LGBT slang, LGBT speak, or gay slang is a set of English slang lexicon used predominantly among LGBT people. It has been used in various languages since the early 20th century as a means by which members of the LGBT community identify themselves and speak in code with brevity and speed to others.[1][2] The acronym LGBT was popularized in the 1990s and stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender.[3]

History and context

Because of sodomy laws and threat of prosecution due to the criminalization of homosexuality, LGBT slang has served as an argot or cant, a secret language and a way for the LGBT community to communicate with each other publicly without revealing their sexual orientation to others.[2][4][5] Since the advent of queer studies in universities, LGBT slang and argot has become a subject of academic research among linguistic anthropology scholars.[6]

The Butch and Femme society
The Butch and Femme society

During the first seven decades of the 20th century, a specific form of Polari was developed by gay men and lesbians in urban centres of the United Kingdom within established LGBT communities. Although there are differences, contemporary British gay slang has adopted many Polari words.[1][7] The 1964 legislative report Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida contains an extensive appendix documenting and defining the homosexual slang in the United States at that time.[8][9] SCRUFF launched a gay-slang dictionary app in 2014, which includes commonly used slang in the United States from the gay community.[10] Specialized dictionaries that record LGBT slang have been found to revolve heavily around sexual matters.[11]

Slang is ephemeral. Terms used in one generation may pass out of usage in another. For example, in the 1960s and 1970s, the terms "cottage" (chiefly British) and "tearoom" (chiefly American) were used to denote public toilets used for sex. By 1999, this terminology had fallen out of use to the point of being greatly unrecognizable by members of the LGBT community at large.[12]

Many terms that originated as gay slang have become part of the popular lexicon. For example, the word drag was popularized by Hubert Selby Jr. in his book Last Exit to Brooklyn. Drag has been traced back by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to the late 19th Century. Conversely, words such as "banjee", while well-established in a subset of gay society, have never made the transition to popular use. Conversations between gay men have been found to use more slang and fewer commonly known terms about sexual behavior than conversations between straight men.[13]

In the Philippines, many LGBT people speak with Swardspeak, or "gay lingo", which is a more extensive use of slang as a form of dialect or way of speaking. Other argots are spoken in southern Africa (Gayle language and IsiNgqumo) and Indonesia (Bahasa Binan). More specifically, in a country like Thailand, LGBT slang was always present in their history due to their religious, behavioral, and social nature. Though, before the term LGBT was introduced, the Thai community would use the terms Kathoey and Tom. The term Kathoey was used to describe transgender women who dress, act, or partake in surgery to become female, and the term Tom as well as "handsome girls" in Thai was used to describe women who liked women. Homosexuality and transgenderism has always existed throughout their history, as well as their behavioral nature did not align with heterosexual ideals. [14]

General slang terms

Terms describing gay men

Bears at the 2009 Marcha Gay in Mexico City
Bears at the 2009 Marcha Gay in Mexico City

Slurs

Terms describing lesbians

A member of the Dykes on Bikes motorcycle club
A member of the Dykes on Bikes motorcycle club

Terms describing bisexuals

Terms describing androgynous or intersex people

Terms describing transgender and non-binary people

Further information: Attraction to transgender people § Alternative terms

Terms related to transgender and non-binary people

Terms describing cisgender or heterosexual people

Terms describing asexuality or aromanticity

LGBT subgroups

Bears marching in San Francisco's pride parade in 2004
Bears marching in San Francisco's pride parade in 2004

The following slang terms have been used to represent various types of people within the LGBT community:

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Baker, Paul (2002). Polari – The Lost Language of Gay Men. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9780203167045. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  2. ^ a b Long, Daniel (1996). Formation Processes of Some Japanese Gay Argot Terms. Vol. 71. Duke University Press. pp. 215–224.
  3. ^ Vatjinda, Sutatta (January 2022). "A Study of Translation Strategies Used in the Diary Of Tootsie's LGBTQ Slang". Language in India. 22 (1): 116 – via EBSCOhost.
  4. ^ Cage, Ken; Evans, Moyra (2003). Gayle: The Language of Kinks and Queens: A History and Dictionary of Gay Language in South Africa. Jacana Media. p. 16. ISBN 9781919931494. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  5. ^ Hamaida, Lena (2007). "Subtitling Slang and Dialect" (PDF). EU High Level Scientific Conference. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  6. ^ Proschan, Frank (1997). "Review: Recognizing Gay and Lesbian Speech". American Anthropologist. Wiley. 99 (1): 164–166. doi:10.1525/aa.1997.99.1.164. JSTOR 682150.
  7. ^ Quinion, Michael (1996). "How Bona to Vada Your Eek!". World Wide Words. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  8. ^ "Reports of Investigators on Meetings of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Ku Klux Klan". State Archives and Library of Florida. 27 July 1964.
  9. ^ Howard, John (1997). Carryin' on in the Lesbian and Gay South. NYU Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8147-3560-2.
  10. ^ "SCRUFF, Gay App, Launches 'Gay Slang Dictionary'". Huffington Post. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  11. ^ Jacobs, Greg (1996). "Lesbian and Gay Male Language Use: A Critical Review of the Literature". American Speech. 71 (1): 49–71. doi:10.2307/455469. JSTOR 455469.
  12. ^ Leap, William (1999). Public Sex/Gay Space. Columbia University Press. p. 61.
  13. ^ Lumby, Malcolm E. (1976). "Code Switching and Sexual Orientation: A Test of Bernstein's Sociolinguistic Theory". Journal of Homosexuality. 1 (4): 383–399. doi:10.1300/j082v01n04_03. PMID 1018102.
  14. ^ Vatjinda, Sutatta (January 2022). "A Study of Translation Strategies Used in the Diary Of Tootsie's LGBTQ Slang". Language in India. 22 (1): 117 – via EBSCOhost.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Brabaw, Kasandra. "17 Lesbian Slang Terms Every Baby Gay Needs To Learn". Refinery29. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Elástica explica: termos juvélicos". Elástica – Todos do mesmo lado (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  17. ^ "What does "Sapphic" and "Achillean" Mean? | EQ | iris Dating". EQ. 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  18. ^ "Achillean (MLM) - What is it? What does it mean? - Taimi wiki". Taimi. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Max, H. (1988). Gay(s) Language: A Dic(k)tionary of Gay Slang. Banned Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-934411-15-8.
  20. ^ Green 2005, p. 83.
  21. ^ Zane, Zachary (2021-07-15). "Are You a Power Bottom? Here's How to Tell". Men's Health. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
  22. ^ Zane, Zachary (2021-05-24). "How Gay Men Actually Feel About the Word 'Bussy'". Men's Health. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  23. ^ Kuga, Mitchell (2020). "Let Me Analyze That Bussy". Mel Magazine. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  24. ^ "The Ballroom Glossary: A list of terms you should know". www.truetpgh.com. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  25. ^ a b Mathers, Charlie (2018-05-07). "Here are 15 futch scale memes only queer women will understand". Gay Star News. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  26. ^ a b c d Baker, Paul (2002). Fantabulosa: The Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang. Continuum. ISBN 9780826473431. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22). Encyclopedia of homosexuality. Volume II. London. ISBN 9781317368113. OCLC 953858681.
  28. ^ King, J.L.; Carreras, Courtney (25 April 2006). Coming Up from the Down Low: The Journey to Acceptance, Healing and Honest Love. Three Rivers Press. p. 36. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  29. ^ Johnson, Jason (1 May 2005). "Secret Gay Encounters of Black Men Could Be Raising Women's Infection Rate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  30. ^ Mutua, Athena (28 September 2006). Progressive Black Masculinities. Routledge. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-415-97687-9. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  31. ^ Bennett, Jessica (19 May 2008). "Outing Hip-Hop". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
  32. ^ Boyd, Helen (2004). My Husband Betty: Love, Sex and Life with a Cross-Dresser. Sdal Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1560255154.
  33. ^ Moon, Dawne (1995). "Insult and Inclusion: The Term Fag Hag and Gay Male Community". Social Forces. 74 (2): 487–510. doi:10.2307/2580489. JSTOR 2580489.
  34. ^ "femboy". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  35. ^ "Femboy definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  36. ^ "What You Need To Know About the Letter 'X' in Words Like Folx, Womxn, and Latinx". Well+Good. 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  37. ^ Norton, Rictor (30 March 2003) [14 April 2000]. "The Game of Flats, 1749" Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century England: A Sourcebook. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1. Archived from the original on 2008-01-24. Retrieved 15 October 2007. The reference is to A. G. Busbequius, Travels into Turkey, English translation (London, 1744). The original book, published much earlier, was invariably cited whenever lesbianism was mentioned, e.g., William Walsh's A Dialogue Concerning Women (London, 1691) and in Martin Schurig's Muliebria Historico-Medica (1729).
  38. ^ a b "The Gaysian".
  39. ^ Thompson, E.M.; Morgan, E.M. (2008). ""Mostly straight" young women: Variations in sexual behavior and identity development". Developmental Psychology. 44 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.15. PMID 18194001. S2CID 14336659.
  40. ^ Andreadis, 10, 51.
  41. ^ Bornstein, Kate (2019-06-19). "Kate Bornstein: My Gender? Oh, It's Nothing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  42. ^ "Stop trying to divide the LGBTQ community even more than it already is". themaneater.com. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  43. ^ a b c d e f "Scruff, Gay Slang Dictionary". Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  44. ^ "Sapphic Definition & Meaning". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  45. ^ "What Does It Mean to Be Sapphic?". them. 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  46. ^ "Sapphic - What is it? What does it mean?". Taimi. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  47. ^ "swish definition, meaning". dictionary.cambridge.org. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 20 February 2015. swish noun [C] (LIKE A WOMAN)  › US slang disapproving a man who behaves or appears in a way that is generally considered more suited to a woman, and who does not have traditional male qualities
  48. ^ "swish - Gay Slang Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015. swish #n. To overplay or over do homosexual gestures; the traits of an effeminate male homosexual. Source: [1930's] #Passive homosexual. #To walk speak or move in the manner of an weak effeminate boy or man; the stereotype effeminate homosexual.
  49. ^ Edward Anthony Gibbons (2008). A Cultural Affair. iUniverse. p. 6. ISBN 9780595611614. On many, a cold freezing night, of temperatures hovering near zero, the finocchios tease and try to encourage Tedesco to join in their warm body orgies.
  50. ^ Green 2005, p. 522
  51. ^ "flower - Gay Slang Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  52. ^ a b Leap, William; Boellstorff, Tom (2003). Speaking in Queer Tongues: Globalization and Gay Language. University of Illinois Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-252-07142-5.
  53. ^ Haggerty, George E (2000). Gay Histories and Cultures. New York City: Garland. ISBN 978-0-8153-1880-4.
  54. ^ Dalzell & Victor 2006, p. 1208.
  55. ^ "Dictionary of Sexual Terms". Sex-lexis.com. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
  56. ^ "Interview". Gay Today. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  57. ^ "Crossing Signals". Time. September 8, 1975. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
  58. ^ Rodgers, Bruce Gay Talk (The Queen's Vernacular): A Dictionary of Gay Slang New York: 1972 Parragon Books, an imprint of G.P. Putnam's Sons Page 99
  59. ^ a b Ayres T (1999). China doll - the experience of being a gay Chinese Australian. Journal of Homosexuality, 36(3-4): 87-97
  60. ^ a b Green 2005, p. 161
  61. ^ Duffy, Nick. "UKIP candidate ranted about 'arse bandit' pride on Facebook". PinkNews. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  62. ^ Article title[bare URL]
  63. ^ Green 2005, p. 49
  64. ^ Scott, Julia (May 22, 2015). "The Lonely Fight Against Belize's Antigay Laws". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  65. ^ Cayetano, Isani (April 9, 2014). "Transgender woman is stoned and beaten by an angry mob". News 5. Belize. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  66. ^ a b Dalzell 2008
  67. ^ "Tem sapata, viado e bixa: Narrativas feministas decoloniais no recreio escolar". Queer Livros | Livraria online | Sexualidade, gênero e classe (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  68. ^ Green 2005, p. 188
  69. ^ Green 2005, p. 206
  70. ^ Green 2005, p. 208
  71. ^ a b Green 2005, p. 226
  72. ^ C Gutzmore, Casting the First Stone, Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 2004 – Taylor & Francis, Volume 6, Number 1, April 2004, pp. 118–134(17)
  73. ^ Allan, Keith; Kate Burridge (2006). Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-81960-2. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  74. ^ Davis, Chloe O. (2021-02-02). The Queens' English: The LGBTQIA+ Dictionary of Lingo and Colloquial Phrases. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. ISBN 978-0-593-13501-3.
  75. ^ Boswell, John (1993-09-07). Wolinsky, Marc; Sherrill, Kenneth (eds.). On the Use of the Term "Homo" as a Derogatory Epithet. Princeton University Press. pp. 49–55. doi:10.1515/9781400821044.49. ISBN 978-1-4008-2104-4.
  76. ^ Petchauer, Emery; Yarhouse, Mark; Gallien Jr., Louis (2008-05-15). Initiating a Culturally-Responsive Discourse of Same-Sex Attraction Among African American Males (PDF).
  77. ^ "Faggot". Reference.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  78. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 978-0-618-70172-8.
  79. ^ ""Fag" definition, meaning". dictionary.cambridge.org. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 1 March 2015. [C] US slang an offensive word for a gay man
  80. ^ Green 2005, p. 485
  81. ^ "Definition of flamer". The Online Slang Dictionary. Retrieved 28 February 2015. flower n. #A homosexual who takes the female role in a gay relationship. Source: [1950's]
  82. ^ Green 2005, p. 549
  83. ^ Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry, eds. (2013). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 937. ISBN 9781317372523.
  84. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (27 August 2019). "Ion Fury dev U-turns on promise to pull in-game homophobic slur". Eurogamer. Retrieved 29 August 2019. Elsewhere, face wash bottles were found to include the homophobic slur "ogay" on their packaging.
  85. ^ Kemp, A.C. (2002–2005). "Bad Baby Names". Slang City. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  86. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  87. ^ Sanderson, Tom (2020-03-10). "How a football shirt number is being used to oppose homophobia in Brazil". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  88. ^ Cooper, Sara E. (2013-09-13). Lesbian Images in International Popular Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-99213-4.
  89. ^ Green 2005, p. 82
  90. ^ "Definition of 'boi'". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 22 April 2019. in British ... a lesbian who adopts a boyish appearance or manner
  91. ^ Mimi, Marinucci (2016). Feminism is queer. Zed Books Ltd. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-78360-675-7. OCLC 930829272.
  92. ^ E., Meyer, Ilan H. Northridge, Mary (2010). The health of sexual minorities : public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations. Springer. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4419-3959-3. OCLC 697538612.
  93. ^ "Butch-Femme" (PDF). glbtqarchive. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  94. ^ Green 2005, p. 222
  95. ^ Dalzell 2008, p. 170
  96. ^ Rader, Walter. "Definition of carpet muncher". The Online Slang Dictionary. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  97. ^ Green 2005, p. 146
  98. ^ Krantz, Susan E. (1995). "Reconsidering the Etymology of Bulldike". American Speech. 70 (2): 217–221. doi:10.2307/455819. JSTOR 455819.
  99. ^ "Prisons and Prisoners". GLBTQ Encyclopedia. 2006. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  100. ^ Dynes et al. 1990, p. 335
  101. ^ Dalzell 2008, p. 287
  102. ^ Matthew Rottnek, Sissies and Tomboys: Gender Nonconformity and Homosexual Childhood, NYU Press, May 1, 1999 -
  103. ^ Green 2005, p. 444
  104. ^ Haggerty, George; Zimmerman, Bonnie (2003-09-02). Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures edited by George Haggerty, Bonnie Zimmerman. ISBN 9781135578701. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  105. ^ Green 2005, p. 440
  106. ^ Rimer, Sara (June 5, 1993). "Campus Lesbians Step Into Unfamiliar Light". The New York Times.
  107. ^ Roshan das Nair, Catherine Butler (2012). Intersectionality, Sexuality and Psychological Therapies: Working with Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Diversity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 978-1119967439. Retrieved April 5, 2015.((cite book)): CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  108. ^ Dalzell & Victor 2006, p. 1335.
  109. ^ Dalzell, Tom, ed. (2018). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 2013. ISBN 978-1-138-77965-5.
  110. ^ Dalzell 2008, p. 679
  111. ^ "Usem a língua! Conheça 17 gírias lésbicas - Guia Gay São Paulo". www.guiagaysaopaulo.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  112. ^ "LGBTQ+ Terminology". John Jay College of Criminal Justice. 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  113. ^ "The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and Redefined Culture". The New York Times. 2020-04-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  114. ^ Robyn; Robyn (2020-02-29). "Stud Lesbian Meaning". HER Queer Dating App. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  115. ^ Castleman, Michael (March 15, 2016). "The Continuing Controversy Over Bisexuality". Psychology Today. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  116. ^ Drake, Fabia (1978). Blind Fortune. Kimber. ISBN 978-0-7183-0455-3.
  117. ^ Rogers-Smith, Georgia (September 2020). Ambiguous or Ambisextrous? Exploring dress, gender and the fashioning of masculine femininity in the 'long nineteenth century' (masters thesis). University of Huddersfield.
  118. ^ Davis, Chloe O. (2021). The Queens' English: The LGBTQIA+ Dictionary of Lingo and Colloquial Phrases. Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 978-0-593-13500-6.
  119. ^ Faderman, Lillian; Timmons, Stuart (3 August 2009). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. p. 48. ISBN 9780520260610.
  120. ^ a b Schneider, Micah (2012-04-22). "Hunting the Elusive Unicorn". The Good Men Project.
  121. ^ "How to be a Sexual Unicorn". 15 February 2017.
  122. ^ "Unicorn Polyamory". Unicorns Rule!. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  123. ^ "Popular Gay Slang Inspired by the Animal Kingdom". Pride.com. Here Media. 2020-01-08. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  124. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (1995). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780520919198. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  125. ^ (in German) Krauss, Friedrich Salomo et al. Japanisches Geschlechtsleben: Abhandlungen und Erhebungen über das Geschlechtsleben des japanischen Volkes; folkloristische Studien, Schustek, 1965
  126. ^ FakkuGames [@fakkugames] (April 6, 2020). "The @FAKKU 2019 Year in Review! 👏👏 Check out the most popular tags in the USA! What's the most popular where you live? 🤔" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 1, 2022 – via Twitter.
  127. ^ Jacobs, Katrien (2007). Netporn : DIY web culture and sexual politics. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0-7425-5431-3. OCLC 878758474.
  128. ^ James, Edward (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. ISBN 9781107494671.
  129. ^ Ray Marquez, Mx. Anunnaki (2019-12-12). "Biological and Anatomical Sex: Endosex, Intersex & Altersex". Mx. Anunnaki Ray Marquez. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  130. ^ V. Fort, Alexander (2017-07-07). "Sex and the Impossible - Stigma and Sexualities of Online Fantasy Fetish Content Creators". University of Amsterdam. Department of Sociology - Gender and Sexuality. p. 35.
  131. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Transgender slang, slurs, and controversial words". Transgender Map. 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  132. ^ Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2014-11-27). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-62511-7.
  133. ^ SlangDefine.org. "Slang Define: What is Dickgirl? - meaning and definition". slangdefine.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  134. ^ SlangDefine.org. "Slang Define: What is Cuntboy? - meaning and definition". slangdefine.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  135. ^ VanDerWerff, Emily (2019-03-30). "How The Matrix universalized a trans experience — and helped me accept my own". Vox. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  136. ^ Bergman, S. Bear; Barker, Meg-John (2017). "Non-binary Activism". In Richards, Christina; Bouman, Walter Pierre; Barker, Meg-John (eds.). Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders. Critical and Applied Approaches in Sexuality, Gender and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-137-51052-5.
  137. ^ Jackson, Peter A (1989). Male Homosexuality in Thailand; An Interpretation of Contemporary Thai Sources. Elmhurst NY: Global Academic Publishers.
  138. ^ "Opinião: Marina Mathey - Sapatravas, Sapatrans..." UOL (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  139. ^ Autumn Sandeen, Blaming The Victim, Angie Zapata, For Her Own Death, Shadowproof, 19 Mar 2009
  140. ^ Halberstam, Jack (2018). Trans*: A Quick and Quirky Account of Gender Variability. University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0520292680.
  141. ^ "What Is A "T-Girl"?". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  142. ^ Herman, Elis L. (2015-01-02). "Tranarchism: transgender embodiment and destabilization of the state". Contemporary Justice Review. 18 (1): 76–92. doi:10.1080/10282580.2015.1008946. ISSN 1028-2580. S2CID 144267958.
  143. ^ Kaveney, Roz (2010-06-30). "Why trans is in but tranny is out". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
  144. ^ "GLAAD's Transgender Resources". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
  145. ^ Virginia Blain, "Queer Empathy: or, Reading/Writing the Queer in Victorian Poetry", Literature Compass, Volume 1, Issue 1, January 2003 - December 2004, page 8
  146. ^ "Appendix", Trans and Genderqueer Subjects in Medieval Hagiography, Amsterdam University Press, p. 323, 2021-04-06, doi:10.5117/9789462988248_appen, ISBN 9789048540266, S2CID 242549799, retrieved 2022-09-21
  147. ^ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender Terms". GLAAD. 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  148. ^ Milloy, Christin Scarlett (2 October 2014). "Meet the Chasers, "Admirers" Who Really, Really Want to Date Trans People". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  149. ^ "10 Words Transgender People Want You to Know (But Not Say)". www.advocate.com. 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
  150. ^ Venning, Rachel; Cavanah, Claire (2003-09-16). Sex Toys 101: A Playfully Uninhibited Guide. Simon and Schuster. pp. 86–. ISBN 9780743243513. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  151. ^ Urquhart, Evan (2017-03-30). "Why Is "Passing" Such a Controversial Subject for Trans People?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2019-04-13.
  152. ^ Michelson, Noah (16 October 2015). "What's a Skoliosexual?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  153. ^ Anderson-Minshall, Jacob (18 May 2017). "Is Fetishizing Trans Bodies Offensive?". The Advocate. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  154. ^ "TERF". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. June 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  155. ^ Flaherty, Colleen (29 August 2018). "'TERF' War". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  156. ^ Liu, Ling (26 July 2006). "Provincetown Straights Complain". SFGate. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
  157. ^ "Meaning of breeder in English". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
  158. ^ Sian Ferguson (23 September 2019). "Cisgender and Straight Don't Mean the Same Thing — Here's Why". healthline. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  159. ^ Milloy, Christin Scarlett (2 October 2014). "Meet the Chasers, "Admirers" Who Really, Really Want to Date Trans People". Slate Magazine.
  160. ^ Bering, Jesse. "Studying the elusive "fag hag": Women who like men who like men". Scientific American Blog Network. Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc.
  161. ^ Moon, Dawne (December 1995). "Insult and Inclusion: The Term Fag Hag and Gay Male "Community"". Social Forces. 74 (2): 487–510. doi:10.2307/2580489. JSTOR 2580489. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  162. ^ "Fag hag Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  163. ^ The Single Guy, Jorge (29 June 2006). "Single in the City: Fag Stag". Generation Q Media. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
  164. ^ Hardy, Janet W. (29 February 2012). Girlfag : a life told in sex and musicals. ISBN 978-1-938123-01-6. OCLC 858621985.
  165. ^ a b "Who are girlfags & guydykes? • Girlfags & Guydykes". 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  166. ^ SlangDefine.org. "Slang Define: What is Lesboy? - meaning and definition". slangdefine.org. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  167. ^ "The Wonderful and Confusing World of Girlfags and Guydykes". Fair Observer. 2015-04-16. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  168. ^ James Besanvalle (31 July 2018). "Here's a handy way to tell if someone you meet is asexual". Gay Star News. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  169. ^ a b Sophia Mitrokostas (25 July 2018). "7 things you should know about identifying as aromantic — or not being romantically attracted to others". Insider. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  170. ^ a b c d Julie Sondra Decker (2015). The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781510700642. Retrieved 18 January 2020.[page needed]
  171. ^ "Who's Your Main Squish? 15 Signs You're Squishing on Someone". LovePanky - Your Guide to Better Love and Relationships. 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  172. ^ "Squish- That Platonic Crush You Always Experienced But Never Had A Name For". ED Times | Youth Media Channel. 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  173. ^ Chasin, C. J. DeLuzio (2015). "Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance". Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 25 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1002/casp.2203.
  174. ^ "The 'A' in LGBT". Counterpoint. 35 (1): 8. September 2013.
  175. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Popular Gay Slang Inspired by the Animal Kingdom". Pride.com. Here Media. 2020-01-08. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  176. ^ a b c d e f g h "Jaguar discuss the culture of animal labelling in community". Attitude. 2018-09-07. Archived from the original on 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  177. ^ "The Bear Necessities". Eugene Weekly. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  178. ^ Griffiths, Dave. "Op-Ed: Bears, Otters or Wolves…Oh My! But What Am I?". South Florida Gay News. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  179. ^ Quidley-Rodriguez, Narciso; De Santis, Joseph P. (December 30, 2015). "A Literature Review of Health Risks in the Bear Community, a Gay Subculture". American Journal of Men's Health. 11 (6): 1673–1679. doi:10.1177/1557988315624507. ISSN 1557-9883. PMC 5675254. PMID 26718773.
  180. ^ "The Ultimate LGBT Glossary: all your questions answered". PinkNews. 2017-11-27. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  181. ^ "Twink definition". Online dictionary. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  182. ^ ""TWUNK": Here's What This Word Really Means". 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  183. ^ L. Maki, Justin (2017). "Gay Subculture Identification: Training Counselors to Work With Gay Men". www.counseling.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.

Works cited

Further reading