Rembrandt, The Baptism of the Eunuch, c. 1626.
A stained glass diptych showing the baptisms of the Ethiopian eunuch by St. Philip the Evangelist and of Jesus Christ by St. John the Baptist, from the Cathedral of the Incarnation (Garden City, New York).

The Ethiopian eunuch (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያዊው ጃንደረባ) is a figure in the New Testament of the Bible; the story of his conversion to Christianity is recounted in Acts 8.

Biblical narrative

Philip the Evangelist was told by an angel to go to the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and there he encountered the Ethiopian eunuch, the treasurer of Candace, Queen of the Ethiopians (Ancient Greek: Κανδάκη, "Candace" was the Meroitic term for "queen" or possibly "royal woman"). The eunuch had been to Jerusalem to worship[1] and was returning home. Sitting in his chariot, he was reading the Book of Isaiah, specifically Isaiah 53:7–8. Philip asked the Ethiopian, "Do you understand what you are reading?" He said he did not ("How can I understand unless I have a teacher to teach me?"), and asked Philip to explain the text to him. Philip told him the Gospel of Jesus, and the Ethiopian asked to be baptized. They went down into a water source, traditionally thought to be the Dhirweh fountain near Halhul,[2] and Philip baptized him.

In the King James Version and the Catholic Douay-Rheims Version, the Ethiopian says, "I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God" (verse 37), but this is omitted in most modern versions. D.A. Hubbard suggests that confession is "not supported in the better manuscripts [i.e. the Alexandrian text-type])", although the Ethiopian is still "one of the outstanding converts in Acts."[3]

After this, Philip was suddenly taken away by the Spirit of the Lord, and the eunuch "went on his way rejoicing" (verse 39).

Christian traditions

See also: List of names for the biblical nameless § Ethiopian Eunuch baptized by the deacon Philip

Church Father St. Irenaeus of Lyons in his book Adversus haereses (Against the Heresies, an early anti-Gnostic theological work) 3:12:8 (180 AD), wrote regarding the Ethiopian eunuch, "This man (Simeon Bachos the Eunuch) was also sent into the regions of Ethiopia, to preach what he had himself believed, that there was one God preached by the prophets, but that the Son of this (God) had already made (His) appearance in human flesh, and had been led as a sheep to the slaughter; and all the other statements which the prophets made regarding Him." In Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition he was referred to as Bachos and is known as an Ethiopian Jew with the name Simeon also called the Black, a name used in Acts 13:1.[4][5]

One of the traditional sites of the baptism is the Ein Hanya Spring.[6] Others place the traditional site of baptism at the Dhirweh fountain, near Halhul.[2]

Assessment and interpretation

Religion

The Ethiopian eunuch's religion of origin is significant because of the subsequent implications of his conversion to Christianity. There are many competing theories for the eunuch's pre-conversion religious status in relation to Judaism and Christianity.

Religious Status Evidence Supporters
Jew After the story of the Ethiopian eunuch, Irenaeus wrote, "Conversion is more difficult with gentiles than with Jews," indicating that the eunuch was a Jew.[7] Charles Francis Potter suggested the eunuch may have been an Essene.[8] Pontius (died c. 260),[9] Irenaeus (c. 130 – 202)[7]
Jew-Gentile Eunuch occupies an "intermediary position between Jew and gentile", which could indicate the status of proselyte or God-fearer.[10] Jerome (c. 347 – 420)[11]
Gentile Eunuch must have been a Gentile because he was Ethiopian. Eusebius (c. 275 – 339),[12] Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306 – 373) as well as Bede (c. 672 – 725), Nicephorus Callistus (c. 1256 – 1335), Nicholas of Lyra (c. 1270 – 1349), and Martin Luther (1483–1546)[10]
proselyte Eunuch "must be read as a proselyte (a full convert to Judaism) since Acts presents Cornelius the Centurion as the first gentile to be baptized into the Christian community."[10] D. A Hubbard,[3] Lancelot Andrewes (1555–1626),[13] John Calvin (1509–1564),[14] John Wesley (1703-1791)[15]
God-fearer Eunuch cannot have been a proselyte and must have been a God-fearer "since Deut 23:1 would have prohibited a castrated male from becoming a proselyte."[10] Paul Mumo Kisau,[16] C. K. Barrett,[17] Justo L. González,[18] many other contemporary scholars.
Illustration from the Menologion of Basil II of Philip and the Ethiopian eunuch.

Modern scholarship tends to place the Ethiopian eunuch in the "intermediate position between Jew and Gentile."[10] Scott Shauf suggests that the "primary point of the story is about carrying the gospel to the end of the earth, not about establishing a mission to Gentiles," and thus Luke "does not bring the Gentile status of the Ethiopian into the foreground." However, "the suggestion that the eunuch is or at least might be a Gentile in the story, by both his ethnic and possibly physical description" may leave more formative possibility than if he had been explicitly categorized.[19] Ernst Haenchen builds on Ferdinand Christian Baur's work (1792–1860) in concluding that "the author of Acts made the eunuch's religious identity ambiguous intentionally" so as to preserve the tradition that claimed Cornelius as the first Gentile convert as well as the tradition that claimed the Ethiopian Eunuch as the first Gentile convert.[10]

Sexuality

Commentators generally suggest that the combination of "eunuch" together with the title "court official" indicates a literal eunuch, who would have been excluded from the Temple by the restriction in Deuteronomy 23:1.[20][21] Some scholars point out that eunuchs were excluded from Jewish worship and extend the New Testament's inclusion of these men to other sexual minorities; gay Catholic priest John J. McNeill, citing non-literal uses of "eunuch" in other New Testament passages such as Matthew 19:12,[22] writes that he likes to think of the eunuch as "the first baptized gay Christian,"[23] while Jack Rogers writes that "the fact that the first Gentile convert to Christianity is from a sexual minority and a different race, ethnicity and nationality together"[24]: 135  calls Christians to be radically inclusive and welcoming.

Race and origins

The Baptism of Queen Candace's Eunuch (c. 1625–30, attributed to Hendrick van Balen and Jan Brueghel the Younger)

"Candace" was the name given in Greco-Roman historiography to all the female rulers or consorts of the Kingdom of Kush (now part of Sudan). The capital city was Meroë, and the title of "Candace" derives from a Meroitic word, kdke, that referred to any royal woman.[25] "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. The first writer to call it Ethiopia was Philostorgius around 440.[26]

Some scholars, such as Frank M. Snowden, Jr., interpret the story as emphasizing that early Christian communities accepted members regardless of race: "Ethiopians were the yardstick by which antiquity measured colored peoples."[27][28] Others, such as Clarice Martin, write that it is a commentary on the religion rather than on its adherents, showing Christianity's geographical extent; Gay L. Byron goes further, saying, "The Ethiopian eunuch was used by Luke to indicate that salvation could extend even to Ethiopians and Blacks."[29] David Tuesday Adamo suggests that the word used here (Αίθίοψ, aithiops) is best translated simply as "African."[30]

Related figures

C. K. Barrett contrasts the Ethiopian eunuch's story with that of Cornelius the Centurion, another convert. He notes that while the Ethiopian continues on his journey home and passes out of the narrative, Cornelius and his followers form another church in Judea, and speculates that this reflects a desire to focus on Peter rather than Philip.[17]: 421  Robert O'Toole argues that the way Philip is taken away parallels the way Jesus disappears after he has been talking to the disciples on the road to Emmaus in Luke 24.[31]

There are literary parallels between the story of the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts and that of Ebed-Melech, an Ethiopian eunuch in the Book of Jeremiah.[32]

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Acts 8:27
  2. ^ a b Conder, C.R. (1879). Tent Work in Palestine. Vol. 2. London: Bentley on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 76. OCLC 23589738.
  3. ^ a b Hubbard, D. A. (1962). "Ethiopian eunuch". In Douglas, J. D. (ed.). New Bible Dictionary. IVF. p. 398.
  4. ^ Yohannes, Paulos (1988). Filsata : the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and the Mariological tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (PhD). New Jersey: Princeton Theological Seminary. OCLC 22377610.
  5. ^ "History of the Church". stmichaeleoc.org. Archived from the original on 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  6. ^ Riba, Naama (16 March 2018). "The Ein Hanya spring: a charming, spruced-up Jerusalem spot free of Palestinians". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  7. ^ a b Irenaeus, St (2012). Böer, Paul (ed.). Against Heresies. Veritatis Splendor Publications.
  8. ^ Potter, Charles Francis (1962). The Lost Years of Jesus Revealed (2 ed.). New York: Fawcett Gold Medal. p. 103. ISBN 0449130398.
  9. ^ Pontius the Deacon. Life and Passion of Saint Cyprian.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Burke, Sean D. (2013). Queering the Ethiopian Eunuch: Strategies of Ambiguity in Acts. Fortress Press.
  11. ^ Jerome (1954). The Principal Works of St. Jerome. Translated by Freemantle, W. H. Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans. OCLC 16266331.
  12. ^ Eusebius (1989-11-23). Louth, Andrew (ed.). The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine. Translated by Williamson, G. (Rev. ed.). Penguin.
  13. ^ Andrewes, Lancelot (2011). Ninety-six Sermons. Nabu Press. ISBN 9781174708121.
  14. ^ Calvin, John (1995). Calvin's New Testament Commentaries, Volume 6: Acts 1-13. Grand Rapids, Mich.; Carlisle England: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802808066.
  15. ^ Wesley, John (2010). John Wesley's Notes on the Whole Bible: New Testament. Benediction Classics. ISBN 9781849026352.
  16. ^ Kisau, Paul Mumo (2006). "Acts of the Apostles". In Adeyemo, Tokunboh (ed.). Africa Bible Commentary. Zondervan. p. 1314.
  17. ^ a b Barrett, Charles Kingsley (1998). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles: Preliminary introduction and commentary on Acts I-XIV. Volume 34 of International critical commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-09653-1.
  18. ^ Gonzalez, Justo L. (2001-11-30). Acts: The Gospel of the Spirit (First ed.). Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. ISBN 9781570753985.
  19. ^ Shauf, Scott (2009). "Locating the eunuch: characterization and narrative context in Acts 8:26-40". CBQ. 71 (4): 774. JSTOR 43726615.
  20. ^ MacArthur, John (1994). New Testament Commentary, Volume 6: Acts 1-12. Moody. p. 254. ISBN 0-8024-0759-5.
  21. ^ Johnson, Luke T.; Harrington, Daniel J. (1992). The Acts of the Apostles. Liturgical Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-8146-5807-5.
  22. ^ McNeill, John J. (1993). The Church and the homosexual (4 ed.). Beacon Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 9780807079317.
  23. ^ McNeill, John J. (2010). Freedom, Glorious Freedom: The Spiritual Journey to the Fullness of Life for Gays, Lesbians, and Everybody Else. Lethe. p. 211. ISBN 9781590211489.
  24. ^ Rogers, Jack (2009). Jesus, the Bible, and Homosexuality. Westminster John Knox.
  25. ^ Adams, William Yewdale (1977). Nubia: Corridor to Africa. Princeton University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-691-09370-3.
  26. ^ Yamauchi, Edwin M. (2006). "Acts 8:26-40: Why the Ethiopian Eunuch Was Not from Ethiopia". In Bock, Darrell L.; Fanning, Buist M. (eds.). Interpreting the New Testament Text: Introduction to the Art and Science of Exegesis. Crossway. pp. 351–66.
  27. ^ Snowden, Frank M. (1970). Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman experience (3rd ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-674-07626-5.
  28. ^ Witherington, Ben (1998). The Acts of the Apostles: A socio-rhetorical commentary. Eerdmans. p. 295. ISBN 0-8028-4501-0.
  29. ^ Byron, Gay L. (2002). Symbolic blackness and ethnic difference in early Christian literature. Psychology Press. pp. 105–115. ISBN 9780203471470.
  30. ^ Adamo, David Tuesday (2006). Africa and Africans in the New Testament. Lanham: University Press of America. pp. 89–91.
  31. ^ O'Toole, R.F. (2016). "Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch (Acts Viii 25-40)". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 5 (17): 25–34. doi:10.1177/0142064X8300501705. ISSN 0142-064X. S2CID 161231768.
  32. ^ Estigarribia, Juan Vicente (1992). "Commentaries on the Historicity of Acts of the Apostles 8, 26–39". Beiträge zur Sudanforschung. 5: 39–46.

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