Satan (the dragon; on the left) gives to the beast of the sea (on the right) power represented by a sceptre in a detail of panel III.40 of the medieval French Apocalypse Tapestry, produced between 1377 and 1382.
Revelation 12 describes a series of wars. First, the dragon opposes "a woman clothed with the sun," then her male child, then Michael and his angels in heaven, then again the woman, and, lastly, the dragon goes away to make war against her other children. In each of the wars, the dragon is defeated. Revelation 13 begins with the dragon standing on the seashore, apparently waiting for reinforcements. From that vantage point, he is joined by two helpers; the beast from the sea (Rev 13:1-10) and the beast from the earth (Rev 13:11-15).
In Revelation 13:1–10, the first beast (interpreted as the Antichrist) rises "out of the sea" and is given authority and power by the dragon. It is the image of this beast that persecutes God's people in the second part of revelation 13 and it is the name of this beast that is put on the foreheads of his followers (Rev 13:16-17). It is described as having features of a leopard, a lion, and a bear, which are three of the animals in Daniel 7, implying that it is a successor of those animals.
In Revelation 13:11–18, the second beast, later known as the false prophet, comes "out of the earth," exercises all the authority of the first beast, forces everyone on earth to worship the first beast, and convinces the people, through signs and wonders, to make an image of the first beast.
The beast that is mentioned in Revelation 11:7 as emerging from the abyss, is probably the scarlet beast of Revelation 17, which also "come up out of the abyss" (Rev 17:18). While the first beast (the Sea Beast) is not presented as being inferior to another power, the beast of Revelation 17 is subordinate to the harlot sitting on it. It is, therefore, different from the Sea Beast.
Two of these beasts, namely the Sea Beast and the Scarlet Beast each have seven heads and ten horns. The dragon also has seven heads and ten horns, implying that these three creatures are of the same species (have the same origin). Since the animals in Daniel 7 have, in total, seven heads and ten horns, it is argued that these three beasts are related to the animals in Daniel 7.
In their fight against God, the Sea Beast and the False Prophet join forces with the Dragon. They persecute the "saints" and those who do not "worship the image of the beast [of the sea]" and influence the kings of the earth through three unclean spirits to gather for the battle of Armageddon.[1] The two beasts are defeated by Christ and are thrown into the lake of fire mentioned in Revelation 19:18–20.
Book of Revelation
The Revelation of St John: 12. The Sea Monster and the Beast with the Lamb's Horn. A woodcut by Albrecht Dürer
The description of the beast is found in Revelation chapters thirteen and seventeen. Chapter thirteen gives the fullest description.
It rises out of the sea (Rev 13:1). The four animals of Daniel 7 also arise from the sea, explained as four kingdoms arising from the earth (Dan 7:3, 17). In Revelation, the "many waters" on which the harlot sits are explained as "peoples and multitudes and nations and tongues" (Rev 17:1, 15).
The beast has seven heads and ten horns (Rev 13:1), equal to the total number of heads and horns in Daniel 7, indicating some relationship.
The beast has crowns on its horns (Rev 13:1), in contrast to the Dragon, which has crowns on its heads, and in contrast to the Scarlet Beast, which has none.
The beast "was like a leopard, and his feet were like those of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion" (Rev 13:1). These are the first three animals in Daniel 7, but in reverse order.
"The dragon gave him his power and his throne and great authority" (Rev 13:1). Since the previous three animals are three of Daniel's animals, and since both Daniel 7 and this verse refers to four animals, this dragon is probably the fourth animal in Daniel 7.
"I saw one of his heads as if it had been slain" (Rev 13:2). In other words, the other six heads are still alive. Revelation 17 describes the seven heads as seven consecutive "kings." It is, therefore, proposed that the seven heads are the seven phases of the beast-power. The dead head means that the beast is/was incapacitated during one of those phases.
The beast in Revelation 17 also suffers a severe setback, indicated by the facts that it is in the wilderness, has no crowns, is in the abyss, and is described as "is not." If the fatal wound in Rev 13 is the same as the period of incapacity described in Rev 17, then Rev 17 identifies the head with the fatal wound as the sixth.
"His fatal wound was healed" (Rev 13:2). If the 'dead' head is the sixth, then this refers to the seventh and final head of the beast. When an incapacitated phase (head) of the beast is replaced by a powerful phase (head), the beast itself has recovered.
"The whole earth was amazed and followed after the beast" (Rev 13:3). Similarly, in Revelation 17, when the beast comes out of the abyss, "those who dwell on the earth ... will wonder when they see the beast" (Rev 13:8; 17:8).
"They worshiped the dragon because he gave his authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast" (Rev 13:4). "Worship" is perhaps the key word in Revelation 13. It appears many times. In Rev 14, three angels warn the world to worship the Creator alone. The end-time may be understood as a crisis over who to worship.
Apart from giving authority to the Sea Beast, the Dragon does nothing in Rev 13. All the work is done by the Sea Beast, the Earth Beast, and the Image of the Beast. So, the people worship the Beast directly but the Dragon only indirectly.
"There was given to him - a mouth speaking arrogant words and blasphemies ... he opened his mouth in blasphemies against God, to blaspheme His name and His tabernacle" (Rev 13:5-6). The 11th horn of Daniel 7 similarly has "a mouth uttering great boasts." "He will speak out against the Most High." (Dan 7:20, 25)
"Authority to act for forty-two months was given to him" (Rev 13:5). He received authority over "the saints" and over all people (Rev 13:7). The 11th horn of Daniel 7 will "wear down the saints of the Highest One ... and they will be given into his hand for a time, times, and half a time" (Dan 7:25). It has been argued that the 42 months are equal to the "time, times, and half a time." (3½ times = 3½ years = 42 months)
Beast from the Earth
The second beast is primarily described in Revelation chapter thirteen. This second beast comes out of the earth whose overall appearance is not described, other than having "two horns like a lamb", and speaking "like a dragon".[2] His purpose is to promote the authority of the first beast with the ability to perform great signs, even making fire come down out of Heaven. This second beast is also called the false prophet.[3] He speaks like a dragon commanding the people of the Earth to make an image "to" the beast that was wounded by a sword. It is declared that anyone who does not worship the beast or its image would be killed.[4] The lamb-horned beast from the earth also causes all people to receive the mark of the beast "in their right hand or in their forehead."[5]
The Scarlet Beast
Revelation 17 mentions a third beast described as "a scarlet coloured beast."
Just like the Dragon and the Sea Beast, it has seven heads and ten horns (Revelation 17:3), implying that these three are of the same species. Since there are also seven heads and ten horns among the four animals of Daniel 7, and since the animals of Daniel 7 exist until Christ's return, the seven heads and ten horns of the beasts in Revelation imply that they are related to the animals of Daniel 7.
The scarlet beast is shown being ridden by a harlot who "reigns over the kings of the earth", (Revelation 17:18) whereas the beast of the sea is not described as being ridden, and is given "power and great authority." The seven heads represent both seven mountains and seven kings, and the ten horns are ten kings who have not yet received kingdoms. Of the seven kings, five have fallen, one is, the other has not yet come. The beast itself is an eighth king who is of the seven and "was and is not and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition."[6]
Image of the Beast
Those who dwell on the earth are deceived into making an image [interpreted as a statue] of the beast as a means to worship its authority. The false prophet breathes life into the "image of the beast", so that the image becomes alive and is able to speak. It also declares to anyone who does not worship the authority of the beast.[7] Those who are killed for not conforming to the authority of the beast are blessed through the "first resurrection" that allows them to rule in Christ's presence as priests during the one thousand-year reign. The second death has no power over these individuals who were victorious over the beast[8] by not being deceived, even though they lost their lives on Earth by his authority.[9]
In Roman Numerals, in use when the Book of Revelation was written, the mark of the beast in Revelation 17:9 is rendered DCLXVI 'The Roman numeral for 666, DCLXVI, has exactly one occurrence of all symbols whose value is less than 1000 in decreasing order (D = 500, C = 100, L = 50, X = 10, V = 5, I = 1).'
The mark of the beast is interpreted differently in the four main views of Christian eschatology.
Fate of the False Prophet
Heaven opens and a figure on a white horse appears, followed by "the armies which were in heaven".
And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, King Of Kings, And Lord Of Lords. And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God;
That ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and great.[14]
The beast and the kings of the earth and their armies gather to prepare for war against them. The beast is taken, along with the false prophet, and they are thrown alive into "the lake of fire" and the rest are killed.[15] In chapter twenty, after the dragon is freed from the abyss and deceives the nations, the dragon is thrown into the lake of fire, where the beast and the false prophet are and will be tormented day and night forever and ever.[16]
A coin bearing the Greek name and image of Nero, with radiant crown symbolizing the sun
Preterism is a Christian eschatological view that interprets prophecies of the Bible, especially the Books of Daniel and Revelation, by reference to events that had already happened. Preterist academic scholars generally identify the first beast from the sea with the Roman Empire, particularly with Emperor Nero.[17][18][19]
The beast from the earth is generally identified with the Roman imperial cult.[20]: 240 Sometimes there is a particular identification with a personage such as a chief administrator of Roman rule in Ephesus and Asia Minor. This is probably the provincial governor (or proconsul) who would have overseen the political and religious operations of the area from his capital in Ephesus[21] or the High Priest of the provincial imperial cult. The imperial cult in Ephesus was set up by Domitian in AD 89.[21] (Ephesus is the location of one of the Seven Churches in Asia to whom the Book of Revelation was addressed.)
This interpretation is based upon the angel's explanation of the beast in Revelation 17:7, that the beast's seven heads are seven kings (Revelation 17:10) and that Nero, is the sixth king "who is", who was possibly alive and the emperor reigning at the time John was writing the book.[22] The five kings who have fallen are seen as Julius, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius; Galba is the one who "has not yet come, but when he does come, he must remain for a little while". (Revelation 17:10). Moreover, Rome was known in antiquity as the city of seven hills (Revelation 17:9) and Revelation was a warning about events that were "shortly" to take place (Revelation 1:1).
In Revelation 13:5–8, the beast was given a mouth speaking in blasphemies against God and his name. Inscriptions have been found in Ephesus in which Nero is called "Almighty God" and "Savior".[23] In verse 4, the beast is worshiped by the world alongside the dragon that gave it authority. Nero and Caligula "abandoned all reserve" in promoting emperor worship—they were the only two who demanded divine honors while still alive. Nero claimed to be the sun-god Apollo.
Revelation 13:7 speaks of the power given to the beast to make war with the saints. Nero was the first of the imperial authorities to persecute Christianity. Tacitus records the scene in Rome when the persecution of Christians (or Chrestians)[24] broke out: "And their death was aggravated with mockeries, insomuch that, wrapped in the hides of wild beasts, they were torn to pieces by dogs, or fastened to crosses to be set on fire, that when the darkness fell they might be burned to illuminate the night."[25]
Revelation 13:5 says that the beast would continue for 42 months. The Neronic persecution was instituted in AD 64 and lasted until his death in June AD 68, which is three and a half years, or 42 months. Nero was even called the beast. Apollonius of Tyana specifically states that Nero was called a beast:
"In my travels, which have been wider than ever man yet accomplished, I have seen man, many wild beasts of Arabia and India; but this beast, that is commonly called a Tyrant, I know not how many heads it has, nor if it be crooked of claw, and armed with horrible fangs. ... And of wild beasts you cannot say that they were ever known to eat their own mother, but Nero has gorged himself on this diet."[25]
The manner of Nero's death corresponds with the prophecy of Revelation 13:10: "If anyone is destined for captivity, to captivity he goes; if any one kills with the sword, with the sword he must be killed." According to Tertullian, Nero was the first to assail the Christian sect with the imperial sword. He committed suicide by the sword at age 30.
After Nero's death in AD 68, Rome saw a quick succession of short-lived emperors (Galba, Otho, and Vitellius) and a year of civil wars until Vespasian eventually took control in AD 69. The Roman Empire destabilized so greatly that Tacitus reported: "Many believed the end of the empire was at hand".[26] According to Suetonius, to the surprise of the world, "the empire which for a long time had been unsettled and, as it were, drifting through the usurpation and violent death of three emperors, was at last taken in and given stability by the Flavian family".[27] This may be a reference to the mortal wound on one of the heads of the beast "inflicted by the sword" which was later healed (Revelation 13:3, 13:14).[28] D. K. Wong (2003) wrote that the "healing of the wound" alludes to the so-called Nero Redivivus legend ("revival of Nero" myth). A rumour said that Nero had just disappeared to Parthia, and would one day reappear.[29]
Finally, the readers of Revelation were told to "calculate the number of the beast, for the number is that of a man; and his number is six hundred and sixty-six" (Rev. 13:18). John did not expect that his readers "who had understanding" to have any difficulty identifying the beast, since they could simply calculate the meaning of this number. "Neron Kaisar" (Νερων Καισαρ the Greek rendering, documented by archaeological finds), transliterated into Hebrewנרון קסר (Nrwn Qsr). When using standard mispar hechrechi[verification needed] encoding of gematria, adding the corresponding values yields 666, as shown:
Resh (ר)
Samech (ס)
Qof (ק)
Nun (נ)
Vav (ו)
Resh (ר)
Nun (נ)
TOTAL
200
60
100
50
6
200
50
666
The variant number 616 found in some manuscripts of the Greek text of Revelation may represent the alternative Hebrew spelling נרו קסר (Nrw Qsr) based on the Latin form "Nero Caesar".[30] The variant probably existed to keep consistent the meaning of Nero as the beast.[31]
Historicism is a method of interpretation in Christian eschatology which interprets biblical prophecies as actual historical events and identifies symbolic beings with historical persons or societies in the history of the church. This interpretation was favored by the Protestant reformers[32] such as John Wycliff, John Calvin, and Martin Luther, as well as other prominent figures such as Isaac Newton.[33]
According to this interpretation, the beast and false prophet were most commonly identified with the papacy in its political and religious aspects.[34]
The identification with the papacy is a viewpoint echoed by Seventh-day Adventist writers. According to the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the "image to the beast" represents Protestant churches which will form an alliance with the papacy, and the "mark of the beast" refers to a future universal Sunday law. Adventists have interpreted the number of the beast, 666, as corresponding to a Latin title Vicarius Filii Dei of the pope. The number 666 is calculated by using a form of gematria where only the letters which refer to Latin numerals are counted.
V
I
C
A
R
I
U
S
F
I
L
I
I
D
E
I
TOTAL
5
1
100
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
50
1
1
500
0
1
666
In 1866, Uriah Smith was the first to propose the interpretation to the Seventh-day Adventist Church.[35] In The United States in the Light of Prophecy he wrote,
The pope wears upon his pontifical crown in jeweled letters, this title: "Vicarius Filii Dei", "Viceregent of the Son of God"; the numerical value of which title is just six hundred and sixty-six. The most plausible supposition we have ever seen on this point is that here we find the number in question. It is the number of the beast, the papacy; it is the number of his name, for he adopts it as his distinctive title; it is the number of a man, for he who bears it is the "man of sin".[36]
Adventist scholar J. N. Andrews also adopted this view.[37] Uriah Smith maintained his interpretation in the various editions of Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation, which was influential in the church.[35]
Jimmy Akin of Catholic Answers and additional Catholic source Our Sunday Visitor, a Catholic newspaper (see Vicarius Filii Dei), disagree with the above argument because, "although Vicarius Filii Dei adds up to 666, [it] is not a title of the pope".[38]
The beast from the earth has also been interpreted as the Islamic prophet Muhammed, according to some medieval Christians, particularly Pope Innocent III;[39]Saracens and Antipopes, according to other medieval Christians, particularly Joachim of Fiore;[40] and the government of the United States of America (this is the view of the Seventh-day Adventist Church).[41] This interpretation was introduced by Adventist pioneer John Nevins Andrews.[42]
Samuele Bacchiocchi, an Adventist scholar, has noted that Seventh-day Adventist teaching is moving away from historicism towards a more symbolic interpretation of the mark of the beast.[43][44]
The Historicist interpretation has fallen out of favor with modern commentaries on Revelation, partially because it has failed to form a consensus on how the outline of the book of Revelation corresponds with history.[34][45]
Idealism, also known as the allegorical or symbolic approach, is an interpretation of the book of Revelation that sees the imagery of the book as non-literal symbols.[46] This is a common viewpoint of modern Christian scholars such as Gregory Beale in his New International Greek Testament Commentary on the Book of Revelation. Some Idealist interpretations identify none of the book's symbols with particular historical events while some idealists like Beale take a more eclectic approach which see that the book portrays events throughout history while also predicting some future events such as the return of Christ.[47]
In this view, the beast from the sea is interpreted as the state or any human kingdom that is in opposition to God. This would include the Roman Empire but would broadly apply to all empires.[48] Scholars take their cue from the parallels between Revelation 13 and Daniel 7, noting that in Daniel 7:17 that the beasts are revealed as kingdoms. Therefore, given that the beast of Revelation 13 is a composite of the beasts of Daniel, one should similarly interpret this beast as a kingdom, more specifically a composite of all kingdoms. Similarly, in some idealist circles, it is suggested that the beast represents different social injustices, such as exploitation of workers,[49] wealth, the elite, commerce,[50] materialism, and imperialism.[51] Various Christian anarchists, such as Jacques Ellul, have associated the State and political power as the beast.[52]
The Idealist interpretation of the beast from the earth is that it represents religious, cultural and economic powers within society which work to compel people to give their allegiance to the state or governmental powers. This was first expressed in the imperial cult of Rome but finds expression at all times of history. In his commentary, Michael Wilcock says "Religion, indeed is too narrow an identification of the second beast. He is, in modern parlance, the ideology – whether religious, philosophical, or political which 'gives breath to' any human social structure organized independently of God."[53]
The Idealist perspective on the number of the beast rejects gematria, envisioning the number not as a code to be broken, but a symbol to be understood. Because there are so many names that can come to 666 and that most systems require converting names to other languages or adding titles when convenient, there is no consensus. Given that numbers are used figuratively throughout the book of Revelation, idealists interpret this number figuratively as well. The common suggestion is that because seven is a number of completeness and is associated with the divine, that six is incomplete and the three sixes mean completely incomplete.[54] Other scholars focus not on incompleteness but on the beast's ability to imitate perfection, that is, to appear authentic. Since the number six is one short of the perfect number seven, the beast's number bears "most of the hallmarks of truth, and so it can easily deceive".[55]
The Idealist interpretation in which the beast finds expression in the socio-cultural, economic and political arena of all human activities since the existence of man best describes the scriptural perspective of the beast. This position was annunciated by Chike Udolisa is his book.[56] In this perspective, the image of the four kingdoms that were to rule the world as shown to Nebuchadnezzar were equated to the four beasts revealed to Daniel, and to the seven-headed beast revealed to John. The records of Revelation 17:2–3 and Revelation 13:1 show this beast to represent the kings of the earth. Furthermore, the revelation in Daniel 7 of four beasts comprising a lion, bear and leopard also correlates with the seven-headed beast as shown to John in Revelation 13:2 having the same features of the lion, bear and leopard. Thus the beast represents the kingdoms that will bear rule over the world from Adam until the second coming of Christ. While in the spirit, this beast is seen as a personality as in Revelation 19:20, in the physical he is represented at different ages throughout the period of human existence as different kingdoms. The importance of this interpretation is that as the Whore of Babylon is seen to be riding this beast, the beast is the seat of operation of the whore from where she is expressed, and by whom her dominion is exercised.[citation needed] This corresponds to Revelation 13 where the power exercised by this beast was completely that of the dragon. This brings to light the scriptural fact that the governments of the nations are puppets in the hands of this beast, consistent with the truth that the whole world system is under the dragon, the god of this world.[citation needed]
St. Augustine of Hippo takes a more Idealist interpretation when he writes:
And what this beast is, though it requires a more careful investigation, yet it is not inconsistent with the true faith to understand it of the ungodly city itself, and the community of unbelievers set in opposition to the faithful people and the city of God.
For to this beast belong not only the avowed enemies of the name of Christ and His most glorious city, but also the tares which are to be gathered out of His kingdom, the Church, in the end of the world.[57]
Futurism interprets the beast from the sea to represent a revived Roman empire that will oppose Christians in the last days. Futurists would admit the symbolic ties to Rome and would interpret that the recovery from the fatal head wound would refer to a revival of this empire in the last days. It is usually understood that this revived empire will be ruled by the Antichrist, though some refer to the beast as the Antichrist. Futurist scholars, such as John Walvoord, identify this beast not as the individual ruler but as the revived Roman empire, noting that the reference to Rome's seven hills and the connection to the beasts in Daniel seven indicate that the beast represents a kingdom.[60]
Futurism interprets the beast from the earth, or false prophet, as the future head of the apostate church or as a future expression of false religion in general.[61]
Interpretation of the mark or number of the beast is similar to the idealist view suggesting that the number six refers to imperfection, falling short of the divine number seven.[62]
Aleister Crowley claimed that he was the Beast prophesied in Revelation and used the name Τὸ Μέγα Θηρίον (To Méga Thēríon), Greek for "The Great Beast", which adds up to 666 by isopsephy, the Greek form of gematria.[64][65]
During the New Deal, some ministers identified the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a "Sign of the Beast".[66] Outside of black churches, 20th-century evangelicalism in America tended to regard labor unions as the mark of the beast, although evangelicals originally worked to eliminate class distinctions.[67]
Some identify the Beast with a supercomputer in Brussels, Belgium.[68][69] However, author Joe Musser attributes the origin of this urban legend to his 1970 novel Behold, a Pale Horse and to an ad campaign promoting the movie The Rapture which featured the Brussels-based supercomputer. This ad campaign consisted of make-believe newspapers containing "reports" on various aspects of the movie. Musser speculates that stories subsequently run in an unnamed Pennsylvania newspaper and a 1976 issue of Christian Life magazine were mistakenly based on these ads.[68][69]
Several websites identify the beast as referring to an indistinct modern-day cartel of banking organizations, sometimes referred to as the "New World Order". The theory extends to the digitization of money and the possible use of RFID chips in humans as being the mark of the beast without which none may buy or sell. An example of this is consumer privacy advocates, Katherine Albrecht and Liz McIntyre,[70] who believe spychips must be resisted because they argue that modern database and communications technologies, coupled with point of saledata-capture equipment and sophisticated ID and authentication systems, now make it possible to require a biometrically associated number or mark to make purchases. They fear that the ability to implement such a system closely resembles the number of the beast prophesied in the Book of Revelation.
^Stewart, Robert B.; Ehrman, Bart D.; Wallace, Daniel B. (2011). The reliability of the New Testament. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN978-0-8006-9773-0.
^Novum Testamentum Graece, Nestle and Aland, 1991, footnote to verse 13:18 of Revelation, p. 659: "-σιοι δέκα ἕξ" as found in C [C=Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]; for English see Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, note on verse 13:18 of Revelation, p. 750: "the numeral 616 was also read ..."
^The consensus among 20th century scholars is that John wrote during the reign of Domitian, around 95 A.D., but that some date it earlier. See Beale (1999).[20]: 4
^In the earliest extant manuscript containing Annales 15:44, the second Medicean, the e in "Chrestianos", Chrestians, was later changed to an i; cf. Theißen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (2001). Der historische Jesus: ein Lehrbuch [The Historical Jesus: A textbook] (in German). p. 89. The reading Christianos, Christians, is therefore doubtful.
^Gentry, Kenneth L. Jr., Th.D. Apocalypse Then.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Wong, Daniel K. (July–September 2003). "The Beast from the sea in Revelation 13". Bibliotheca Sacra. Vol. 160, no. 639. Dallas, Texas: Dallas Theological Seminary. pp. 337–348.
^Uriah Smith, The United States in the Light of Prophecy. Battle Creek, Michigan: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association (1884), 4th edition, p. 224.
^The Three Angels of Revelation XIV. 6–12, p. 109. 1877 reprint. Cited from Adventist Bible Commentary
^E. G. White, Will America Survive. Inspiration Books East, Incorporated:, U.S.A (1984), p. 559 ["It has been shown that the United States is the power represented by the beast with lamb-like horn"] Note: the book is originally published in 1888 under the title The Great Controversy
^Pate, J.; Hays, Daniel; Duvall, J. Scott; Marvin, C. (2009). Dictionary of Biblical Prophecy and End Times. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. ISBN978-0-310-57104-9.
^Campbell, Stan & Bell, James S. (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Book of Revelation. Alpha Books. pp. 212–213. ISBN978-0-02-864238-3.
^Beale, G. K., The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text – New International Greek Testament Commentary Series (1999), Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, p. 48.
^Johnson, Darrell W., Discipleship on the Edge: An Expository Journey Through the Book of Revelation, Regent College Publishing, 2004, p. 233.
^Christopher R. Smith, "Reclaiming the Social Justice Message of Revelation: Materialism, Imperialism and Divine Judgement in Revelation 18", Transformation 7 (1990): 28–33.
^ abChristoyannopoulos, Alexandre (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 123–126. Revelation
^Wilcock, Michael (1975). The Message of Revelation. Leicester, England: Inter Varsity Press. p. 127.
^The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text – New International Greek Testament Commentary Series (1999), G. K. Beale Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, Michigan, pp. 721–722.
^Christopher C. Rowland, "The Book of Revelation, Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections" in The New Interpreter's Bible, ed. Leander E. Keck (Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon, 1998), 12:501–743, at 659.
^Ellul, Jacques (1988). Anarchy and Christianity. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 71–74. ISBN978-0-8028-0495-2. The first beast comes up from the sea ... It is given 'all authority and power over every tribe, every people, every tongue, and every nation' (13:7). All who dwell on earth worship it. Political power could hardly, I think, be more expressly described, for it is this power which has authority, which controls military force, and which compels adoration (i.e., absolute obedience).
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