In mathematics, a natural number n is a Blum integer if n = p×q is a semiprime for which p and q are distinct prime numbers congruent to 3 mod 4.^[1] That is, p and q must be of the form 4t + 3, for some integer t. Integers of this form are referred to as Blum primes.^[2] This means that the factors of a Blum integer are Gaussian primes with no imaginary part. The first few Blum integers are

21, 33, 57, 69, 77, 93, 129, 133, 141, 161, 177, 201, 209, 213, 217, 237, 249, 253, 301, 309, 321, 329, 341, 381, 393, 413, 417, 437, 453, 469, 473, 489, 497, ... (sequence A016105 in the OEIS)

The integers were named for computer scientist Manuel Blum.^{[citation needed]}

Properties

Given n = p×q a Blum integer, Q_n the set of all quadratic residues modulo n and coprime to n and a ∈ Q_n. Then:^[2]

• a has four square roots modulo n, exactly one of which is also in Q_n
• The unique square root of a in Q_n is called the principal square root of a modulo n
• The function f: Q_n → Q_n defined by f(x) = x² mod n is a permutation. The inverse function of f is: f ⁻¹(x) = x^{((p − 1)(q − 1) + 4)/8} mod n.^[3]
• For every Blum integer n, −1 has a Jacobi symbol mod n of +1, although −1 is not a quadratic residue of n:

${\displaystyle \left({\frac {-1}{n))\right)=\left({\frac {-1}{p))\right)\left({\frac {-1}{q))\right)=(-1)^{2}=1}$

History

Before modern factoring algorithms, such as MPQS and NFS, were developed, it was thought to be useful to select Blum integers as RSA moduli. This is no longer regarded as a useful precaution, since MPQS and NFS are able to factor Blum integers with the same ease as RSA moduli constructed from randomly selected primes.^{[citation needed]}