Western countries. Following end of war, then Saudi Arabian King, Shah Faisal setup an oil embargo to countries that supported Israel. It led to an oil crisis. Which caused his assassination. In midst of conflict, Palestinians wanted their own country. PLO, initially by taking arms, hijacked planes and ships and raised voice for country. PLO was declared as a terrorist group by Israel, the United States and few countries. However, some countries like India and Japan considered it only as a revolutionary group. In 1974, PLO officially get recognition in UN as a representative of Palestinians.
A peace treaty between Israel during Menachem Begin ministry and Egypt led by Anwar Sadat successfully held. In return, Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt. However, following this move Sadat was killed in an attack by Egyptian extremist. Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamic charitable organization in Gaza was funded by Israel, since they used to preach messages on non-violence and peace. In 1987, an incident in Gaza led broke out of First Intifada. In midst of the intifada, Yasser Arafat declared establishment of Palestine and claiming East Jerusalem as its capital.
After declaration of independence, intifada continued, with mass loses for both Palestinians and Israelis. In beginning of Gulf War, after invading Kuwait, Saddam sent a peace offer to Israel and the United States, to withdraw from Palestinian territories.[24] In exchange, he will withdraw from Kuwait and will come forward for peace talks. At the time of Gulf War, where then Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, for Palestinian cause, fire scud missiles in Israel in 1991. Saddam received applause by the Palestinians. Later he agreed to pay compensation for this attack.[25]
During the period of the intifada, secret meetings took place between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). In 1993, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, in the presence of then-U.S. President Bill Clinton, engaged in face-to-face negotiations. This significant negotiation, known as the Oslo Accords, was held in Oslo, Norway. Arafat acknowledged Israel's right to exist and conveyed his acceptance in a letter addressed to Rabin and Clinton, officially recognizing Israel. In response, Rabin wrote a letter to Arafat, acknowledging the official recognition of the PLO and clarifying that it should not be categorized as a terrorist group. As per the Oslo Accords, a Palestinian government was established. The agreement allocated a limited amount of land to the PLO, which faced opposition among Palestinians, despite their acceptance. Hamas, in opposition to the agreement, carried out terrorist attacks targeting Israeli civilians in cities like Tel Aviv and Haifa. Simultaneously, a number of Jewish extremists also opposed the peace efforts. One such tragic incident was the massacre perpetrated by Baruch Goldstein at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, resulting in the loss of approximately 29 Palestinian lives. In 1995, Yigal Amir, an Israeli extremist, assassinated Rabin, which dealt a devastating blow to the peace talks.
In 2000, a peace talk held at Camp David between Yasser Arafat and Ehud Barak failed, while simultaneously, Ariel Sharon, the then opposition leader, made a controversial visit to Temple Mount. These two events served as triggers for the second intifada, which commenced in September 2000. The intifada wreaked havoc on Palestine's previously stable economy and caused extensive destruction to its infrastructure. All three of Palestine's airports, located in Gaza, Jerusalem, and Rafah, ceased operations, with two of them being later destroyed. Gaza Airport's control tower and radar tower were targeted and destroyed in an Israeli airstrike. Only Gush Katif Airport remained operational until 2004. The seaport project site in Gaza was also destroyed in an Israeli airstrike. Citing security concerns, Israel initiated the construction of barriers between Palestinian enclaves and Israeli settlements in 2002. In 2004, Ahmed Yassin, the co-founder of Hamas, was assassinated. The same year, Yasser Arafat passed away, and Mahmoud Abbas assumed the presidency. Following Israel's withdrawal from Gaza and the signing of the Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum, the second intifada came to an end.
In 2006, Hamas emerged victorious in the elections, triggering clashes with Fatah and resulting in political violence in Gaza. Following intense confrontations, Hamas took control of Gaza, while Fatah assumed control of the West Bank. As a response to security concerns, both Egypt and Israel implemented blockades on Gaza, exacerbating its already struggling economy. Since then, Israel and Gaza have been locked in a conflict, which forms a significant aspect of the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Numerous peace proposals have been put forth to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government.
Since 2010, Palestine has witnessed a notable improvement in its economy, particularly in the West Bank and even in the Gaza Strip, where economic recovery has been gradual. Recently, new shopping malls, luxury hotels, and technology parks have been established in various cities across the Palestinian territories.
Palestine lies in a region, known as Holy Land to Abrahamic religions of Christianity, Islam and Judaism, as well as in Samaritanism, Mandaeism and Druze. Much of early and medieval history of the country centers around Jerusalem, core of Palestine. Jerusalem is pivotal for Palestinian history.
Israelites () are considered as one of the earliest inhabitants of the region. Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, is burial place for Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, along with Sarah, Leah and Rebecca. Abraham had two sons, Ishmael and Isaac. Isaac is known as "Father of Israelites" and Ishmael is known as "Father of Arabs". David conquered Canaan. His son, Solomon built a temple, known as Solomon's Temple. Ark of the Covenant kept in temple, was monumental to Israelites. Since Solomon belonged to tribe of Judah, Judah became a aristocratic tribe of Israel. This kingdom was divided into, Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah. Only the tribe of Benjamin and Judah remained in Judah kingdom. Neo-Assyrian Empire conquered Kingdom of Israel. Israelites of this kingdom, expelled and fled to east of Euphrates and different parts of the world. Gradually, religion and culture of those 10 tribes changed. Only Judah remained on their old region, which is today known as Judaism and its adherents are Jews.
Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonian empire, invaded Kingdom of Judah, where many Jews were killed and remaining where enslaved and held captivity in Babylon for 70 years. In siege of Jerusalem, Solomon's Temple was destroyed. 70 years later, Cyrus the Great, a noble king of Persian Empire, attacked Babylonian Empire. He liberated Jews and funded in construction of Second Temple. 400 years later, Kingdom of Israel was attacked by Roman Empire. Once again, the temple was destroyed, during siege. Roman Empire expelled Jews for 600 years. It was the Romans, who named the region Palestine. Romanian rule marked beginning of Christian influence in the region. Jerusalem was dominated by clergy
After 600 years, Palestine came under Islamic influence. In conquest of the Levant, much of Persian and Roman Empire came under Muslim rule. After which, Umar became most powerful ruler in the world.
Ottoman rule endured for 400 years.
Jewish community in Europe were oligarchic, strong and powerful.
The Jewish immigrants were bourgeoises, owned capital, such as land, factories and raw material.
Palestinians became anarchic community under occupation.
Hamas was a charitable organization, based on pacifist principles inspired by Muslim Brotherhood .
bourgeoisie |
Salama UFO Jerusalem
Palestine, located in a region is known as Holy Land to Christians, Jews and Muslims. During the time of Abraham, Palestine was known as Canaan. Abraham's sons, Ishmael and Isaac, are known for founding distinct communities. Isaac is known as "Father of Israelites", while Ishmael is known as "Father of Arabs". Jacob, son of Isaac, had 12 sons. They gradually developed into a powerful community, known as Israelites, classified in 12 tribes. Exodus, by Moses, marked beginning of Jewish influence in the region. After a failed attempt during time to Joshua, Israelites formed under leadership of David and conquered Palestine. David established united Kingdom of Israel. Solomon, son of David, built a place of worship, known as Solomon's Temple. Ark of the Covenant was kept in the temple. Due to Solomon's background to tribe of Judah, Judah became a aristocratic tribe of Israel. Future generation of Judah were not strong like Solomon, which led clashes between these tribes.
The modern state of Palestine lies in a region of the Middle East, known as Holy Land to Abrahamic religions. Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, is burial place of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, along with Sarah, Leah and Rebecca. Tribes of Israel were a powerful community. Israelites (Bani Israel) ruled the region. Influenced by biblical figures of Moses, Joshua, David and Solomon, events in Palestine have been recorded in religious texts of Bible and Torah. David built Kingdom of Israel. City of David is known to be one of the earliest settlements in Jerusalem. Solomon built a place of worship, known as Solomon's Temple, which had Ark of the Covenant. Biblical exiles of Jews took place during Neo–Assyrian, Babylonian and Romanian invasion. During Babylonian siege of Jerusalem, Solomonic Temple was destroyed. Second Temple was funded by Cyrus the Great and completed under Darius the Great. Once again, the temple was destroyed in Romanian siege of Jerusalem. By Romanian invasion, Jews expelled for 600 years.
Palestine came under Islamic influence after Muhammad's Night Journey, which made Muslim zeal about the Holy Land. during Muslim conquest of the Levant by Caliphate of Rashidun under the leadership of Umar. Palestine became part of most powerful empire in the West Asia and Northeast Africa. Umar signed peace treaty with Christians, assuring them that their holy places would be protected. Jews were permitted to enter the Holy Land, for the first time, after 600 years. Following Rashidun Caliphate, shifts in rule changed, followed by Abbasid Caliphate and Fatimid Caliphate. In 1099, Crusaders invaded Palestine, which caused massacres of Jews and Muslims. Crusaders rule lasted for 90 years, until Palestine's conquest by the Ayyubid Dynatsy. Under Salahuddin, once again Palestine came under Muslim rule. After Ayyubid Dynasty, Palestine came under control of Mamluk Sultanate from 1250 to 1517. After which, Palestine became a part of the Ottoman Empire.
The modern state of Palestine is situated in the Holy Land, a region of great significance to the Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, as well as to Mandaeism, Samaritanism, the Baháʼí Faith, and Druze. The city of Jerusalem holds immense historical importance for these major religions. The Western Wall in Jerusalem is the holiest site for Jews, representing the remnants of the First and Second Temples that were destroyed during the Babylonian and Roman sieges of the city. Hebron is home to the Cave of the Patriarchs, where prophets—Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, along with Sarah, Leah and Rebecca are buried. While burial places of Noah, Lot, and Jonah are located in other locations of the present Hebron Governorate. Isaac, the son of Abraham, is known as the "Father of Israelites" as his son Jacob's descendants came to be known as the Israelites. They established a powerful Kingdom of Israel after Moses, the son of Levi, led the Exodus.
Following the Neo-Assyrian invasion, the remaining Israelites eventually became known as Jews. The birth of Jesus in Bethlehem marked the beginning of Christian influence. The Jordan River is associated with the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. In Mandaeanism, John the Baptist is considered a chief prophet. Jesus spent his life in Jerusalem, and according to the Gospel, he resurrected Lazarus in Bethany (modern Eizariya), which is now a suburb of Jerusalem. Jesus was crucified at Calvary, located outside Jerusalem, further sanctifying the city for Christians.
Palestine came under the influence of Islam after Muhammad's Night Journey from Makkah to Jerusalem, ascending to heaven via Hebron. The presence of biblical prophets revered by Muslims also adds to the sanctity of this land. These events heightened the Muslim zeal for the conquest of the Holy Land. During the Muslim conquest of the Levant led by Caliph Umar of the Rashidun Caliphate, Palestine came under Islamic rule. A peace treaty was signed between Umar and Sophronius, ensuring the protection of Christians and their holy places. Jews were permitted to reenter the land for the first time after 600 years of Roman expulsion. Both Jews and Christians were granted freedom of religion. In 1099, Crusaders invaded Palestine and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Saladin of the Ayyubid Dynasty is renowned as the "Conqueror of Jerusalem" for successfully overthrowing Crusader rule.
Before World War I, Palestine remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The population consisted mainly of Muslims, with Jewish and Christian minorities coexisting peacefully. The Palestinian Arabs, ethnically distinct from the Ottomans, aspired for liberation from their rule. They supported the British in their war against the Ottomans, in exchange for the promise of an independent country. Meanwhile, the Jewish diaspora in Europe faced adversity due to historical prejudices. Seeking financial support for the war, the British offered them an independent country in Palestine.
Theodor Herzl, known as the "Father of Political Zionism," advocated for the establishment of a Jewish homeland. Initially met with opposition from Jews, Zionism gradually gained political momentum. Jewish migration to Palestine, known as Aliyah, increased significantly. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, a letter from Arthur Balfour to Walter Rothschild, further popularized Zionism. It expressed support for establishing a Jewish state in Palestine while assuring the protection of the rights of the existing Arab population. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the British assumed control of Palestine, establishing Mandatory Palestine under a League of Nations mandate. British support facilitated Jewish immigration, which caused growing dissatisfaction among the Arabs. In 1937, the Peel Commission proposed the partition of Palestine into two states, one for Jews and a larger one for Arabs. However, the Arab rejection of this plan led to continued strikes and tensions. The release of the 1939 White Paper, which rejected the idea of a unified Palestine and favored limitations on Jewish immigration, deepened the conflict between the Zionists and the British.
Zionist paramilitary organizations, including Irgun, the Stern Gang, and Haganah, carried out various attacks targeting British officials and Arab civilians. These incidents, such as the Deir Yassin massacre, the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre, and the King David Hotel bombing, left a lasting impact. Prominent figures like Yitzhak Shamir and Menachem Begin were associated with these attacks and later emerged as influential political leaders in the future state of Israel.
The rise of the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, resulted in the systematic extermination of millions of Jews during the Holocaust. Amin al-Husseini, the Mufti of Jerusalem, infamously aligned himself with Hitler and supported his genocidal plans against Jews. However, it is important to note that many Palestinians opposed Husseini's stance. In response to the atrocities committed by the Nazis, the British Army trained around 12,000 Palestinian troops who were sent to fight against them. As the Holocaust unfolded, many Jews had no choice but to seek refuge in Palestine. Rescue efforts from the Muslim world played a crucial role in saving numerous Jews from extermination. Despite these rescue efforts, tensions escalated between Zionist and Arab factions, leading to increased clashes. The British administration failed to find a resolution to the issue, prompting them to transfer the responsibility to the United Nations in 1947. The United Nations devised a partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. While the Arab League rejected this plan, it received a favorable vote of 72% and was subsequently finalized. On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the independence of Israel and assumed the role of its first prime minister.
Prior to the declaration of Israel, neighboring Arab countries initiated attacks on Israel, resulting in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The conflict concluded with Israel emerging victorious and occupying Palestinian territories, including cities like Ashkelon, Ashdod, Jaffa and Modi'in, which were intended to be part of Palestine. Subsequently, there were three more wars between the Arab coalition and Israel in 1948, 1967, and 1973, all of which ended in Israeli victories. The Six-Day War of 1967 resulted in Israel occupying the entire Palestinian territories of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, as well as the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and the Syrian Golan Heights. This led to a state of disorder among the Palestinians, who were under Israeli military administration. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia gained recognition for his pro-Palestinian stance, notably through an oil embargo imposed on countries supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War.
Yasser Arafat emerged as a national hero, after founding the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, with the goal of replacing Israel with Palestine. Initially resorting to armed struggle, the PLO demanded an independent country. The organization was involved in several hijackings of flights and ships, leading countries like the United States and Israel to label it as a terrorist group. In 1974, the PLO received official recognition as the representative of the Palestinian people. During the tenure of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, a successful peace treaty was established with Egypt, led by Anwar Sadat. As a result, the Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt. Tragically, following this historic move, Sadat was assassinated in an attack by Egyptian extremists.
Hamas, currently recognized as a militant organization, originally operated as a charitable organization. Surprisingly, Hamas received funding from Israel due to their pacifist ideology. However, the organization gained significant popularity during the first intifada, which was sparked by an incident in Gaza. In response, Hamas initiated attacks on multiple locations within Israel. The intifada witnessed widespread protests and demonstrations on the streets of Gaza and Jerusalem, leading to intense clashes between Palestinians and Israelis.
During the ongoing intifada, Yasser Arafat made a declaration establishing Palestine and asserting East Jerusalem as its capital. The declaration was composed by poet Mahmoud Darwish.
During the 1980s and 1990s, Saddam Hussein, the President of Iraq, garnered significant support for his advocacy of the Palestinian cause and his military actions against Israel, including the firing of scud missiles. Prior to these attacks, Saddam had conveyed a message to Israel, delivered through the White House, demanding the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Palestinian territories. In return, Iraq would recognize Israel's right to exist and pursue a path of peace. Following the aftermath of the missile attack, Hussein ultimately agreed to provide compensation amounting to US$74 million.
During the period of the intifada, secret meetings took place between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). In 1993, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat, in the presence of then-U.S. President Bill Clinton, engaged in face-to-face negotiations. This significant negotiation, known as the Oslo Accords, was held in Oslo, Norway. Arafat acknowledged Israel's right to exist and conveyed his acceptance in a letter addressed to Rabin and Clinton, officially recognizing Israel. In response, Rabin wrote a letter to Arafat, acknowledging the official recognition of the PLO and clarifying that it should not be categorized as a terrorist group. As per the Oslo Accords, a Palestinian government was established. The agreement allocated a limited amount of land to the PLO, which faced opposition among Palestinians, despite their acceptance. Hamas, in opposition to the agreement, carried out terrorist attacks targeting Israeli civilians in cities like Tel Aviv and Haifa. Simultaneously, a number of Jewish extremists also opposed the peace efforts. One such tragic incident was the massacre perpetrated by Baruch Goldstein at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, resulting in the loss of approximately 29 Palestinian lives. In 1995, Yigal Amir, an Israeli extremist, assassinated Rabin, which dealt a devastating blow to the peace talks.
In 2000, a peace talk held at Camp David between Yasser Arafat and Ehud Barak failed, while simultaneously, Ariel Sharon, the then opposition leader, made a controversial visit to Temple Mount. These two events served as triggers for the second intifada, which commenced in September 2000. The intifada wreaked havoc on Palestine's previously stable economy and caused extensive destruction to its infrastructure. All three of Palestine's airports, located in Gaza, Jerusalem, and Rafah, ceased operations, with two of them being later destroyed. Gaza Airport's control tower and radar tower were targeted and destroyed in an Israeli airstrike. Only Gush Katif Airport remained operational until 2004. The seaport project site in Gaza was also destroyed in an Israeli airstrike. Citing security concerns, Israel initiated the construction of barriers between Palestinian enclaves and Israeli settlements in 2002. In 2004, Ahmed Yassin, the co-founder of Hamas, was assassinated. The same year, Yasser Arafat passed away, and Mahmoud Abbas assumed the presidency. Following Israel's withdrawal from Gaza and the signing of the Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum, the second intifada came to an end.
In 2006, Hamas emerged victorious in the elections, triggering clashes with Fatah and resulting in political violence in Gaza. Following intense confrontations, Hamas took control of Gaza, while Fatah assumed control of the West Bank. As a response to security concerns, both Egypt and Israel implemented blockades on Gaza, exacerbating its already struggling economy. Since then, Israel and Gaza have been locked in a conflict, which forms a significant aspect of the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Numerous peace proposals have been put forth to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government.
Since 2010, Palestine has witnessed a notable improvement in its economy, particularly in the West Bank and even in the Gaza Strip, where economic recovery has been gradual. Recently, new shopping malls, luxury hotels, and technology parks have been established in various cities across the Palestinian territories.
Israelites were powerful community of 12 tribes in Canaan region. Known as 12 tribes of Israel, they were descendants of Jacob (Israel), who was son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham. Isaac was known as "Father of Israelites" and his brother Ishmael was known as "Father of Arabs". After Moses led the Exodus of liberated Israelites from Pharaoh of Egypt, his next target was to capture the city of Jerusalem and take control of Canaan. However,
Jesus was born in Bethlehem, at a place, which is now known as Church of the Nativity. Jordan River is the place where he was baptized by John the Baptist. Jesus was born into Jewish family, but his preaching was different from other previous prophets of Jews. This angered the Jewish community. Thus he got opposition by Jews living over their.
Calvary is the site where Jesus was crucified.
Palestine is democratic and Semi-presidential government, which is headed by the President, followed by the Prime Minister. The President of Palestine is appointed by the Palestinian Central Council. Palestinian National Council is the legislature, that established Palestine. Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization performs function of government living in exile. Pursuant to Oslo Accords of 1993, Palestinian Authority was established as a provisional government for governing the allotted Palestinian enclaves.
Yasser Arafat was the first president of the Palestinian Authority. He also served as the Prime Minster of Palestine and chairman of PLO from 1964 to 2004. Mahmoud Abbas is the current president, serving since 2005. While Mohammad Shtayyeh is serving as current prime minister. For governance of the Gaza Strip, Yahya Sinwar is current leader of Hamas for the territory.
See also: List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority, Governorates of Palestine, and List of cities administered by Hamas Administration |
The West Bank is divided into three areas as per the Oslo II Accord. Area A, comprising 18% of the West Bank, is under Palestinian government administration. Area B, forming 22%, is under joint Israeli-Palestinian security control with Palestinian civil administration. The Israeli Civil Administration administers Area C (excluding East Jerusalem), making up 60% of the West Bank. However, education and medical services are provided by the Palestinian government to the 150,000 Palestinians in the area. Most of Area C is inaccessible to Palestinians due to security concerns. Approximately 330,000 Israelis reside in settlements there. Although Area C is under martial law, Israeli residents have full civic rights.
East Jerusalem, claimed by Palestine as part of the Jerusalem Governorate, is administered by Israel as part of the Jerusalem District. Israel effectively annexed East Jerusalem in 1967, but this is not recognized by other countries. In 2010, East Jerusalem had around 456,000 residents, with roughly 60% Palestinians and 40% Israelis. However, due to the West Bank Security Barrier, tens of thousands of Palestinians with Israeli ID cards have been re-annexed to the West Bank, resulting in a small Israeli majority within the barrier in East Jerusalem.
Additionally, there are Palestinian-controlled areas within Jerusalem, where the Palestinian Authority exercises administrative control over certain neighborhoods. After the Battle of Gaza, Fatah party exercises control on the West Bank and East Jerusalem, while Gaza Strip falls under the governance of Hamas.
Governorates in West Bank
Governorates in Gaza Strip
Main article: Foreign relations of Palestine |
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) represents the State of Palestine and maintains embassies in countries that recognize it. The PLO also participates in international organizations as a member, associate, or observer. In some cases, due to conflicting sources, it is difficult to determine if the participation is on behalf of the State of Palestine, the PLO as a non-state entity, or the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).
In 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence was acknowledged by the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.[26] In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 67/19, granting Palestine "non-member observer state" status, effectively recognizing it as a sovereign state.[27][28][29] Sweden took a significant step in 2013 by upgrading the status of the Palestinian representative office to a full embassy. They became the first EU member state outside the former communist bloc to officially recognize the state of Palestine.[30][31][32]
The UK House of Commons voted in favor of recognizing Palestine as a state in 2014, as a contribution towards achieving a negotiated two-state solution.[33] However, the UK government maintained its policy of reserving the right to recognize Palestine bilaterally at a more opportune time for peace efforts.[34] Similarly, in 2014, the French parliament passed a resolution urging their government to recognize Palestine as a state, with the intention of facilitating a definitive resolution to the conflict.[35] A United Nations Security Council resolution proposed in 2014, calling for the end of Israeli occupation and statehood by 2017, did not pass due to opposition and abstentions.[36][37][38][39]
In January 2015, the International Criminal Court affirmed Palestine's "State" status after its UN observer recognition.[40] The Vatican shifted recognition to the State of Palestine in May 2015, following the 2012 UN vote.[41] This change aligned with the Holy See's evolving position.[42] In December 2015, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution demanding Palestinian sovereignty over natural resources in the occupied territories. It called on Israel to cease exploitation and damage while granting Palestinians the right to seek restitution.[43]
Currently, 139 UN member states (72%) recognize the State of Palestine. Though some don't recognize it, they acknowledge the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. The PLO's executive committee acts as the government, empowered by the PNC.[44] Palestine is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Arab League, the G77, the International Olympic Committee and the Union for the Mediterranean.
A majority of Arab and Muslim countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Yemen have supported the country, due to religious and cultural relations. Egypt and Jordan, apart from recognizing have also signed peace treaties with Israel. Egypt and Qatar acts as a mediator between Hamas controlled Gaza and Israel. Countries like India and Republic of Ireland have strongly showed support of an independent Palestine, coexisting with Israel.
The State of Palestine maintains various security forces, including the Civil Police Force, National Security Forces, and Intelligence Services. These entities are responsible for upholding security and safeguarding the well-being of Palestinian citizens and the state itself.
The Palestinian Security Services comprise armed forces and intelligence agencies within the country, including the Palestinian National Security Forces and Palestinian Naval Police. The Palestinian Naval Police operates exclusively in the Gaza Strip, with its headquarters situated in Gaza Port. The Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) serves as the military branch of the PLO.
In addition to these national forces, there are several militant organizations rooted in Palestinian nationalism. Notable examples include Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). While these organizations possess political dimensions, they also maintain military wings that engage in military operations. The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades serves as the military wing of Hamas, while the Al-Quds Brigades functions as the military wing of Palestinian Islamic Jihad. Due to their conflicts with Israel, both groups have been designated as terrorist organizations by Israel and certain Western countries.
According to The Times of Israel, Hamas allocates approximately US$100 million annually to its military infrastructure. As these organizations face terrorist labels in certain countries, acquiring weapons and equipment poses challenges. Nevertheless, members of Hamas and PIJ include highly qualified engineers and professionals who have developed inventions beneficial to Hamas. For instance, a Hamas member invented the unmanned drone known as Ababeel1. Hamas finds strong allies in Hezbollah, PIJ, and Iran.
Palestine is democratic and semi—presidential government, which is headed by the President and followed by the Prime Minister. President of Palestine is appointed by the Palestinian Central Council. Palestinian National Council is the legislature, that established Palestine. Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization performs function of government living in exile. In 1974, Palestine Liberation Organization was officially recognized by United Nations as representative of Palestinians. Yasser Arafat was the first chairman of PLO, from 1964 to till 2004.
Pursuant to Oslo Accords of 1993, Palestinian Authority was established as a provisional government for governing the allotted Palestinian enclaves. Mahmoud Abbas is current President of the country and chairman of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and elected from Fatah. Mohammad Shtayyeh holds position of Prime Minister from Fatah party. Yahya Sinwar is leader of Hamas, governing the Gaza Strip territory of Palestine.
See also: List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority, Governorates of Palestine, and List of cities administered by Hamas Administration |
Palestine, as per its claim, is officially consist of two non-contiguous territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Their are about 16 governorates in Palestine, with five of them in Gaza Strip and remaining in West Bank. Governorates are divided into municipalities and village councils. Big cities or governorate capitals are classified as municipalities. Municipalities are leveled as A, B, C and D, depending upon population size of these urban areas. Villages and other rural areas are classified as village councils. Territories are divided into three parts — Area A, Area B and Area C. Area A is completely under control of the Palestinian Authority. In Area B, civil operations are maintained by Palestinian Authority and security is handled by Israel. Area C, where Israeli settlements are located is completely under control of the Israeli government. This function also worked in Gaza Strip, but after Israeli withdrawal, Gaza Strip completely came under control of Palestinian entity. Area A of West Bank comprises 18% of lands.
Based on Oslo Accords, Palestinian Authority is prohibited to operate in Jerusalem. Though some parts of Jerusalem were allotted to the authority as Palestinian Enclaves. Palestinian Authority maintains its offices for Jerusalem Affairs in Abu Dis, which was proposed as the country's capital in Trump Peace Plan.
Governorates in West Bank
Governorates in Gaza Strip
Main articles: Palestinian Security Services and Palestine Liberation Army |
Palestinian Security Services is the group of armed forces and intelligence agencies for the country. It also consists of Palestinian National Security Forces and Palestinian Naval Police. Palestinian Naval Police operates only in the Gaza Strip, whose headquarter is in Gaza Port. Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) is the military branch of PLO.
Apart from these national forces, their are a large number of militant organizations established based on Palestinian nationalism. This includes Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. They are political organizations and have military wings which actually performs military operations. Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades is military wing of Hamas and Al-Quds Brigades is military wing of Palestine Islamic Jihad. Due to their clashes with the Israelis, they have been declared as a terrorist organizations by Israel and Western countries.
As per The Times of Israel, Hamas spends US$100 million per year on its military infrastructure.[45] Since they are tagged as terrorist organization by some countries, it is difficult for these groups to purchase weapons and equipment. Though Hamas and PIJ members are some of the top qualified engineers and professionals. Some of these members discovered inventions useful to Hamas. Ababeel1 is an unmanned drone invented by a Hamas member. Strong allies of Hamas are Hezbollah, PIJ and Iran.
Main article: Foreign relations of the State of Palestine |
Since 2011, Palestine have status of a non-member observer state in the United Nations, in order to participate in it. Palestine is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Arab League, the G77, the International Olympic Committee and the Union for the Mediterranean.
Those countries, who recognized Palestine officially have established foreign embassies, representative offices and foreign consulates in Palestine. Those who didn't recognized the country, officially recognized either PLO or Palestinian Authority. Both PLO and Palestinian Authority, also maintained official positions in the UN.
A majority of Arab and Muslim countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Yemen have supported the country, due to religious and cultural relations. Egypt and Jordan, apart from recognizing have also signed peace treaties with Israel. Egypt and Qatar acts as a mediator between Hamas controlled Gaza and Israel. Countries like India and Republic of Ireland have strongly showed support of an independent Palestine, coexisting with Israel.
Main article: International recognition of the State of Palestine |
Around 139 members of United Nations officially recognizes Palestine. A majority of Muslim countries officially recognized Palestine. Countries which have not officially recognized it includes Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States have not officially recognized Palestine. Though these countries support two state solution and other peace negotiations. Instead of recognizing overall country, many have officially recognized either the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) or the Palestinian Authority. In the United Nations, Palestine have given the status of non-member observer state.
The State of Palestine had been officially claimed and declared by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on 15 November 1988, officially claiming sovereignty over Palestinian territories of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem. Due to disputes over East Jerusalem, many countries have their Palestinian embassies in Ramallah. Though U.S had a Palestinian consulate in Jerusalem and proceeding to reopen.
Main articles: Israeli-occupied territories, Israeli occupation of the West Bank, and Hebron Protocol |
Since the Six Day War of 1967, Israel has occupied parts of West Bank and East Jerusalem in Palestine and Golan Heights of Syria. Israeli settlements have been established in occupied parts of West Bank in support of Israeli government. The area where those settlements located is known as Area C. Area C was notified was notified during Oslo Accords in 1994.
A majority of countries, specially the Muslim countries and Arab world officially recognize the country based on the 1967 borders. Countries like Pakistan and Saudi Arabia proposed have future relations with Israel once Palestine will be officially established based on 1967 borders, including West Bank and Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem as its capital. The 1967 borders consist of the West Bank including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip. This 1967 borders is also known as Green Line or 1949 Armistice Lines. They are considered normally as ceasefire lines as per many Israelis.
Area C, where Israeli settlements located is a contiguous region and forms major part of West Bank. They are administered by Israel completely under the Israeli law and judiciary system. These settlements are also in East Jerusalem. All these settlements are considered illegal by international community under its global law. But the Israeli government disputes this. Due to this, less foreign companies operates in these settlements. Instead, many Israeli companies have their facilities in the industrial parks of Area C. All foreign and Israeli companies operating in these settlements have been blacklisted by the United Nations. The revenue generated by industries in Area C is not included in the total economic value of Palestine.
Every years, protests and demonstrations against occupation of the Palestinian territories, oppression on Palestinians and successful peace process by Israelis have taken place in the streets of Tel Aviv and Haifa. Some Israeli NGOs and organizations such as Jerusalem Foundation, B'Tselem and Breaking the Silence opposes Israeli oppression against Palestinians, occupation of Palestinian territories, supports Palestinian human rights and peaceful negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians.
Often, the Israeli settlers and Palestinian engages themselves in communal violence. Many times, settler families have been attacked by Palestinian terrorists. These crimes are opposed by a majority of Palestinians. Though many Israeli settlers and Palestinians have peaceful relations and hopes for final negotiations of this regard.
Same case in a greater scale have been observed in Hebron. Hebron (Khalil) is the largest city in West Bank. It is next holy city for Judaism after Jerusalem. The city is divided into two parts — H1 and H2. H1 is the place where most of the Muslims reside. While Jews live in H2 region of Hebron comprising 20% of the city. Israeli army used control allover the city to protect Jewish settlers. This brought huge clashes between Jews and Arabs in Hebron. The notable one was the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in 1994. Aftermath of attack, Israeli government and Palestinian Authority decided to negotiate. In 1997, Israel and Palestine signed an agreement to withdraw Israeli troops from the H1 region.
Since the Six Day War of 1967, Israel has occupied the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Gaza Strip was also occupied, but after withdrawal, it completely became a Palestinian controlled area. After occupying the territory, Israel began constructing a large number of settlements in the West Bank. This move gained global condemnation.
The Israeli settlements are controlled by Israel according to same Israeli law and order. Israeli settlements located in Area C, comprises 61% of the total territory. Since 2002, Israel constructed a barrier between Palestinian enclaves and Israeli settlements, causing more tensions. This barriers are claimed by Israel to erect for security concerns. The occupation have also resulted in clashes between Palestinians and Israeli settlers. Often, Palestinian extremists attack Israeli civilians, which are opposed by a majority of Palestinians. Same happens, in an opposite case.
In East Jerusalem, the displacement of Palestinian families, specially from areas like Sheikh Jarrah and Wadi al-Joz, have attracted international condemnation and criticism of Israel. Many Israeli NGOs such as B'Tselem, Breaking the Silence Jerusalem Foundation and Peace Now are known for raising voice against Israeli oppression on Palestinians.
Palestinians backed by Muslim world hold diverse views on peace process. Some supports two state, while other support two states. During the Zionist and Arab nationalism movement, Palestinians supported an Islamic state based on the river to the sea, where Christians and Jews (both native and colonial), as well as other non-Muslim communities will be treated as second class citizens. Another proposal came, of establishing an undivided Palestine, where both the Jews and Arabs will share equal rights in a democracy.
In beginning, majority of Palestinians supported a two state solution, based on the 1967 borders. But, in recent figures found that Palestinians majority have supported a one state solution for both Palestinians and Israelis, since the two state solution haven't reached a final stage. In 2000, a one state proposal named Isratin was presented by Muammar Gaddafi and his son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi. In 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein offered a peace proposal to Israel, including Israel's right to exist. In exchange, Israel must withdraw from territories claimed by Palestinians.
In 1993, first peace negotiation between Israel and PLO took place in the shape of Oslo Accords. Through this agreement, Israel and PLO recognized each other officially and Palestine got chance to run its own government in allotted areas. Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat were awarded by Nobel Peace Prize. The signing of peace treaty caused assassination of Rabin in 1995 by Israeli extremists. Under leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, two more agreements were signed, which included Wye River Memorandum and Hebron Protocol.
Hamas and PIJ opposed peace talks in the beginning. But later
Main article: Status of Jerusalem |
Jerusalem is considered a holy city by multiple religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It contains important religious sites such as the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The control and access to these religious sites have been a source of tension and disputes.
The conflict over Jerusalem primarily revolves around its religious, historical, and political significance to both Israelis and Palestinians. The status of Jerusalem has been a contentious issue and a focal point of the conflict for decades. Both Israelis and Palestinians consider Jerusalem as their capital. Israel declared Jerusalem as its capital in 1950, while Palestinians envision East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state. The competing claims over the city's sovereignty have been a major stumbling block in peace negotiations.
Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied East Jerusalem, including the Old City, which is home to important religious sites. Israel later annexed East Jerusalem, a move that has not been recognized internationally. Palestinians view East Jerusalem as part of their future state, and the annexation is seen as an obstacle to a negotiated settlement. Israel has established Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem, leading to changes in the demographics of the city. These settlements are considered illegal under international law and are seen by Palestinians as an obstacle to the establishment of a viable Palestinian state. Around 80% of East Jerusalem is controlled by Israel, only 20% of the area is under Palestinian control.[47]
Many Palestinian families have been displaced by the Israeli authorities, their properties are demolished for developing settlements, parks and industrial zones. This cases have been specially observed in areas like Sheikh Jarrah, Silwan and Wadi al-Joz.
Jerusalem was not subjected to be part of Oslo Accords. But parts of few Jerusalem localities were also classified as Palestinian enclaves and their sovereignty was transferred to Palestinian Authority. It includes parts of neighborhoods, such as Sur Baher, Beit Hanina, Kafr 'Aqab, Al-Ram, Jabel Mukaber (Ash-Sheikh Sa'd), Arab al-Jahalin and Umm Tuba. Suburban areas and towns in Palestinian Jerusalem Governorate includes Abu Dis, Hizma, Biddu, Qalandia and Bir Nabala etc. as Palestinian enclaves.
PLO have notified East Jerusalem metropolitan area, whose extension includes Ramallah, Nablus and nearby Palestinian enclave towns of Jerusalem Governorate such as Abu Dis, Bethany, Al-Jib and Beit Hanina etc.
The status of Jerusalem is one of the core final status issues to be resolved in any potential peace agreement between Israelis and Palestinians. The conflicting claims, competing narratives, and deep emotional attachments to the city make it a highly complex and sensitive aspect of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Zionist Union and Israeli president MK Isaac Herzog have made a proposal of transferring Palestinian areas of Jerusalem to Palestinian Authority.[48]
Jerusalem is monumental for both Israelis and Palestinians. Jordan have granted curatorship for Muslim sites across Jerusalem.
Main article: Legal status of the State of Palestine |
The status of the State of Palestine remains a complex and unresolved issue. The State of Palestine is recognized as a non-member observer state by the United Nations since November 2012. This upgraded status allows Palestine to participate in UN meetings and join certain international treaties and organizations.
On November 29, 2012, the United Nations passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine to a "non-member observer state" status, similar to the Holy See. This change was seen as de facto recognition of the sovereign State of Palestine. The vote had 138 in favor, 9 against (including Canada, Czech Republic, Israel, and the United States), and 41 abstentions. The new status allows Palestine to join treaties, specialized UN agencies, and pursue legal rights over its territorial waters and airspace. The UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations," reflecting the UN's recognition of Palestine's sovereignty.
On November 29, 2012, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 67/19 with a vote of 138-9 (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences), upgrading Palestine's status from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations System. This decision was widely seen as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty. Palestine's new status is equivalent to that of the Holy See. The UN has authorized Palestine to designate its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations." Consequently, Palestine has instructed its diplomats to officially represent "The State of Palestine" rather than the Palestinian National Authority.
On December 17, 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon declared that the designation of "State of Palestine" would be used by the Secretariat in all official UN documents, officially recognizing it as the state's official name for all UN purposes. A UN memorandum issued on December 21, 2012, discussed appropriate terminology to be used following the adoption of Resolution 67/19. It stated that there were no legal obstacles to using the designation "Palestine" to refer to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory. Additionally, it was clarified that the term "Occupied Palestinian Territory including East Jerusalem" or any other customary terminology used by the Assembly could continue to be used.
As of June 2, 2023, 139 out of 193 member states of the United Nations, accounting for 72% of the total, have recognized the State of Palestine. It is worth noting that some countries that do not formally recognize the State of Palestine still acknowledge the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. The PLO's Executive Committee has been authorized by the Palestinian National Council to carry out the functions of the government of the State of Palestine.
Main article: Status of the West Bank |
The West Bank is a significant territory in the State of Palestine, located on the east side of Israel. It covers an area of 5,655 km2 (2,183 sq mi) and is bordered by Israel to the north, south, and west. The status of the West Bank is a subject of ongoing dispute and contention between Israel and Palestine. Since the Six Day War of 1967, Israel has occupied the West Bank. After occupation, the Israeli government began building settlements to house Israeli citizens. Under law of the international community, these settlements are declared as illegal, but the government of Israel disputes this.
The international community recognizes the West Bank as a region currently under Israeli military occupation. The Israeli government refers to this area as the Judea and Samaria Area, which includes Jewish-majority civilian areas under Israeli administrative control in Area C of the West Bank, with the exception of East Jerusalem. Israeli authorities consider it one of their administrative regions for certain purposes. The United Nations have blacklisted many companies, used to operate in Israeli settlements of Area C.
The West Bank is characterized by its diverse population, which includes both Palestinians and Israeli settlers. The Palestinian Authority exercises varying degrees of administrative control over different areas in the West Bank, divided into three zones: Area A, under full Palestinian civil and security control; Area B, under Palestinian civil control and joint Israeli-Palestinian security control; and Area C, under full Israeli control. Area C constitutes the majority of the West Bank's land and contains Israeli settlements, military installations, and natural resources.
The status of the West Bank is a central issue in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the quest for a two-state solution. Palestinians seek the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state in the West Bank, with East Jerusalem as its capital. However, the presence of Israeli settlements, security barriers, and restrictions on Palestinian movement and development have complicated the realization of this goal. Negotiations and diplomatic efforts continue to shape the status of the West Bank and determine its future within the broader context of Israeli-Palestinian relations.
Main article: Status of Jerusalem |
Jerusalem holds immense political, cultural, and religious significance in the Middle East and remains a contentious issue in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel claims Jerusalem as its capital, but this is not universally recognized by the international community. The city is home to important religious sites for Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The control and administration of Jerusalem are complex, with Israel governing West Jerusalem and the Palestinian Authority seeking to establish its capital in East Jerusalem. The status of Jerusalem remains a major point of contention in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.
The United Nations initially proposed Jerusalem as an international city (Corpus separatum), but after its rejection and the 1948 war, West and East Jerusalem came under Israeli and Jordanian control, respectively. Following the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel took full control of Jerusalem and began establishing settlements, which are considered illegal by the international community. In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law, declaring the entire city as its unified capital, despite the lack of international recognition for its sovereignty over East Jerusalem.
For Palestinians, East Jerusalem is considered their capital, although it was not included in the Oslo Accords. Parts of East Jerusalem and surrounding suburban areas were allocated to the Palestinian Authority. Some neighborhoods, such as Jabal Mukaber, Sur Baher, Umm Tuba, Al-Ram, Beit Hanina, Kafr Aqab, Arab al-Jahalin, and Al-Walaja, fall under either Area A or Area B, giving the Palestinian Authority varying degrees of control. Suburban areas of the Jerusalem Governorate, including Hizma, Abu Dis, Bir Nabala, Eizariya, Qubeida, Biddu, Sawahira, and other villages, were included in the Oslo Accords and designated as part of the Palestinian Authority's jurisdiction. Jordan has been granted custodianship over Muslim sites in Jerusalem.
In 2000, a building was constructed in Abu Dis to house the Palestinian Legislative Council, but due to the intifada and the erection of barriers, the plan was never fully realized, leaving Abu Dis as a poorly controlled town. The Palestinian Ministry of Interior has an office in Abu Dis, and the Consulate Generals of France and the United Kingdom in Jerusalem serve Palestine rather than Israel. The Palestinian Authority also has an office located in the Dahiyat Al Barid neighborhood of Jerusalem.
Despite being under occupation, Palestinians have managed to maintain their presence in Jerusalem in various aspects.
The State of Palestine is officially comprised of two non-contiguous territories, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, located on the east and west sides of Israel, respectively. The West Bank covers an area of 5,655 km2 (2,183 sq mi) and includes East Jerusalem, spanning 70 km2 (27 sq mi). The Gaza Strip occupies an area of 365 km2 (141 sq mi). The West Bank is bordered by Israel to the north, south, and west, and the Red Sea to the east. The Gaza Strip is bordered by Israel to the east and north, Egypt to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west.
The highest point in Palestine is Mount Nabi Yunis in the Hebron Governorate. The West Bank is characterized by mountains such as Mount Gerizim, Nabi Samwil, and Mount Scopus. Jerusalem is situated in the mountainous range of Judea. The region of Samaria, which holds historical significance to Samaritans, extends into both Israel and Palestine, with the city of Nablus located nearby. In Arabic, Samaria is known as Samira and Jabal Nablus. Judea, Samaria, and Galilee (in Israel and Lebanon) are considered biblical regions and hold sacred importance for Samaritans, Jews and Christians.
The Jordan River, the largest river in Palestinian territory, flows along the eastern border of Palestine and Israel. It holds great significance in Christianity and Judaism, as it is where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist (Yahya bin Zakaria). The Dead Sea, which borders the West Bank, is known as the lowest point on Earth. The territories also feature numerous wadis (dry riverbeds).
The Levant Basin in the Mediterranean Sea, spanning Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, contains substantial oil and gas reserves. The natural gas reserves falling under Palestinian territory in the Gaza Strip are known as Gaza Marine. Additionally, the occupied territories hold significant mineral reserves, including limestone, quarries, and silicon.
Main article: Biodiversity in Palestine |
Palestine's total number of species accounts 3% of world's biodiversity. Out of 48 natural reserves of West Bank, 13 reserves are administered by Palestinian Authority and remaining falls under under Israeli administered Area C. Mount of Olives and Wadi Al-Quf are important sites.
Main article: Economy of Palestine |
Palestine is classified as a lower/middle–income developing country, by the International Monetary Fund. The country is not included among least developed countries. In 2016, UNCTAD reported a 4.1% economic growth in Palestine. Paris Protocol, signed in 1994, made Palestinian Authority to collect taxes. But it prohibits the country to have its own currency. Around 35% of the economy is contributed by East Jerusalem–Bethlehem–Ramallah metropolitan area. While the largest share of economy comes from Hebron, which is 45% of the country's total GDP.
Since 1970s, Palestine experienced a favorable economic growth. During labor integration period, country's economic growth was greater than majority of Arab countries. For 30 years, Israel gave employment to Palestinians. Not only in Israel, but in other countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait and Libya. This economic growth was not affected badly by regional wars and conflicts in the Middle East, such as Egyptian–Libyan War, Iran–Iraq War and Gulf War. The signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, gave Palestinian a self governing authority. Today's Gaza was then a hub for tourism and manufacturing, where many international brands had investment plans. Airports at Gaza and Jerusalem, also added an additional factor for economic development. This economic growth was interrupted by the second intifada, which began in September 2000.
Since 1990s, high–tech industry emerged in the Palestinian territories, supported by its close proximity to Israel. The Palestinian IT sector contributes around 5% of the total GDP. Companies including Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, Microsoft, Freightos, Intuit, Natural Intelligence, Unity, Nvidia, Synamedia, Intel and Dell Technologies outsource to Palestinian engineers.
Main article: Economy of Palestine |
Palestine is classified as a middle–income developing country by the IMF. The current GDP is estimated to be around US$40 billion. Since its high literacy, Palestinians have maintained a positive image in the economic society. Palestine holds huge potential in industrial development. Due to its political status and territorial disputes, the Palestinian economy suffers. Being in conflict with Israel, much of its economy is dependent on Israel. Recent reforms have tried to bring down the country's dependency on Israel and has been gradually emerging. Despite of being in conflict, the economic condition of Palestinian territories (specially West Bank) is moderate. In 2021, Palestine recorded high HDI with 100th rank.
Since 1970s, Palestine experienced a favorable economic growth, due to labor integration with Israel. That period marked transfer of goods and capitals in Palestine. During this period, the economy was greater than Arab countries. This growth was hampered by second intifada, which broke out in September 2000. In intifada period, much of Palestine's infrastructure was destroyed by Israel during its military operations. After victory and gaining control of the Gaza Strip by Hamas, the territory was affected by an economic sanction. Due to security concerns, Israel imposed a total blockade, affecting the economy. Since then, movement of goods to Gaza is controlled by Israeli government. By 2008, new economic reforms have resulted in an economic boom, with development of shopping malls, luxury hotels, technology parks and industrial zones.
Paris Protocol signed in 1994, have prohibited Palestinian Authority having their own currency. By which, Israeli shekel and Jordanian dinar are accepted in Palestinian territories. Israel has also imposed economic restriction and developed checkpoints, which hardens the movement of goods within Palestine. A large number of checkpoints by Israel on Palestinian enclaves, have affected movement of goods. In 2002, Israel constructed a barrier surrounding Palestinian areas of the West Bank. This move further caused difficulties in economy.
Palestine's major trade partners are Israel, Jordan, Egypt, the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Major exports from Palestine are cement, building materials, plastic products, chemicals, apparels and textiles. Palestine's main industries are cement, textiles, leather, plastics, chemicals and electronics. East Jerusalem metropolitan area, which includes Ramallah and Bethlehem, contributes 35% of the total economy of Palestine. Recent discoveries of oil and gas reserves in the territory have increased Palestine's potential as an industrial hub.
Main article: Agriculture in Palestine |
During Ottoman period, Palestine was an agrarian society. For centuries, Palestine have been popular for manufacture of olive oil and products by olive trees. Olive trees, are more than centuries old. West Bank have a green area, which is suitable for cultivation of crops.
Production have been dropped since second intifada. During the period of labor integration, Palestine had a strong industrial base, specially in cities of Gaza and Jerusalem. In 1981, Palestine reported highest export in its history, worth of US$1 billion. Israeli settler built a large number of greenhouses, which also employed Palestinians. Palestinian–Israeli labor integration helped in growth of manufacturing industry of Palestine. Jerusalem and Gaza were industrial base for Palestinians. Second intifada brought clashes between Israelis and Palestinians and production went down.
Palestinian Authority, in association with France, Germy, Japan and Israel, have built industrial cities in Bethlehem, Jenin, Jericho, Hebron and Gaza. Multinational companies such as Schneider Electric, Pepsi, Coca-Cola and Sinokrot have their facilities in Palestinian territories.
The tech boom of late 1990s, helped in economic recovery of the country. High–tech industry resulted in Israeli–Palestinian economic cooperation, backed by Western countries' entities. Palestine have emerged as an outsourcing hub in the Middle East. Ramallah, Jerusalem, Hebron and now Gaza, have emerged as centers for technology industry. Companies including Alcatel-Lucent, Intel Corporation, Google, Microsoft, Cisco, Natural Intelligence, Freightos, Volvo, Nvidia and Mellanox Technologies have outsourcing operations in Palestine.
Hebron, known as most advanced industrial city in Palestine, is largest export hub of Palestine and is home to limestone quarries. The city is widely known for its plastic industry. Silica reserves are found in Gaza Strip. Occupied part of the West Bank have mineral reserves. In 2000, a massive oil and gas field was discovered in offshore of Gaza Strip. Yasser Arafat lauded this discovery as a gift from God. The gas field named as Gaza Marine contains 32 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Gaza Marine part of Levant Basin, is spread across Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. Additionally, around 1 billion barrels of oil reserves have been discovered in Gaza. According to a UNCTAD report, the occupied territory of Palestine (West Bank) holds 1,250 billion barrels of oil reserves in the Meged oil field. The oil field falls 80% on land controlled by the Palestinian Authority.
Main article: Tourism in Palestine |
Due to religious significance, cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Hebron have been touristic sites. Jerusalem is fabl
Jerusalem is most visited Palestinian city, because Jewish pilgrimage and historic tours. Tomb of Lazarus, located in Al-Eizariya is important site for
Most of the transport system was destroyed by Israel in second intifada. Before intifada, Palestine had air and road transport. First airport of Palestine was established by the British Government during 1920s in Jerusalem. The second airport was developed at Gaza, which was later named as Yasser Arafat International Airport. In Israeli settlement block of Gush Katif, also had an airport. In beginning of the intifada, Jerusalem Airport and Gaza Airport ceased operations in 2000, the latter one was destroyed in an airstrike by IDF in 2001. Gush Katif Airport managed to operate till 2004. Since then, no any airport operates within the Palestinian territories. Currently, Palestinians are served by Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv and Ramon Airport in Be'er Ora in Israel and Queen Alia International Airport in Amman, Jordan.
In the mid 1990s, Palestinian Authority began constructing a large seaport, jointly with the Netherlands and France. In 2021, then Prime Minister of Israel, Naftali Bennett launched a development plan of Gaza, which includes an artificial island, consisting of airport and seaport.
Palestine is part of a region, known as Holy Land to Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Islam and Christianity, as well considered in Samaritanism, Mandaeism and Druze. Not only Palestine, but also Israel and wider Syria is sometimes considered part of Holy Land. Religious significance of the region mainly lies in Jerusalem, where peoples of different religions maintained their society. Jerusalem (Al–Quds) is considered holy among Christians, Jews and Muslims and as well as to Mandaens.
Temple in Jerusalem makes the city significant to Jews. Remaining part of destroyed temple is Western Wall, which is holiest site in Judaism. Other prominent Jewish sites includes City of David, Mount Zion, Pool of Siloam and Silwan necropolis. According to Christianity, their central figure Jesus spent his life in Jerusalem. He was crucified in Golgotha, which is outside of Jerusalem. Eizariya is well–known for location of Tomb of Lazarus. Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, is 3rd holiest site in Judaism, where cenotaph of Abraham is situated.
In Islamic context, the Night Journey of Muhammad, considered as one of the greatest night began from Makkah via Jerusalem. The first qibla was towards Al-Aqsa Mosque, which is third most holiest site in Islam, after Masjid al-Haram (Mecca) and Prophet's Mosque (Medina). According to Islamic sources, Moses (Musa) was buried, known today as Nabi Musa in Jericho. A large mosque, named as Ibrahimi Masjid is located in Cave of the Patriarchs, side–by–side the cenotaph of Abraham.
Jesus, central figure of Christianity, believed to spent his life in Jerusalem and was crucified at Calvary, which is outside of Jerusalem.
Main article: Economy of Palestine |
Palestine is classified as a middle income-developing country and is not included in the least developed countries. The economic value is estimated around US$40 billion (PPP) by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Due to ongoing conflict, the economic conditions are not highly great but is moderate. Palestinian economy is moderately well.
Since 1970s, Palestine experienced a favorable economic growth. The opening of Israeli market to Palestinian labor force positively affected the national economy. For 30 years, Israel permitted working of Palestinians in its districts. At that time, economic growth of Palestine was even higher than Arab states. Also supporting infrastructure used to be at that time. In cities like, Jerusalem and Gaza, Palestinians had businesses either joint or independent. A large number of Palestinians also worked in countries like Libya, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq. Though regional wars and conflicts in the Middle East, such as Kuwait war, Iran–Iraq War and Gulf War which did not affect it much. Broke out of Second Intifada in September 2000, dropped production and destroyed industrial bases in Gaza and Jerusalem. After conflict of Hamas and Fatah on lands of Gaza, Israel and Egypt's blockade has also worsen the Gaza's economy.
Since 2010, the economic reform have resulted a economic boom in the West Bank and even Gaza Strip. A large number of shopping malls, luxury hotels and industrial zones have been developed in Palestinian territories. An airport is also proposed to built in Jerusalem, for both Palestinians and Israelis. Recent discoveries of oil and gas in region gave good hope of Palestine's economy.
Cities like Jerusalem and Gaza was a manufacturing hub. A large number of greenhouses were developed by Israeli settlers in Gaza, which employed Gaza Palestinians. Even in disputed parts of East Jerusalem, Atarot was a booming industrial center for both Palestinians and Israelis. After intifada, production dropped in Palestine. It gained momentum by 2010.
Hebron is industrially most advanced city in the country. It is export hub for Palestine's manufactured goods. Main products exported from Palestine are olive oils, cements and concretes, iron, steels and minerals. Hebron Governorate has limestone quarries, textile factories and plastic industry. Nablus is widely known for its Nablus Soap, which have been a traditional product. An aluminum plant of NAPCO is located in Nablus. Some of the multinational corporations that operate in Palestinian territories includes Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Sinokrot Holdings, Astra Mining and Schneider Electric. Apart from these foreign companies, a large number of Palestinian companies like Sinokrot, PADICO and NAPCO have gain success in establishing manufacturing operations in within the country.
Since 1999, Palestine experienced a growth in high technology industry, supported by its close proximity to Israel. Economic collaborations and joint cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians have prioritized technology, as a top sector. To support the industry, technology parks have been established in cities of Ramallah, Hebron, Gaza and East Jerusalem. Palestine have emerged as an outsourcing hub for multinational companies. A large number of companies including Alcatel-Lucent, Mellanox Technologies, Nvidia, Natural Intelligence, Cisco, Google, Microsoft, Apple and Volvo have been outsourcing and working with Palestinians engineers.
The Palestinian Authority have established industrial zone in Gaza, Jericho, Jenin, Bethlehem and Hebron. An industrial city is proposed in Gaza to reduce unemployment rate in the territory. Their are also many Israeli—Palestinian joint industrial parks, located in the border of Palestine territories and Israel. Notable among them includes Erez and Atarot. A cement plant is under construction in Jericho. In 1999, Israeli industrialist Stef Wertheimer proposed an industrial park in Rafah. But the 2000 intifada delayed the project. The project is planned to restart again, as per Wertheimer.
According to a 2019 UN report, it is estimated that over 3 billion barrels of oil exist off the coast and beneath the occupied lands of Palestine.[49] Additionally, the Levant Basin in the Mediterranean is believed to hold approximately 1.7 billion barrels of oil, with over 1.5 billion barrels estimated to lie beneath the occupied West Bank area.[50] Overall Palestinian territories have 1,525 billion barrels of proven oil reserves.[51]
Tourism, specially religious tourism and pilgrimage visits have boosted the tourism sector of Palestine. A large number of historic palaces, religious sites and natural reserves are located. Due to religious significance of cities like Hebron, Jerusalem and Bethlehem have attracted millions of tourists annually.
The tourism sector led development of luxury hotels, with some of them of international brands such as Accor, Mövenpick Hotels & Resorts and Marriott International. After 2000 intifada, once again, Palestinian economy in Jerusalem in the tourism sector have experienced growth with establishment of luxury hotels and shopping malls. However, due to territorial disputes, tourists often faced problems. Bethlehem is a major pilgrimage site for Christians, specially known as birthplace of Jesus and location of Church of the Nativity.
Many luxury hotels in Palestinian territories are owned by international brands, to name a few, which includes Mövenpick Hotels & Resorts,
Main article: Transport in the State of Palestine |
See also: List of Airports in Palestine, Railways in Palestine, and Port of Gaza |
Palestine had a well developed transport system before 2000 intifada. There were well developed roads and functioning airports. The first airport was in Jerusalem Second airport was opened in Gaza in 1998. In 2001 , Gaza Airport was destroyed in an airstrike by IDF. Prior the bombardment, Gush Katif Airport managed to handle air traffic until 2004. Since then no airport is operational in Palestine.
In recent years many new proposals have been made to develop airports and seaports in Palestinian territories to ease the transport. New transport and infrastructure projects have been proposed by the Palestinian Authority.
In 2021, a new proposal have been made by the Israeli government and Palestinian Authority to develop joint Palestinian — Israeli airport on former site in Atarot.[55] in this project, a new terminal will be built for Palestinians.[56] In 2017, then Israeli transport minister Israel Katz, made a proposal to build an artificial island off the Gaza Strip which will house an airport and seaport.[57] The project was later supported by Naftali Bennett.[58]
Palestine Authority prepared a proposal to construct two international airports in West Bank, one at Jericho and the other one in Area C. The proposal also includes development of seaport in Gaza and erection of railway lines from Egypt to Gaza.
See also: Gaza Development Plan |
Around 74% of the Palestinian population lives in urban areas. Cities like Jerusalem, Ramallah, Gaza, Bethlehem, Nablus and Hebron are well developed with availability of all basic amenities.
East Jerusalem faces poor management and civic problems, specially in the Arabian sector. Jerusalem Municipality of Israel rejected managing Palestinian areas of the city and proposing to transfer these area's sovereignty to Palestinian Authority. However, a number of Palestinians are working to increase Palestinian presence in Jerusalem. Some well-known businessman have built new projects of housing complex, shopping malls, luxury hotels and industrial zone.
Due to terrorist designation of Hamas by some countries and blockade of the movement of goods including building materials are controlled by Israel. Though Gaza is well developed having tall skyscrapers and shopping malls. A development plan for Gaza was proposed by 36th Israeli government under Bennett. The project was divided into two phases. First phase consists of construction of desalination plant and natural gas pipelines and maintenance of electrical transmission and power lines. Next phase will develop an artificial island and a road connecting Gaza Strip and West Bank.
Bashar Masri, a Palestinian industrialist have built the country's first planned city near Ramallah which is Rawabi. This city is in Area A, which completely falls under Palestinian control of government. So the project does not required a permission or approval from the Israeli government. However, the water source for the town crosses through Israeli managed areas and Israeli districts. During construction, Rawabi Contractors needed to get approval from the Israeli government for water sources.
Many new high rises and skyscrapers are upcoming in West Bank and Gaza Strip. Currently, the tallest building in Palestinian territories is Palestine Trade Tower in Ramallah. Al Ghefari Residential Tower is the tallest building. Recent years saw construction boom in Gaza.
There are only two power plants in Palestine.
Al-Quds University is in the process of setting up a solar power plant near campus in Abu Dis to provide electricity for Palestinian residents of Jerusalem.[59]
Palestine does not have a highly developed infrastructure.
There are three airports in the country, none of them are active now. Jerusalem International Airport was the first airport in Palestine. Based on Green Line, the airport falls under Palestinian part, which is occupied by Israel. Gaza Airport was established in 1998, for serving citizens of Gaza. It was named after Yasser Arafat as Yasser Arafat International Airport. An another airport was at Israeli settlement of Gush Katif in Gaza. All these airports ceased operation in the second intifada, while Gaza Airport was destroyed by Israel in 2001. Gush Katif Airport managed to be operational until 2004.
Port of Gaza is the only port in Palestine. Due to blockade by Israel, the movement of goods through port have become difficult. It houses
Mohamed Abusal, a Palestinian artist have proposed a metro project for Gaza.[60]
Since defuncting of airports, many proposals have came to develop airports. In 2011, Palestinian Authority
Australian entrepreneur Kevin Bermeister have supported and planned to invest in a proposed international airport in Jericho.
Energy is a major concern in infrastructure of Palestine. Their are two power plants in Palestine, the Gaza Power Plant for Gaza Strip and Jenin Power Plant for the West Bank. A solar power facility was developed in Gaza to provide electricity to 80% of Gaza Industrial Estate, which was destroyed in recent war.[61] Al-Quds University is in a process of setting up a solar power plant in Abu Dis in Jerusalem providing power to city's Palestinian residents. Jerusalem Electricity Company is a Palestinian agency for providing electricity in Palestinian areas of Jerusalem.
Main article: Education in Palestine |
As of 2022, Palestine had a literacy rate of 97.7% and is very high according to international standards. It is compulsory for every Palestinian to qualified atleast class 10. According to a governmental survey, their are 11 universities and 11 technical colleges. Additionally, their are 19 community colleges. The Ministry of Education and Higher Education was established in 1994, as a responsible for education management in the country. Educational levels are divided into three phases — Primary, Secondary and Higher. Apart from this, vocational and technical courses are also pursued by students.
An-Najah National University in Nablus was highly ranked Palestinian university.[62] Some of the well–known universities include Al-Quds University, Palestine Polytechnic University, University of Palestine, Islamic University of Gaza, Al-Aqsa University, Hebron University, Birzeit University, University College of Applied Sciences and Ibrahimieh College. Al Aqsa University, established in 1955 in Gaza is largest university of Palestine.[63] Al–Quds University is first Palestinian university of Jerusalem, followed by Ibrahimieh College.
UNRWA has established a large number of schools and institutes in refugee camps of Palestinian territories. Apart from colleges and universities, a large number of research institutes have been setup in Jerusalem conducting research on history of the country.
Palestine is 16th most densely populated country in the world and most densely populated in the Middle East after Bahrain. The population of Palestine based on 2016 census is
Main articles: List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority, List of cities administered by Hamas Administration, and List of cities in Palestine |
There are three largest cities in Palestine: Gaza, East Jerusalem and Hebron. Other major cities includes Ramallah, Bethlehem and Nablus. Gaza is largest city in Palestine, with a population of 555,000 and is one of the most densely populated places in world. Hebron is the largest city in West Bank and is known as commercial hub for both Palestine and Israel.
Largest cities or towns in (({country))}
Source? | |||||||||
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Rank | Administrative division | Pop. | |||||||
![]() Gaza ![]() East Jerusalem |
1 | Gaza | Gaza Governorate | (({pop_1))} | Hebron ![]() Nablus | ||||
2 | East Jerusalem | Quds Governorate | (({pop_2))} | ||||||
3 | Hebron | [[(({div_3))}]] | (({pop_3))} | ||||||
4 | Nablus | [[(({div_4))}]] | (({pop_4))} | ||||||
5 | [[(({city_5))}]] | [[(({div_5))}]] | (({pop_5))} | ||||||
6 | [[(({city_6))}]] | [[(({div_6))}]] | (({pop_6))} | ||||||
7 | [[(({city_7))}]] | [[(({div_7))}]] | (({pop_7))} | ||||||
8 | [[(({city_8))}]] | [[(({div_8))}]] | (({pop_8))} | ||||||
9 | [[(({city_9))}]] | [[(({div_9))}]] | (({pop_9))} | ||||||
10 | [[(({city_10))}]] | [[(({div_10))}]] | (({pop_10))} |
Some of legendary Palestinian poets and writers include Mahmoud Darwish, Ghassan Kanafani and Samih al-Qasim. Mahmoud Darwish is viewed as one of the most influential and legendary Palestinian poets. He played a major role in Palestinian nationalism and formation and is one of the most prominent Palestinian figures. During major wars of Palestine, the Palestinian Resistance Literature helped in maintaining Palestinian identity. Miral inspired by a novel on Hind al-Husseini, was written by Rula Jebreal.
Palestinian cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Hebron are widely regarded among peoples of all Abrahamic religions. It holds historical significance to world's major religions — Christianity, Islam and Judaism. The Palestine region is also known as Holy Land among Christians, Muslims and Jews.
Jerusalem (Yerusalem or Al-Quds) is considered holy for all Christians, Muslims and Jews. The Temple Mount (Haram Al-Sharif) is the place in Jerusalem where holy places of three religions are located. For Jewish peoples, it is the holiest site. The First and Second temples used to be in Jerusalem which was holy for Israelites (Jews). Instead of those temples, the Western Wall stands today as holiest site in Judaism. Some of the old synagogues are in Jerusalem. A large Jewish graveyard is near the Mount of Olives. For Muslims, Jerusalem stands as next holy city after Makkah and Madinah. Al Aqsa Mosque is holiest mosque after Masjid Al Haram (Mecca) and Prophet's Mosque (Medina). The first Qibla was at Al Aqsa Mosque. Later the Qibla was directed towards Al Haram in Makkah. Prophet Muhammad made his travel to heaven through Jerusalem and Hebron. The Night Journey of Muhammad is considered one of the greatest nights according to Islam. In Christianity, Church of the Holy Sepulchre is most holy site. Jesus is believed to spent his life and preached in Jerusalem. He was crucified in Golgotha near Jerusalem. Tomb of Lazarus is place of pilgrimage for Christians in Bethany (Al Eizariya). In Mandaeism, chief prophet John the Baptist was born in Jerusalem. Mandaeans follows the holy scripture of Ginza Rabba, which accounts about presence of John the Baptist, Miriai, Jacob, Benjamin, Anush Uthra and Hibil Ziwa in Jerusalem.
Bethlehem (Bayt Lahm) is considered sacred in Christianity. It is known as the birthplace of Biblical prophet Jesus (Isa). The Church of the Nativity is a basilica located in Bethlehem, which is a popular pilgrimage site for Christians. Other important sites for Christians in city are St. George's Monastery, Al-Khader and Church of Saint Catherine. The city has the highest population of Palestinian Christians. Every year, Palestinian Christians observe Christmas and decorate the city center with a large Christmas tree. The city is mentioned in Bible, Tanakh and Gospel.
Hebron (Al Khalil or Hevron), on other hands is second most holy city for Jews after Jerusalem. As per some sources, it is next holy city in Islam after Makkah, Madinah, Jerusalem and Damascus. The Cave of the Patriarchs (Ibrahimi Mosque) is a very important site for Jews and Muslim. To Muslims it is known as Cave of Machpelah (Ma'arat ha Macheplah) and for Muslims it is known as the Noble Sanctuary of Abraham (Haram Al-Ibrahimi). It is known as burial site of Biblical prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) along with Sarah, Isaac (Ishaq), Rebecca. The grave of Abraham is at center surrounded both sides by a mosque and a synagogue. The Avraham Avinu Synagogue is an old synagogue located at the Jewish Quarter in Old City of Hebron. Prophet Muhammad also travelled through Hebron in his night journey (Isra' and Mi'raj), prayed at the mosque and payed respect to Abraham. Some of the old mosques are in Hebron built during the Mamluk Sultanate and Ottoman Empire.
Main articles: Sports in Palestine and History of sport in Palestine |
Palestine have participated in a number of multi–sport events which includes Asian Games, Asian Winter Games, Islamic Solidarity Games, the Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, World Athletics Championships, World Aquatics Championships, Universiade and Youth Olympic Games. Palestine have been part of Olympic Council of Asia since 1986 and International Olympic Committee since 1995. The Palestinian Olympic Committee have participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics, 2012 Olympic Games and 2013 Mediterranean Games.
Football is popular allover Palestine just like other Arab countries in the Middle East. It is considered as national sport by the Palestinians. Palestine national football team is governed by the Palestinian Football Association and represent the country in association football. There are two football leagues — West Bank League (also known as Palestinian Premier League) and Gaza Strip League. Oday Dabbagh became first Palestinian footballer to play in Europe's top league.[64]
Though there are many sporting facilities in the country such as stadiums, clubs and playgrounds. Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium is a large international stadium in Jerusalem which is home to Hilal Al-Quds Club. Palestine Stadium in Gaza is home to Palestine national football team.
Albaik, the most popular fast-food chain in Muslim world was founded by Shakour Abu Ghazalah, a Palestinian–Saudi businessman.
Mahmoud Darwish wrote the Palestinian declaration of independence in 1988.
Palestinian architecture is diverse with elements of both historic and modern types. Jerusalem stone, manufactured in the West Bank, dominates historic structures in Jerusalem. These structures also include the Western Wall, holiest site for Jews. Jerusalem is home to many buildings based on Islamic architecture. Islamic architecture ranges from kingdoms to kingdoms. Some examples of Umayyad architecture are Al-Aqsa Mosque, Dome of the Rock and Dome of the Chain in Jerusalem.
Arrival of modern architecture marked by development of skyscrapers, shopping malls and office spaces. Skylines of Ramallah, Gaza and Jerusalem is dominated by high–rise skyscrapers. Palestine Trade Tower in Ramallah is tallest building in Palestine, followed by Abraj House, in same city. Rawabi is the first planned city of Palestine.
Jerusalem is fabled city, due to its religious significance.