The Ginza Rabba (Classical Mandaic: ࡂࡉࡍࡆࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ, romanized: Ginzā Rbā, lit. 'Great Treasury'), Ginza Rba, or Sidra Rabba (Classical Mandaic: ࡎࡉࡃࡓࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ, romanized: Sidrā Rbā, lit. 'Great Book'), and formerly the Codex Nasaraeus,[1] is the longest and the most important holy scripture of Mandaeism. The Left Ginza is also occasionally referred to as the Book of Adam.[1]
Language, dating and authorship
The language used is Classical Mandaic, a variety of Eastern Aramaic written in the Mandaic script (Parthian chancellory script), similar to the Syriac script. The authorship is unknown, and dating is a matter of debate. Some scholars place it in the 2nd–3rd centuries,[2]: 20 while others such as S. F. Dunlap place it in the 1st century.[3]
The earliest confirmed Mandaean scribe was Shlama beth Qidra (Šlama, daughter of Qidra), a woman who copied the Left Ginza sometime around the year 200 CE. She lived a few generations before Zazai of Gawazta,[4]: 4 who copied the Right Ginza and many other Mandaean texts.[5]: 89 Mandaean religious texts may have been originally orally transmitted before being written down by scribes, making dating and authorship difficult.[2]: 20
The Ginza Rabba is divided into two parts – the Right Ginza, containing 18 books, and the Left Ginza, containing 3 books. In Mandaic studies, the Right Ginza is commonly abbreviated as GR, while the Left Ginza is commonly abbreviated as GL.[6] Alternatively, sometimes the Right Ginza is abbreviated as GY after the Mandaic Ginza Yamin, while the Left Ginza is commonly abbreviated as GS after the Mandaic Ginza Smal.[7]
Ginza Rabba codices traditionally contain the Right Ginza on one side, and, when turned upside-down and back to front, contain the Left Ginza (the Left Ginza is also called "The Book of the Dead"). The Right Ginza part of the Ginza Rabba contains sections dealing with theology, creation, ethics, historical, and mythical narratives; its six colophons reveal that it was last redacted in the early Islamic Era. The Left Ginza section of Ginza Rabba deals with man's soul in the afterlife; its colophon reveals that it was redacted for the last time hundreds of years before the Islamic Era.[6][8]
There are various manuscript versions that differ from each other. The versions order chapters differently from each other, and textual content also differs.
Contents
The Ginza Rabba is a compilation of various oral teachings and written texts, most predating their editing into the two volumes. It includes literature on a wide variety of topics, including liturgy and hymns, theological texts, didactic texts, as well as both religious and secular poetry.[6]
For a comprehensive listing of summaries of each chapter in the Ginza Rabba, see the articles Right Ginza and Left Ginza.
Paris Ms. B (copied by Baktiar Bulbul in 1632; also called the "Norberg version," since it was used by Norberg during the early 1800s)
Paris Ms. C (copied by Yahya Adam in 1680)
Paris Ms. D (copied by Yahya Bihram in the early 1700s)
For his 1925 German translation of the Ginza, Lidzbarski also consulted other Ginza manuscripts that were held at Leiden (complete) and Munich (fragmentary).[9]
Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley has also found Ginza manuscripts that are privately held by Mandaeans in the United States. Two are in San Diego, California, which belong to Lamea Abbas Amara; they were originally copied by Mhatam Zihrun (Sheikh Dakhil Aidan) in 1935, and by a copyist named Adam (Sheikh Aidan, father of Dakhil) in 1886, respectively.[10]: 54 One is in Flushing, New York, which belonged to Nasser Sobbi (1924–2018) and was originally copied by Adam Zihrun in 1928. Another one is in Lake Grove, New York and belongs to Mamoon Aldulaimi, which was originally given to him by Sheikh Abdullah, son of Sheikh Negm and was copied by Yahya Ram Zihrun in 1940.[5] A version of the Ginza by Mhatam Yuhana[11] was also used by Carlos Gelbert in his 2011 English translation of the Ginza. Another manuscript known to Gelbert is a privately owned Ginza manuscript in Ahvaz belonging to Shaikh Abdullah Khaffaji,[9] the grandson of Ram Zihrun.[4]
Printed versions of the Ginza in Mandaic include:
Norberg version (Mandaic): A printed Ginza in Mandaic was published by Matthias Norberg in 1816. Based on Code Sabéen 2 (Paris Ms. B). It was republished by Gorgias Press in 2007.[12]
Petermann version (Mandaic): In 1867, Julius Heinrich Petermann published Mandaic and Syriac transcriptions of the Ginza Rabba.[13] His work was based on four different Ginza manuscripts held at Paris, and relied most heavily on MS Paris A (also known as Code Sabéen 1). Only 100 copies were printed, 13 of which Petermann kept himself.[6] A three-volume set of Petermann's work was republished by Gorgias Press in 2007.[14][15][16][17]
Mubaraki version (Mandaic, also in Roman script): The full Ginza Rba in printed Mandaic script, compiled primarily from the Mhatam Zihrun br rbai Adam manuscript from Iraq (copied in 1898), was first published by Majid Fandi al-Mubaraki, Haitham Mahdi Saed (also known as Brikha Nasoraia), and Brian Mubaraki in Sydney, Australia in March 1998 during Parwanaya.[18] Two other Ginza versions were also consulted, including one copied by Ram Zihrun in Šuštar in 1843, and another one by Sam bar Zihrun, from the Manduia and ‛Kuma clans.[5]: 73 A Roman transliteration of the entire Ginza Rba was also published in 1998 by Majid Fandi Al-Mubaraki and Brian Mubaraki.[19][20] At present, there are two published Mandaic-language editions of the Ginza published by Mandaeans themselves. The Concordance of the Mandaean Ginza Rba was published by Brian Mubaraki and Majid Fandi Al-Mubaraki in 2004.[21]
Gelbert version (Mandaic, in Arabic script; derived from the Mhatam Yuhana version): The full Mhatam Yuhana Ginza manuscript from Ahvaz, Iran was transcribed in Arabic script by Carlos Gelbert in 2021. As the fourth edition of the Gelbert's Arabic Ginza, Gelbert (2021) contains an Arabic translation side by side with the Mandaic transcription.[22]
Al-Sabti version (Mandaic): In 2022, Rbai Rafid al-Sabti published a printed Mandaic version of the Ginza Rabba based on a comparison of 22 manuscripts.[23] The Al-Sabti Ginza contains 157 chapters, 602 pages, 111,684 words, and 560,825 letters.[24]
Translations
Notable translations and printed versions of the Ginza Rabba include:
Norberg version (Latin, 1816): From 1815 to 1816, Matthias Norberg published a Latin translation of the Ginza Rabba, titled Codex Nasaraeus liber Adami appellatus (3 volumes). The original Mandaic text, based on MS Paris B, was also printed alongside the Latin translation.[1]
Lidzbarski version (German, 1925): In 1925, Mark Lidzbarski published the German translation Der Ginza oder das grosse Buch der Mandäer.[25] Lidzbarski translated an edition of the Ginza by Julius Heinrich Petermann from the 1860s, which in turn relied upon four different Ginza manuscripts held at Paris. Lidzbarski was also able to include some material from a fifth Ginza which was held at Leiden.
Baghdad version (Arabic, abridged, 2001): An Arabic version of the Ginza Rabba, similar to that of the Al-Saadi (Drabsha) version, was first published in Baghdad in 2001.[26]
Al-Saadi (Drabsha) version (English, abridged, 2012): Under the official auspices of the Mandaean spiritual leadership, Drs. Qais Al-Saadi and Hamed Al-Saadi published an English translation of the Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure in 2012. In 2019, the second edition was published by Drabsha in Germany. The translation, endorsed by the Mandaean rishamasSalah Choheili (Salah Jabbar Tawos) and Sattar Jabbar Hilo, is designed for contemporary use by the Mandaean community and is based on an Arabic translation of the Ginza Rabba that was published in Baghdad.[27][28][29] However, it has been criticized for being overly abridged and paraphrased.[30]
Gelbert version (English translation in 2011; Arabic translation in 2021): The first full English translation of the Ginza Rba was published by Carlos Gelbert in 2011, with the collaboration of Mark J. Lofts and other editors.[9] It is mostly based on the Mhatam Yuhana Ginza Rba from Iran (transcribed in the late 1990s and published in 2004 under the supervision of Mhatam Yuhana, the ganzibra or head-priest of the Mandaean Council of Ahvaz in Iran) and also on Mark Lidzbarski's 1925 German translation of the Ginza.[31] Gelbert's 2011 edition is currently the only full-length English translation of the Ginza that contains detailed commentary, with extensive footnotes and many original Mandaic phrases transcribed in the text. An Arabic translation (fourth edition) of the Ginza was also published by Gelbert in 2021, with the book also containing the original Mandaic text transcribed in Arabic script.[22]
Häberl (2022) is a translation of the Book of Kings, the final book of the Right Ginza.[32]
In 2021 (1400 A.H.), Salem Choheili completed a Persian translation of the Ginza Rabba.[33]
See also
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
^ abDrower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.
^"Sod, The Son of the Man" Page iii, S. F. Dunlap, Williams and Norgate – 1861
^ abBuckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-515385-5. OCLC65198443.
^ abcdBuckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. ISBN978-1-59333-621-9.
^Petermann, Julius Heinrich (2007). The great treasure or great book, commonly called "The book of Adam," the Mandaeans' work of highest authority. Vol. 1. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN978-1-59333-526-7.
^Petermann, Julius Heinrich (2007). The great treasure or great book, commonly called "The book of Adam," the Mandaeans' work of highest authority. Vol. 2. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN978-1-59333-527-4.
^Petermann, Julius Heinrich (2007). The great treasure or great book, commonly called "The book of Adam," the Mandaeans' work of highest authority. Vol. 3. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. ISBN978-1-59333-700-1.
^Majid Fandi al-Mubaraki, Haitham Mahdi Saaed, and Brian Mubaraki (eds.) (1998). Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. Northbridge, New South Wales: The Mandaean Research Centre. ISBN0-646-35222-9.
^Al-Sabti, Rabi Rafid, ed. (24 July 2022). The Treasure of Life: The holy book of the Mandaeans (ࡂࡉࡍࡆࡀ ࡖ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ) (1 ed.). Amsterdam. ISBN978-9090360058. OCLC1351435847.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"About the author". Living Water Books. Retrieved 5 September 2021. He has translated Lidzbarski's books from the German to two different languages: English and Arabic.
Volumes 1 and 2 and Volume 3 of Codex Nasaraeus: liber Adami appellatus, syriace transscriptus ... latineque redditus (an 1815 edition in Syriac transcription, with Latin translation, by Matthias Norberg)
Mandaean Network texts
Ginza Rabba (Mandaic text from the Mandaean Network)
Ginza Rabba (Mandaic text from the Mandaean Network)
