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((short description|Computer hardware interface))
((Distinguish|Lightning (connector)))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2020))
((Use American English|date=October 2020))
((Infobox connector
| name = Thunderbolt
| type = 
| logo = [[File:Thunderbolt.svg|250px]]
| caption = 
| designer = ((ubl|[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|[[Intel]]))
| manufacturer = Various
| production_date = Since ((start date and age|df=yes|2011|2|24))<ref name="2011mbp">((cite press release|title=Apple Updates MacBook Pro with Next Generation Processors, Graphics & Thunderbolt I/O Technology|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/02/24Apple-Updates-MacBook-Pro-with-Next-Generation-Processors-Graphics-Thunderbolt-I-O-Technology.html|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|date=24 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710012629/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/02/24Apple-Updates-MacBook-Pro-with-Next-Generation-Processors-Graphics-Thunderbolt-I-O-Technology.html|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-date=10 July 2011 ))</ref>
| superseded = ((plainlist|
*[[IEEE 1394]] (FireWire)
*[[ExpressCard]]))
| superseded_by = 
| superseded_by_date = 
| weight = 
| length = ((plainlist|
*Up to ((convert|3|m|ft|sigfig=1)) ([[copper]])
*Up to ((convert|60|m|ft|sigfig=1)) ([[Optical fiber|optical]])<ref name="intelbrief2012">((cite web|url=http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/thunderbolt/thunderbolt-technology-brief.html|title=Thunderbolt – Technology Brief|publisher=[[Intel]]|access-date=1 October 2012))</ref>))
| diameter = 
| width = 7.4&nbsp;mm plug (8.3&nbsp;mm receptacle)
| height = 4.5&nbsp;mm plug (5.4&nbsp;mm receptacle)
| hotplug = Yes
| daisy_chain = ((ubl|Up to 6 devices<ref name="intelbrief2012"/>|Thunderbolt 4: Hub support<ref name="TB 4 hub"/><ref name="TB4 Press deck"/>))
| external = Yes
| earth = 
| maximum_voltage = 18&nbsp;[[Volt|V]] (bus power)
| maximum_current = 550&nbsp;[[Ampere|mA]] (9.9&nbsp;[[Watt|W]] max.)
| audio_signal = Via [[DisplayPort]] protocol or USB-based external audio cards. Supports audio through [[HDMI]] converters.
| video_signal = Via DisplayPort protocol
| data_signal = Yes
| data_bit_width = 
| data_bandwidth = ((ubl|Thunderbolt 1: 2 channels, 10 [[Gigabit|Gbit]]/s each (20&nbsp;Gbit/s in total)<ref name="programmingguide">((cite web|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|title=Thunderbolt Device Driver Programming Guide|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/HardwareDrivers/Conceptual/ThunderboltDevGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40011138-CH1-SW1|access-date=21 December 2011))</ref>|Thunderbolt 2: 20&nbsp;Gbit/s in total|Thunderbolt 3 and 4: 40&nbsp;Gbit/s bidirectional|Thunderbolt 5: 80&nbsp;Gbit/s bidirectional))
| data_devices = 
| data_style = ((ubl|Thunderbolt 1: [[PCI Express#PCI Express 2.0|x4 PCI Express 2.0]]<ref name="programmingguide"/> [[DisplayPort#1.0 to 1.1|DisplayPort 1.1a]]<ref name="intelbrief2012"/>|Thunderbolt 2: x4 PCI Express 2.0, [[DisplayPort#1.2|DisplayPort 1.2]]|Thunderbolt 3: [[PCI Express#PCI Express 3.0|x4 PCI Express 3.0]], DisplayPort 1.2,<ref name=faq/> [[USB 3.1|USB 3.1 Gen 2]]|Thunderbolt 4: [[PCI Express#PCI Express 3.0|x4 PCI Express 3.0]], DisplayPort 2.0, [[USB4]]|Thunderbolt 5: [[PCI Express#PCI Express 4.0|x4 PCI Express 4.0]], DisplayPort 2.1, [[USB4]]))
| cable = 
| physical_connector = ((ubl|Thunderbolt 1 and 2: [[Mini DisplayPort]]|Thunderbolt 3, 4, and 5: [[USB-C]]))
| num_pins = ((ubl|Thunderbolt 1 and 2: 20|Thunderbolt 3, 4 and 5: 24))
| pin1 = Ground
| pin1_name = GND
| pin2 = Hot&nbsp;plug&nbsp;detect
| pin2_name = HPD
| pin3 = HighSpeed&nbsp;transmit&nbsp;0&nbsp;(positive)
| pin3_name = HS0TX(P)
| pin4 = HighSpeed&nbsp;receive&nbsp;0&nbsp;(positive)
| pin4_name = HS0RX(P)
| pin5 = HighSpeed&nbsp;transmit&nbsp;0&nbsp;(negative)
| pin5_name = HS0TX(N)
| pin6 = HighSpeed&nbsp;receive&nbsp;0&nbsp;(negative)
| pin6_name = HS0RX(N)
| pin7 = Ground
| pin7_name = GND
| pin8 = Ground
| pin8_name = GND
| pin9 = LowSpeed&nbsp;transmit
| pin9_name = LSR2P&nbsp;TX
| pin10 = Ground&nbsp;(reserved)
| pin10_name = GND
| pin11 = LowSpeed&nbsp;receive
| pin11_name = LSP2R&nbsp;RX
| pin12 = Ground&nbsp;(reserved)
| pin12_name = GND
| pin13 = Ground
| pin13_name = GND
| pin14 = Ground
| pin14_name = GND
| pin15 = HighSpeed&nbsp;transmit&nbsp;1&nbsp;(positive)
| pin15_name = HS1TX(P)
| pin16 = HighSpeed&nbsp;receive&nbsp;1&nbsp;(positive)
| pin16_name = HS1RX(P)
| pin17 = HighSpeed&nbsp;transmit&nbsp;1&nbsp;(negative)
| pin17_name = HS1TX(N)
| pin18 = HighSpeed&nbsp;receive&nbsp;1&nbsp;(negative)
| pin18_name = HS1RX(N)
| pin19 = Ground
| pin19_name = GND
| pin20 = Power
| pin20_name = DPPWR
| pinout_notes = This is the pinout for both sides of the connector, source side and sink side. The cable is actually a crossover cable. It swaps all receive and transmit lanes; e.g. HS1TX(P) of the source is connected to HS1RX(P) of the sink.
| pinout_col1_name = 
| pinout_col2_name = 
| pinout_image = 
| pinout_caption = 
))
'''Thunderbolt''' is the brand name of a [[Interface (computing)#Hardware interfaces|hardware interface]] for the connection of external [[peripheral]]s to a [[computer]]. It was developed by [[Intel]] in collaboration with [[Apple Inc.|Apple]].<ref>((Cite web|last=Shamah|first=David|title=Thunderbolt 3: How USB cooperation could lead to 100 million connected computers soon|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/thunderbolt-3-how-usb-cooperation-could-lead-to-100-million-connected-computers-soon/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=ZDNet|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web|last=Shah|first=Agam|date=2013-06-06|title=Intel shows 'world's fastest thumb drive'|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2711416/intel-shows--world-s-fastest-thumb-drive-.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Computerworld|language=en))</ref> It was initially marketed under the name '''Light Peak''', and first sold as part of an [[end-user]] product on 24 February 2011.<ref name="2011mbp" />

Thunderbolt combines [[PCI Express]] (PCIe) and [[DisplayPort]] (DP) into two [[Serial communication|serial]] signals,<ref>((cite web|first=Dan|last=Frakes|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1158145/thunderbolt_what_you_need_to_know.html|title=What you need to know about Thunderbolt|publisher=MacWorld|access-date=17 April 2019|date=24 February 2011))</ref><ref name="cunningham2015">
((cite news|first=Andrew|last=Cunningham|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/01/usb-3-1-and-type-c-the-only-stuff-at-ces-that-everyone-is-going-to-use|title=USB 3.1 and Type-C: The only stuff at CES that everyone is going to use))</ref> and additionally provides [[Direct current|DC power]] via a single cable. Up to six peripherals may be supported by one connector through various [[Network topology|topologies]]. Thunderbolt 1 and 2 use the same [[electrical connector|connector]] as [[Mini DisplayPort]] (MDP), whereas Thunderbolt 3, 4, and 5 use the [[USB-C]] connector, and support USB devices.

==Description==
[[File:Thunderbolt Symbol.svg|thumb|100px|Symbol used on Thunderbolt ports]]
[[File:Thunderbolt-Connector.jpg|thumb|250px|Thunderbolt 1 or 2, connector]]
[[File:Apple MacBook Pro, model A1278-8118.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Thunderbolt 1 or 2, port]]
[[File:Thunderbolt Technology model 1 E.png|thumb|250px|right|'''Thunderbolt link connections'''<br />Intel provides two types of Thunderbolt controllers, a two-port and a one-port type. Both peripherals and computers require a controller.]]
[[File:Thunderbolt-interface-MacBook.png|thumb|250px|right|Thunderbolt 2 port on MacBook Pro with Retina display]]
Thunderbolt controllers [[multiplexing|multiplex]] one or more individual data lanes from connected PCIe and DisplayPort devices for transmission via two duplex Thunderbolt lanes, then de-multiplex them for use by PCIe and DisplayPort devices on the other end.<ref name="intelbrief2012" /> A single Thunderbolt port supports up to six Thunderbolt devices via hubs or [[Daisy chain (network topology)#Daisy chain|daisy chains]]; as many of these as the host has DP sources may be Thunderbolt [[Computer monitor|monitors]].<ref name="foresman2011">((cite news|first=Chris|last=Foresman|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/02/thunderbolt-smokes-usb-firewire-with-10Gbps-throughput.ars|title=Thunderbolt smokes USB, FireWire with 10&nbsp;Gb/s throughput|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=Condé Nast Digital|date=24 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011))</ref>

A single Mini DisplayPort monitor or other device of any kind may be connected directly or at the very end of the chain. Thunderbolt is interoperable with DP-1.1a compatible devices. When connected to a DP-compatible device, the Thunderbolt port can provide a native DisplayPort signal with four lanes of output data at no more than 5.4&nbsp;Gbit/s per Thunderbolt lane. When connected to a Thunderbolt device, the per-lane data rate becomes 10&nbsp;Gbit/s and the four Thunderbolt lanes are configured as two duplex lanes, each 10&nbsp;Gbit/s comprising one lane of input and one lane of output.<ref name="intelbrief2012"/>

Thunderbolt can be implemented on PCIe [[graphics card]]s, which have access to DisplayPort data and PCIe connectivity, or on the [[motherboard]] of computers with [[Integrated graphics solution|onboard video]], such as the [[MacBook Air]].<ref name="foresman2011"/><ref name="dilger2011"/><ref>((cite web|first=LG|last=Nilsson|title=Intel announces Thunderbolt|url=http://vr-zone.com/articles/intel-announces-thunderbolt/11333.html|website=[[VR-Zone]]|publisher=VR Media|date=25 February 2011|access-date=27 February 2011|archive-date=26 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226040913/http://vr-zone.com/articles/intel-announces-thunderbolt/11333.html|url-status=dead))</ref>

The interface was originally intended to run exclusively on an optical physical layer using components and flexible [[optical fiber]] cabling developed by Intel partners and at Intel's Silicon Photonics lab. It was initially marketed under the name Light Peak,<ref>((cite web|url=http://techresearch.intel.com/spaw2/uploads/files/Intel%20Light%20Peak%20White%20Paper_0910.pdf|title=Light Peak: Overview|publisher=[[Intel]]|access-date=29 June 2011))</ref> and after 2011 as Silicon Photonics Link.<ref>((cite web|publisher=[[Intel]]|title=White Paper: The 50G Silicon Photonics Link|url=http://download.intel.com/pressroom/pdf/photonics/Intel_SiliconPhotonics50gLink_WhitePaper.pdf?iid=pr_smrelease_vPro_materials2|access-date=29 June 2011))</ref> However, it was discovered that conventional [[copper]] wiring could furnish the desired 10&nbsp;Gbit/s per channel at lower cost.

This copper-based version of the Light Peak concept was co-developed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and [[Intel]]. Apple registered ''Thunderbolt'' as a [[trademark]], but later transferred the mark to Intel, which held overriding intellectual-property rights.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/05/20/thunderbolt_trademark_rights_will_be_transferred_from_apple_to_intel.html|title=Thunderbolt trademark rights will be transferred from Apple to Intel|publisher=[[AppleInsider]]|date=20 May 2011|access-date=16 June 2013))</ref> Thunderbolt was commercially introduced on Apple's 2011 [[MacBook Pro#Second generation (Unibody)|MacBook Pro]], using the same Apple-developed connector as [[Mini DisplayPort]]. Certain MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, Mac mini and iMac models downgrade Thunderbolt 4 protocol to Thunderbolt 3 due to not supporting dual 4K displays over Thunderbolt.((Citation needed|date=January 2023))

[[Sumitomo Electric Industries]] started selling up to ((convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)) optical Thunderbolt cables in Japan in January 2013,<ref name="Sumitomo optical TB 1">((cite web|url=http://global-sei.com/news/press/13/prs004_s.html|title=Sumitomo Electric Starts Selling Optical Thunderbolt Cable at Amazon Online|publisher=Global Sei))</ref> and [[Corning Inc.|Corning, Inc.]], began selling up to ((convert|60|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)) [[Optical fiber cable|optical cables]] in the US in late September 2013.<ref name="corning optical cables 1"/>

==History==
===Introduction===
[[Intel]] introduced Light Peak at the 2009 [[Intel Developer Forum]] (IDF), using a prototype [[Mac Pro]] logic board to run two [[1080p]] video streams plus [[Local area network|LAN]] and storage devices over a single 30-meter optical cable with modified [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] ends.<ref name="engadget Tbolt lightpeak 1">((cite web|first=Nilay|last=Patel|url=https://www.engadget.com/2009/09/24/video-intels-light-peak-running-an-hd-display-while-transferri|title=Video: Intel's Light Peak running an HD display while transferring files... on a hackintosh|website=[[Engadget]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=24 September 2009|access-date=25 February 2011))</ref> The system was driven by a prototype [[PCI Express]] card, with two optical buses powering four ports.<ref>((cite video|first=Jason|last=Ziller|date=26 January 2010|title=Intel Light Peak Interconnect Technology Update|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfGevFIVKw4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323095802/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfGevFIVKw4| archive-date=2011-03-23 | url-status=dead|medium=YouTube|publisher=[[Intel]]|time=1:20|access-date=23 February 2011))</ref> Jason Ziller, head of Intel's Optical I/O Program Office showed the internal components of the technology under a microscope and the sending of data through an oscilloscope.<ref>((youTube|izNoF1SWtSg|Light Peak to Connect Consumer Devices at Record Speed))</ref> The technology was described as having an initial speed of 10&nbsp;Gbit/s over plastic optical cables, and promising a final speed of 100&nbsp;Gbit/s.<ref name="register Tbolt speeds 1">((cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/15/light_peak_to_succeed_usb_3_0|title=Light Peak to succeed USB 3.0|publisher=[[The Register]]|date=15 April 2010|place=[[United Kingdom|UK]]))</ref> At the show, Intel said Light Peak-equipped systems would begin to appear in 2010, and posted a [[YouTube]] video showing Light Peak-connected HD cameras, laptops, docking stations, and HD monitors.<ref name="shiels">((cite news|last=Shiels|first=Maggie|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8272003.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Future is TV-shaped, says Intel|date=25 September 2009|access-date=27 September 2009))</ref>

On 4 May 2010, in [[Brussels]], Intel demonstrated a laptop with a Light Peak connector, indicating that the technology had shrunk enough to fit inside such a device, and had the laptop send two simultaneous HD video streams down the connection, indicating that at least some fraction of the software/firmware stacks and protocols were functional. At the same demonstration, Intel officials said they expected hardware manufacturing to begin around the end of 2010.<ref name="collins">((cite news|url=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/357688/intel-shows-off-first-light-peak-laptop|website=PC Pro|publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |last=Collins|first=Barry|title=Intel shows off first Light Peak laptop|date=4 May 2010|access-date=5 May 2010))</ref>

In September 2010, some early commercial prototypes from manufacturers were demonstrated at [[Intel Developer Forum]] 2010.<ref>((cite web|last=Hollister|first=Sean|url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/09/14/intels-light-peak-optical-interconnect-shrinks-slightly-while|title=Intel's Light Peak optical interconnect shrinks slightly, LaCie, WD, Compal and Avid begin prototyping|website=[[Engadget]]|publisher=[[AOL]] |date=14 September 2010|access-date=28 November 2010))</ref>

====Copper vs. optical====
((see also|Thunderbolt (interface)#Cables|label 1=Cables))
Though Thunderbolt was originally conceived as an [[optics|optical]] technology, Intel switched to electrical connections to reduce costs and to supply up to 10 watts of power to connected devices.<ref>((cite news|last=Hachman|first=Mark|date=24 February 2011|title=Intel Thunderbolt Rollout Won't Be Lightning Fast|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2380890,00.asp|website=[[PC Mag]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|access-date=26 February 2011))</ref>

In 2009, Intel officials said the company was "working on bundling the optical fiber with copper wire so Light Peak can be used to power devices plugged into the PC."<ref>((cite news|last= Shankland |first= Stephen |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10360047-264.html|title=Intel's Light Peak: One PC cable to rule them all|website=CNet News|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=23 September 2009|access-date=28 November 2010))</ref> In 2010, Intel said the original intent was "to have one single connector technology" that would let "electrical [[USB 3.0]]&nbsp;... and piggyback on USB 3.0 or 4.0 DC power."<ref name= "Brooke 2009">((cite news|first=Brooke|last=Crothers|title=Sources: 'Light Peak' technology not Apple idea|date=29 September 2009|publisher=[[CNet]]|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10363956-64.html |website=CNet News|access-date=23 February 2011))</ref> Light Peak aimed to make great strides in consumer-ready optical technology, by then having achieved "[connectors rated] for 7,000 insertions, which matches or exceeds other PC connections&nbsp;... cables [that were tied] in multiple knots to make sure it didn't break and the loss is acceptable," and, "You can almost get two people pulling on it at once and it won't break the fibre." They predicted that "Light Peak cables will be no more expensive than HDMI."<ref>((cite web|last=Branscombe|first=Mary|date=5 August 2010 |title= Intel Light Peak: a tech guide|url=http://www.zdnet.com/intel-light-peak-a-tech-guide-3040089748|website=[[ZDNet]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|access-date=22 October 2012))</ref>

In January 2011, Intel's David Perlmutter told ''[[Computerworld]]'' that initial Thunderbolt implementations would be based on copper wires.<ref name="Brooke 2009"/> "The copper came out very good, surprisingly better than what we thought," he said.<ref>((cite news|last=Shah|first=Agam|title=Intel says Light Peak interconnect technology is ready|date=8 January 2011|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9204158/Intel_says_Light_Peak_interconnect_technology_is_ready|magazine=[[Computerworld]]|publisher=International Data|access-date=23 February 2011))</ref> A major advantage of copper is the ability to carry power. The final Thunderbolt standard specifies 10&nbsp;W&nbsp;DC on every port. ''See comparison section below.''

Intel and industry partners are still developing optical Thunderbolt hardware and cables.<ref>((cite press release|url=http://www.design-reuse.com/news/21682/light-peak-intel-iptronics.html|title=IPtronics Develops Components for Light Peak Technology|publisher=IPtronics|date=1 October 2009|access-date=5 April 2011))</ref> The [[optical fiber cable]]s would run "tens of meters" but would not supply power, at least not initially.<ref name="dilger2011"/><ref>((cite news|url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=220300670|title=IPtronics, Avago chip in to Intel's optical interconnect|last=Clarke|first=Peter|website=[[EE Times]]|date=1 October 2009|access-date=1 October 2009))</ref><ref name="metz2011">((cite news|first=Cade|last=Metz|date=24 February 2011|title=Intel: 'PC makers took the light out of Light Peak'|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/02/24/intel_thunderbolt_copper_embrace_explained|website=[[The Register]]|publisher=Situation Publishing|access-date=25 February 2011))</ref> The version from Corning contains four 80/125&nbsp;μm VSDN (Very Short Distance Network) fibers to transport an infrared signal up to ((convert|190|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)).<ref name="125 microns">((cite video|first=Jason|last=Ziller|date=23 January 2010|title=Light Peak to Connect Consumer Devices at Record Speed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izNoF1SWtSg|medium=YouTube|publisher=[[Intel]]|time=1:13|access-date=23 February 2011))</ref> The conversion of electrical signal to optical is embedded into the cable itself, so the current MDP connector is forward compatible. Eventually, Intel hopes for a purely optical transceiver assembly embedded in the PC.<ref name="metz2011"/>

The first such optical Thunderbolt cable was introduced by [[Sumitomo Electric Industries]] in January 2013.<ref name="sumitomi optical TB cable 1">((cite press release|url=https://global-sei.com/news/press/13/prs004_s.html|year=2013|title=Sumitomo Electric Starts Selling Optical Thunderbolt Cable at Amazon Online|publisher=Global SEI|access-date=16 June 2013))</ref> It is available in lengths of ((convert|10|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), ((convert|20|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), and ((convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)). However, those cables are retailed almost exclusively in Japan, and the price is 20 to 30 times that of copper Thunderbolt cables.

German company DeLock also released optical Thunderbolt cables in lengths of ((convert|10|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), ((convert|20|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), and ((convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)) in 2013, priced similarly to the Sumitomo ones, and retailed only in Germany.<ref name="delock optical TB cable 1">((cite web|url=https://www.delock.com/produkte/G_83259/merkmale.html?setLanguage=en|title=Delock Cable Thunderbolt optical male/male 30&nbsp;m black|publisher=[[DeLock]]|access-date=15 October 2013))</ref>

In September 2013, glass company [[Corning Inc.]] released the first range of optical Thunderbolt cables available in the Western marketplace, along with optical USB 3.0 cables, both under the brand name "Optical Cables".<ref name="corning optical cables 1">((cite web|url=http://www.corning.com/news_center/news_releases/2013/2013091101.aspx|title=Optical Cables by Corning launched as the first Thunderbolt all-optical fiber cables|publisher=[[Corning Inc.|Corning]]|date=11 September 2013|access-date=22 September 2013))</ref><!-- NB: cannot locate better news source. --> Half the diameter and a fifth the mass of comparable copper Thunderbolt cables, they work with the 10&nbsp;Gbit/s Thunderbolt protocol and the 20&nbsp;Gbit/s Thunderbolt 2 protocol, and thus are able to work with all self-powered Thunderbolt devices (unlike copper cables, optical cables cannot provide power).<ref name="corning optical cables 1" /> The cables extend the current ((convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)) maximum length offered by copper to a maximum of ((convert|60|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)).

Before 2020, there were no optical Thunderbolt 3 cables on the market. However, optical Thunderbolt 1 and 2 cables could be used at the time with [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C) to Thunderbolt 2 adapters on each end of the cable. This achieves connections up to the ((convert|60|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)) maximum offered by previous versions of the standard.<ref name="MR PSA 1">((cite web |url= https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/psa-for-thunderbolt-3-over-distance-use-optical-thunderbolt-1-2-cables.2112230|title=PSA: For Thunderbolt 3 over distance; use *OPTICAL Thunderbolt 1/2 cables!* |publisher= [[Macrumors]]|date=28 March 2018|access-date=28 January 2019))</ref>

In April 2019, Corning showed an optical Thunderbolt 3 cable at the 2019 [[NAB Show]] in [[Las Vegas]].<ref name="TB3 optical 1">((cite web|url=https://twitter.com/macvfx/status/1115746090177818624|title=Optical thunderbolt 3 cables from Corning. Up to 60m. #NAB2019 #NABShow|publisher=Mat X|work=[[Twitter]]|date=9 April 2019|access-date=11 June 2019))</ref> Just over a year later, in September 2020, Corning released their optical Thunderbolt 3 cables in lengths of ((convert|5|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), ((convert|10|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), ((convert|15|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), ((convert|25|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), and ((convert|50|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)).<ref name="MR Optical TB3 info 2">((cite web|date=30 September 2020|title=Corning's Optical Thunderbolt 3 Cables Now Available in Lengths From 5 to 50 Meters|url=https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/cornings-optical-thunderbolt-3-cables-now-available-in-lengths-from-5-to-50-meters.2257908|access-date=8 October 2020|publisher=[[Macrumors]]))</ref> In the meantime, Taiwanese company Areca released optical Thunderbolt 3 cables in April 2020 in lengths of ((convert|10|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), ((convert|20|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)), and ((convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)).<ref name="MR Optical TB3 info 1">((cite web|url=https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/optical-thunderbolt-3-cables-begin-rolling-out-in-lengths-up-to-50-meters.2228158|title=Optical Thunderbolt 3 Cables Begin Rolling Out in Lengths Up to 50 Meters|publisher=[[Macrumors]]|date=26 March 2020|access-date=28 April 2020))</ref>

In early 2021, copper Thunderbolt 4 cables arrived from many companies at the ((convert|0.8|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) length. Copper versions of Thunderbolt 4 cables offer full 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed and support backward compatibility with all versions of USB (up to USB4), DisplayPort Alternate Mode (DP 1.4 HBR3), and Thunderbolt 3. Released in early 2021, they are also all to be available in three specified lengths: ((convert|0.2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)), ((convert|0.8|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)), and ((convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) – with many companies initially offering ((convert|0.8|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) ones. Copper Thunderbolt 4 cables up to ((convert|1.0|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) are passive cables, while longer cables must integrate active signal conditioning circuitry. ((convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) cables from CalDigit<ref name="CalDigit Thunderbolt 4 Cable">((cite web|url=http://shop.caldigit.com/us/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=207|title=Thunderbolt 4 / USB 4 Cable (2m) Active 40Gb/s, 100W, 20V, 5A|publisher=CalDigit))</ref> and Cable Matters<ref name="Cable Matters Active Thunderbolt 4 Cable">((cite web|url=https://www.cablematters.com/pc-1283-132-40gbps-thunderbolt-4-usb-c-cable-with-100w-charging.aspx#DescriptionTitle|title=Cable Matters Active Thunderbolt 4 Cable|publisher=Cable Matters))</ref> are [[active cable|active cables]]. Later on, optical Thunderbolt 4 cables are targeting lengths from ~((convert|5|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)) to ((convert|50|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) for release at sometime in the future.<ref name="Intel TB4 info 1">((cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/sites/default/files/intel-thunderbolt4-announcement-press-deck.pdf|title=Intel Thunderbolt 4 announcement press deck|publisher=Intel Thunderbolt|date=8 July 2020|access-date=23 April 2021))</ref>

===Compatibility===
Details on compatibilty are available from the Thunderbolt Technology Community Web site.<ref name=faq>((cite web | title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) | website=Thunderbolt Technology Community | url=https://www.thunderbolttechnology.net/tech/faq | access-date=14 January 2024))</ref>

A single Thunderbolt 3 or later port provides data transfer, support for two 4K 60 Hz displays, and quick notebook charging up to 100W with a single cable. Any Thunderbolt or USB dock can connect to a Thunderbolt 3 computer. USB devices can be connected to a Thunderbolt 3 or later port. DisplayPort and Mini DisplayPort devices are supported.

Some functionality may be available if a Thunderbolt device is connected to a USB-C port; this is implementation-dependent, and not guaranteed.

Thunderbolt 4 supports Thunderbolt 3 devices, but not earlier versions. Thunderbolt 1 and 2 devices can be used with most, but not all, Thunderbolt 3 PCs with the use of an adapter.

===Thunderbolt 1===
[[CNET]]'s Brooke Crothers said it was rumored that the early-2011, MacBook Pro update would include some sort of new data port, and he speculated it would be Light Peak (Thunderbolt).<ref>((cite news|first=Brooke|last=Crothers|title=New high-speed connection tech due from Apple|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20033940-64.html|date=19 February 2011|website=[[CNet News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=25 February 2011))</ref> At the time, there were no details on the physical implementation, and mock-ups appeared showing a system similar to the earlier Intel demos using a combined USB/Light Peak port.<ref>((cite web|last=Kim|first=Arnold|title=Apple to Introduce Light Peak (High Speed Connection Technology) Soon?|date=19 February 2011|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2011/02/19/apple-to-introduce-light-peak-high-speed-connection-technology-soon|website=[[MacRumors]]|access-date=25 February 2011))</ref> Shortly before the release of the new machines, the [[USB Implementers Forum]] (USB-IF) announced they would not allow such a combination port, and that USB was not open to modification in that way.
 
Other implementations of the technology began in 2012, with desktop boards offering the interconnection now available.<ref>((cite web|last=Smith|first=Mat|date=2012-05-21|title=ASUS and MSI launch Thunderbolt motherboards, tie for first place|website=Engadget|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/21/asus-and-msi-launch-thunderbolt-motherboards))</ref>

Apple stated in February 2011 that the port was based on [[Mini DisplayPort]], not USB. As the system was described, Intel's solution to the display connection problem became clear: Thunderbolt controllers multiplex data from existing DP systems with data from the PCIe port into a single cable. Older displays that using DP 1.1a or earlier must be located at the end of a Thunderbolt device chain, but native displays can be anywhere along the line.<ref name="dilger2011">((cite web|first=Daniel Eran|last=Dilger|title=Intel details Thunderbolt, says Apple has a full year's head start|date=24 February 2011|website=[[AppleInsider]]|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/02/24/intel_details_thunderbolt_as_exclusive_to_apple_until_2012.html|access-date=25 February 2011))</ref> Thunderbolt devices can go anywhere on the chain. In that respect, Thunderbolt shares a relationship with the older [[ACCESS.bus]] system, which used the display connector to support a low-speed bus.

Apple states that up to six daisy-chained peripherals are supported per Thunderbolt port,<ref name="Apple2011">((cite web|title=Thunderbolt: Next-Generation high-speed I/O technology|date=24 February 2011|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|url=https://www.apple.com/thunderbolt|access-date=25 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226054716/http://www.apple.com/thunderbolt|archive-date=26 February 2011|url-status=dead))</ref> and that the display should come at the end of the chain, if it does not support daisy chaining.

In February 2011, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] introduced [[MacBook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|(13-inch, Early 2011)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (13-inch, Early 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP619?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> [[MacBook Pro|Macbook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|(15-inch, Early 2011)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (15-inch, Early 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP620?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[MacBook Pro|Macbook Pro]] ([[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|17-inch, Early 2011]])<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (17-inch, Early 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP621?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring one Thunderbolt port. In May 2011, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] introduced [[iMac]] [[IMac (Intel-based)|(21.5-inch, Mid 2011)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac (21.5-inch, Mid 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP623?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring one Thunderbolt port, and [[iMac]] [[IMac (Intel-based)|(27-inch, Mid 2011)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac (27-inch, Mid 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP689?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring two Thunderbolt ports. In July 2011, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] introduced [[Mac Mini|Mac mini (Mid 2011)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac mini (Mid 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP632?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> [[MacBook Air]] [[MacBook Air (Intel-based)|(11-inch, Mid 2011)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Air (11-inch, Mid 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP631?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> [[MacBook Air]] [[MacBook Air (Intel-based)|(13-inch, Mid 2011)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Air (13-inch, Mid 2011) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP683?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[Apple Thunderbolt Display]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Apple Thunderbolt Display – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP642?locale=en_US |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring one Thunderbolt port for daisy-chaining, or other devices.

In May 2011, Apple announced a new line of [[iMac]]s that include the Thunderbolt interface.<ref>((cite web|title=Apple Announces New iMac With Next Generation Quad-Core Processors, Graphics & Thunderbolt I/O Technology|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/05/03imac.html|publisher=Apple|access-date=10 May 2011))</ref>

The Thunderbolt port on the new Macs is in the same location relative to other ports and maintains the same physical dimensions and pinout as the prior MDP connector. The main visible difference on Thunderbolt-equipped [[Macintosh|Macs]] is a Thunderbolt symbol next to the port.<ref name="foresman2011" />

The DisplayPort standard is partially compatible with Thunderbolt, as the two share Apple's physically compatible MDP connector. The Target Display mode on iMacs requires a Thunderbolt cable to accept a video-in signal from another Thunderbolt-capable computer.<ref>((cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204592|title=iMac (Mid 2011): Target Display Mode does not accept video over a Mini DisplayPort cable|date=14 July 2011|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|access-date=17 July 2011))</ref> A DP monitor must be the last (or only) device in a chain of Thunderbolt devices.

Intel announced they would release a [[Software development kit|developer kit]] in the second quarter of 2011,<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/224995/article.html|title=Intel to Open up Thunderbolt Development This Quarter|last=Shah|first=Agam|date=12 April 2011|newspaper=[[PC World]]|access-date=13 April 2011|publisher=PCWorld Communications))</ref> while manufacturers of hardware-development equipment have indicated they will add support for the testing and development of Thunderbolt devices.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.embedded.com/electronics-products/electronic-product-reviews/debug-and-optimization/4215081/LeCroy-lines-up-armada-for-Thunderbolt-testing|title=LeCroy lines up armada for Thunderbolt testing|last=Holland|first=Colin|date=12 April 2011|access-date=18 April 2011))</ref> The developer kit is being provided only on request.<ref name="TB tech 1">((cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/developer-application|title=Registration required for developer information|publisher=[[Intel]]|access-date=22 August 2012))</ref>

In July 2011, [[Sony]] released its [[Sony VAIO Z series|Vaio Z21]] line of notebook computers that had a "Power Media Dock" that uses optical Thunderbolt (Light Peak) to connect to an external graphics card using a combination port that behaves like USB electrically, but that also includes the optical interconnect required for Thunderbolt.

===Thunderbolt 2===
In June 2013, [[Intel]] announced that the next version of Thunderbolt, based on the controller code-named "Falcon Ridge" (running at 20&nbsp;Gbit/s), is officially named "Thunderbolt 2" and entered production in 2013.<ref>((cite web|url=http://blogs.intel.com/technology/2013/06/video-creation-bolts-ahead-%E2%80%93-intel%E2%80%99s-thunderbolt%E2%84%A2-2-doubles-bandwidth-enabling-4k-video-transfer-display-2|title=Video Creation Bolts Ahead – Intel's Thunderbolt 2 Doubles Bandwidth, Enabling 4K Video Transfer & Display|publisher=Intel|date=2013-06-04))</ref> The data-rate of 20&nbsp;Gbit/s is made possible by joining the two existing 10&nbsp;Gbit/s-channels, which does not change the maximum bandwidth, but makes using it more flexible. 

In June 2013, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[Mac Pro|Mac Pro (Late 2013)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac Pro (Late 2013) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP697?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring six Thunderbolt 2 ports. In October 2013, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[MacBook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|(Retina, 13-inch, Late 2013)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Late 2013) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP691?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[MacBook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|(Retina, 15-inch, Late 2013)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (Retina, 15-inch, Late 2013) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP690?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring two Thunderbolt 2 ports. In October 2014, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[Mac Mini|Mac mini (Late 2014)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac mini (Late 2014) - Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP710?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[iMac]] [[IMac (Intel-based)|(Retina 5K, 27-inch, Late 2014)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, Late 2014) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP707?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring two Thunderbolt 2 ports. In March 2015, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[MacBook Air]] [[MacBook Air (Intel-based)|(11-inch, Early 2015)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Air (11-inch, Early 2015) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP713?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[MacBook Air]] [[MacBook Air (Intel-based)|(13-inch, Early 2015)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Air (13-inch, Early 2015) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP714?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring one Thunderbolt 2 port. 

At the physical level, the bandwidth of Thunderbolt 1 and Thunderbolt 2 are identical, and Thunderbolt 1 cabling is thus compatible with Thunderbolt 2 interfaces. At the logical level, Thunderbolt 2 enables channel aggregation, whereby the two previously separate 10&nbsp;Gbit/s channels can be combined into a single logical 20&nbsp;Gbit/s channel.<ref>Apple (2013) [https://www.apple.com/thunderbolt/ "Thunderbolt"]. ''Apple''. Retrieved 4 February 2014.</ref>

Intel says Thunderbolt 2 will be able to transfer a [[4K resolution|4K video]] while simultaneously displaying it on a discrete monitor.<ref name="TBT4K">((cite web|title=Video Creation Bolts Ahead – Intel's Thunderbolt 2 Doubles Bandwidth, Enabling 4K Video Transfer & Display|url=https://blogs.intel.com/technology/2013/06/video-creation-bolts-ahead-%E2%80%93-intel%E2%80%99s-thunderbolt%E2%84%A2-2-doubles-bandwidth-enabling-4k-video-transfer-display-2|website=intel.com|access-date=1 January 2016))</ref>

Thunderbolt 2 incorporates [[DisplayPort#1.2|DisplayPort 1.2]] support, which allows for video streaming to a single 4K video monitor or dual QHD monitors. Thunderbolt 2 is backwards compatible, which means that all Thunderbolt cables and connectors are compatible with Thunderbolt 1.

The first Thunderbolt 2 product for the consumer market was [[Asus]]'s Z87-Deluxe/Quad motherboard, announced on 19 August 2013,<ref>Walton, Jarred (19 August 2013). [https://www.anandtech.com/show/7230/asus-introduces-z87deluxequad-worlds-first-thunderbolt-2-certified-motherboard "ASUS Introduces Z87-Deluxe/Quad: World's First Thunderbolt 2 Certified Motherboard"]. ''AnandTech''. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref> and the first system released with Thunderbolt 2 was Apple's late 2013 Retina MacBook Pro, on 22 October 2013.<ref>Torres, Edwin (28 January 2013) [http://buyersguide.macrumors.com/#Retina_MacBook_Pro]. ''MacRumors''. Retrieved 28 January 2014.</ref>

===Thunderbolt 3===
[[File:Thunderbolt 3 interface USB-C ports.jpg|thumb|Thunderbolt 3, 4, or 5 ports]]
[[File:USB Type-C Plug 03.jpg|thumb|USB-C Thunderbolt 3, 4, or 5 connector]]
Thunderbolt 3 is a hardware interface developed by Intel.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/IntelIsrael/photos/a.172984516091615.45124.131422793581121/911323402257719/?type=1&theater |title= Intel |website= Facebook))</ref> It shares [[USB-C]] connectors with USB, supports [[USB 3.1 Gen 2]],<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/thunderbolt-3-and-usb-type-c-join-forces-for-one-port-to-rule-them-all|title= One port to rule them all: Thunderbolt 3 and USB Type-C join forces|first=Seamus|last=Byrne|date=2 June 2015|publisher=CNET|access-date=12 March 2018))</ref><ref>((cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2015/06/02/thunderbolt-3-usb-c |title=Thunderbolt 3 is twice as fast and uses reversible USB Type-C|website= Engadget|date=2 June 2015 ))</ref><ref>((cite web|url= https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/06/thunderbolt-3-embraces-usb-type-c-connector-doubles-bandwidth-to-40gbps|title=Thunderbolt 3 embraces USB Type-C connector, doubles bandwidth to 40Gbps|website=arstechnica.co.uk|date=2 June 2015))</ref> and can require special [[#Cables|"active" cables]] for maximum performance for cable lengths over 0.5 meters (1.5 feet). Compared to Thunderbolt 2, it doubles the bandwidth to 40&nbsp;Gbit/s (5&nbsp;GB/s). It allows up to 4 lanes of PCI Express 3.0 (32.4&nbsp;Gbit/s) for general-purpose data transfer, and 4 lanes of DisplayPort 1.4 HBR3 (32.40&nbsp;Gbit/s before 8/10 encoding removal, and 25.92&nbsp;Gbit/s after) for video,<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.thunderbolttechnology.net/sites/default/files/18-241_Thunder7000Controller_Brief_FIN_HI.pdf|title=Intel® 7000 Series Thunderbolt™ 3 Controllers|publisher=Intel))</ref> but the maximum combined data rate cannot exceed 40((nbsp))Gbit/s; video data will be using all needed speed, limiting PCIe data. DP 1.2 support is mandatory, while DP 1.4 is optional. Other overheads are possible on PCIe data (1.5% of 128b/130b is also removed) and Thunderbolt 3 protocol (you either optimise for speed or for latency), the last one gives only 21.6&nbsp;Gbit/s to 25&nbsp;Gbit/s.<ref>((cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/sites/default/files/Thunderbolt3_TechBrief_FINAL.pdf|title=Thunderbolt 3 Technology Brief|publisher=Intel))</ref> Thunderbolt 3 uses 64b/66b encoding after that, which means the real rate is bigger than 40&nbsp;Gbit/s, 2 times 20.625&nbsp;Gbit/s.

Intel's Thunderbolt 3 controller (codenamed ''Alpine Ridge,'' or the new ''Titan Ridge'') halves power consumption, and simultaneously drives two external [[4K resolution|4K displays]] at 60&nbsp;Hz (or a single external 4K display at 120&nbsp;Hz, or a 5K display at 60&nbsp;Hz when using Apple's implementation for the late-2016 MacBook Pros) instead of just the single display previous controllers can drive. The new controller supports [[PCIe]] 3.0 and other protocols, including DisplayPort [[DisplayPort#1.2|1.2]] (allowing for [[computer display standard|4K]] resolutions at 60&nbsp;Hz).<ref>((Cite web |title= Thunderbolt 3 – The USB-C That Does It All | publisher = Thunderbolt Technology Community|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/blog/thunderbolt-3-usb-c-does-it-all |access-date= 2015-11-24))</ref> Thunderbolt 3 has up to 15 watts of power delivery on copper cables and no power delivery capability on optical cables. Using USB-C on copper cables, it can incorporate [[USB hardware#USB Power Delivery|USB power delivery]], allowing the ports to source or sink up to 100 watts of power. This eliminates the need for a separate power supply from some devices. Thunderbolt 3 allows backwards compatibility with the first two versions by the use of adapters or transitional cables.<ref name="MR TB3 info 1">((cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2014/04/21/thunderbolt-third-generation-details|title=Leaked Info on Third-Generation Thunderbolt Points to 40Gbps Transfer Speeds|date=21 April 2014|publisher=[[MacRumors]]|access-date=19 November 2014))</ref><ref name="ET TB3 info 1">((cite web |url= https://www.extremetech.com/computing/181099-next-gen-thunderbolt-details-40gbps-pcie-3-0-hdmi-2-0-and-100w-power-delivery-for-single-cable-pcs |title=Next-gen Thunderbolt details: 40Gbps, PCIe 3.0, HDMI 2.0, and 100W power delivery for single-cable PCs|date=22 April 2014|publisher=Extreme Tech|access-date=19 November 2014))</ref><ref name="AT TB3 info 1">((cite web|url= https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/next-gen-thunderbolt-doubles-speeds-but-changes-the-connector |title=Next-gen Thunderbolt doubles speeds but changes the connector|date=22 April 2014| work =[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=19 November 2014))</ref>

Intel offers three varieties for each of the controllers:<ref>((Citation | work = Thunderbolt technology | title = Day 1 of Thunderbolt peripheral training Q4 15 final v1.0 | url = https://thunderbolttechnology.net/sites/default/files/Day%201%20of%202_Thunderbolt%E2%84%A2%203%20Peripheral%20Device%20Training_Q4_15_Final_v1_0.pdf))</ref>
* Double Port (DP) uses a PCIe 3.0 ×4 link to provide two Thunderbolt 3 ports (DSL6540, JHL6540, JHL7540)
* Single Port (SP) uses a PCIe 3.0 ×4 link to provide one Thunderbolt 3 port (DSL6340, JHL6340, JHL7340)
* Low Power (LP) uses a PCIe 3.0 ×2 link to provide one Thunderbolt 3 port (JHL6240).

This follows previous practice, where higher-end devices such as the second-generation Mac Pro, iMac, Retina MacBook Pro, and [[Mac Mini]] use two-port controllers; while lower-end, lower-power devices such as the MacBook Air use the one-port version.

Support was added to Intel's [[Skylake (microarchitecture)|Skylake]] architecture chipsets, shipping during late 2015 into early 2016.<ref name="MR TB3 info 1"/><ref name="ET TB3 info 1"/><ref name="AT TB3 info 1"/>

Devices with Thunderbolt 3 ports began shipping at the beginning of December 2015, including notebooks running [[Microsoft Windows]] (from [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Asus]], [[Clevo]], [[HP Inc.|HP]], [[Dell]], [[Alienware|Dell Alienware]], [[Lenovo]], [[Micro-Star International|MSI]], [[Razer Inc.|Razer]], and [[Sony]]), as well as motherboards (from [[Gigabyte Technology]]), and a 0.5 m Thunderbolt 3 passive USB-C cable (from Lintes Technology).<ref name="TT Tbolt 3 first">((cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/products?tid=All&field_company_nid=All&field_prod_os_value_many_to_one=All&field_prod_tb_version_value_many_to_one=tbv3|title=Thunderbolt 3 devices|website=Thunderbolt Technology|date=January 2016|access-date=9 January 2016))</ref>

In October 2016, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[MacBook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|(13-inch, 2016, 2 Thunderbolt 3 Ports)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2016, Two Thunderbolt 3 ports) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP747?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> which, as the name indicates, features two Thunderbolt 3 ports, [[MacBook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|(13-inch, 2016, 4 Thunderbolt 3 Ports)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2016, Four Thunderbolt 3 ports) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP748?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[MacBook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Intel-based)|(15-inch, 2016)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2016) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP749?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> which features four Thunderbolt 3 ports. In June 2017, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[iMac]] [[IMac (Intel-based)|(21.5-inch, 2017)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac (21.5-inch, 2017) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP758?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> [[iMac]] [[IMac (Intel-based)|(Retina 4K, 21.5-inch, 2017)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac (Retina 4K, 21.5-inch, 2017) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP759?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> [[iMac]] [[IMac (Intel-based)|(Retina 5K, 27-inch, 2017)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, 2017) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP760?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> which feature two Thunderbolt 3 ports, as well as the [[iMac Pro]],<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac Pro (2017) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP771?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> which featured four Thunderbolt 3 ports and was released in December 2017. In October 2018, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[MacBook Air]] [[MacBook Air (Intel-based)|(Retina, 13-inch, 2018)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Air (Retina, 13-inch, 2018) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP783?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref>featuring 2 Thunderbolt 3 ports and [[Mac Mini|Mac mini (2018)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac mini (2018) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP782?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring four Thunderbolt 3 ports. In June 2019, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] unveils [[Mac Pro|Mac Pro (2019)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac Pro (2019) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP797?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[Mac Pro|Mac Pro (Rack, 2019)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac Pro (Rack, 2019) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP810?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring up to twelve Thunderbolt 3 ports, and [[Pro Display XDR]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Pro Display XDR – Technical Specifications |url=https://www.apple.com/pro-display-xdr/specs/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Apple |language=en-US))</ref> with features one Thunderbolt 3 port, both released in December 2019. In April 2021, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[iPad Pro]] [[IPad Pro (5th generation)|11-inch (3rd generation)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=iPad Pro, 11-inch (3rd generation) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP843?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[iPad Pro]] [[IPad Pro (5th generation)|12.9-inch (5th generation)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=iPad Pro, 12.9-inch (5th generation) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP844?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring one Thunderbolt 3 port. In March 2022, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] released [[Apple Studio Display|Studio Display]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Studio Display – Technical Specifications |url=https://www.apple.com/studio-display/specs/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Apple |language=en-US))</ref> featuring one Thunderbolt 3 port.

On 8 January 2018, Intel announced a product refresh (codenamed Titan Ridge) with "enhanced robustness" and support for DisplayPort 1.4. Intel offers a single port (JHL7340) and double port (JHL7540) version of this host controller and a peripheral controller supporting two Thunderbolt 3 ports (JHL7440). The new peripheral controller can now act as a USB sink (compatible with regular USB-C ports).<ref>((cite web |url= https://thunderbolttechnology.net/blog/new-intel®-thunderbolt-3-controllers-offer-displayport-14-and-basic-peripheral-compatibility-u|title=New Intel Thunderbolt 3 controllers offer DisplayPort 1.4, and basic peripheral compatibility with USB-C computer ports|last1=Ziller|first1=Jason|website=Thunderbolt Technology|publisher=Intel|access-date=15 January 2018))</ref>

The Apple Pro Display XDR, which macOS allows to connect using two HBR3 connections to a Mac, doesn't support [[Display Stream Compression]] (DSC). That would be 51.84&nbsp;Gbit/s, impossible for Thunderbolt 3, but it works because the two 3008×3384 10bpc 60Hz 648.91MHz signals of the XDR display only require 38.9&nbsp;Gbit/s total and Thunderbolt does not transmit the DisplayPort stuffing symbols used to fill the HBR3 bandwidth.

====USB4====
((mainarticle|USB4))

The [[USB4]] specification was released on 29 August 2019 by [[USB Implementers Forum]],<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB4%20Specification.zip|title=USB Promoter Group USB4 Specification |date=2019-08-29|website= USB implementers forum))</ref> based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol specification.<ref name= "Bright">((Cite web |url= https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/03/thunderbolt-3-becomes-usb4-as-intels-interconnect-goes-royalty-free |title=Thunderbolt 3 becomes USB4, as Intel's interconnect goes royalty-free|last=Bright|first=Peter|date=2019-03-04|website=Ars Technica |language= en-us |access-date= 2019-03-04))</ref>

It supports 40&nbsp;Gbit/s (5&nbsp;GB/s) throughput, is [[USB4#Thunderbolt_3_compatibility|''optionally'']] compatible with Thunderbolt 3, and is backwards compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0.<ref>((Cite web |url= https://www.cnet.com/news/usb4-marries-thunderbolt-3-for-faster-speeds-and-smarter-transfers|title=USB4 marries Thunderbolt 3 for faster speeds and smarter transfers|last=Grunin|first=Lori|website=CNET|date=2019-03-04 |access-date= 2019-03-04))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/366931/thunderbolt-3-merges-with-usb-to-become-usb4|title=Thunderbolt 3 Merges With USB to Become USB4|last=Brant|first=Tom|date=2019-03-04|website= PC Magazine |access-date= 2019-03-04))</ref> The architecture defines a method to share a single high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the transfer of data by type and application.

USB4 supports DisplayPort [[DisplayPort#2.0|2.0]] over its alternative mode.<ref>((Cite web|date=2020-04-29|title=VESA Releases Updated DisplayPort Alt Mode Spec to Bring DisplayPort 2.0 Performance to USB4 and New USB Type-C® Devices|url=https://vesa.org/featured-articles/vesa-releases-updated-displayport-alt-mode-spec-to-bring-displayport-2-0-performance-to-usb4-and-new-usb-type-c-devices/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=VESA - Interface Standards for The Display Industry|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Thunderbolt 4 Explained ((!)) Tripp Lite|url=https://www.tripplite.com/products/thunderbolt-4|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Tripp Lite Website|language=en))</ref>

In November 2020, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced [[MacBook Air]] [[MacBook Air (Apple silicon)|(M1, 2020)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Air (M1, 2020) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP825?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> [[MacBook Pro]] [[MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)|(13-inch, M1, 2020)]],<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (13-inch, M1, 2020) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP824?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and [[Mac Mini|Mac mini (M1, 2020)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac mini (M1, 2020) – Technical specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP823?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring [[USB4]]. In April 2021, Apple announced [[iMac]] [[iMac (Apple silicon)|(24-inch, M1, 2021)]]<ref>((Cite web |title=iMac (24-inch, M1, 2021) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP839?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> featuring two [[USB4]] ports.

=====USB4 PCIe Mode=====

USB4 makes the PCIe aspects of Thunderbolt "open source" – PCIe USB devices can be released without Thunderbolt certification. But notably, those devices will not be allowed to use Thunderbolt branding. However, Thunderbolt 4 devices use PCIe Mode with added certification labeling, and promoting backwards compatibility. This means multiple rival devices may use different brandings to accomplish the same task. USB4 PCIe devices can be backwards compatible with Thunderbolt 1–3 but this is not required. USB4 PCIe Mode is not an Alternate Mode like DisplayPort Alternate Mode, and Microsoft requires devices with USB4 to include PCIe support currently, in order to be WHQL/Windows certified PCs.<ref>((Citation | url = https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/D1T1-2%20-%20USB%20Type-C%20System%20Overview.pdf | title = USB type C system overview | publisher = USB))</ref><ref>((Cite web | publisher = Microsoft |url= https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/test/hlk/testref/7d627bf0-25f3-4564-b554-b2a3450e2bcf|title = USB4 Systems PCIe Tunneling Support))</ref><ref>((Cite web | publisher = Black box |url=https://www.blackbox.com/en-it/blog/technology/detail/technology/2020/10/29/usb4-is-coming!-here-is-what-you-need-to-know |title = USB4 is Coming! Here is What You Need to Know))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15752/displayport-alt-mode-20-spec-released | work = Anand tech |title = DisplayPort Alt Mode 2.0 Spec Released: Defining Alt Mode for USB4))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://linuxhint.com/usb4-vs-usb-c/ | work = Linux hint |title=USB4 vs. USB C))</ref>

===Thunderbolt 4===
Thunderbolt 4 was announced at CES&nbsp;2020<ref name="AI TB4 info 1">((cite web|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/20/01/07/intel-confirms-thunderbolt-4-on-way-with-four-times-usb-3-speed|title=Intel confirms Thunderbolt 4 on way with four-times USB 3 speed|first=Malcolm|last=Owen|date=2020-01-07|website=Apple Insider |access-date=2020-01-07))</ref> and the final specification was released in July 2020.<ref name=TB4_Intel_newsroom>((Citation | url = https://newsroom.intel.com/news/introducing-thunderbolt-4-universal-cable-connectivity-everyone/ | publisher = Intel | title = Introducing Thunderbolt 4 universal cable connectivity for everyone))</ref> The key differences between Thunderbolt 4 and Thunderbolt 3 are a minimum bandwidth requirement of 32&nbsp;Gbit/s for PCIe link, support for dual 4K displays (DisplayPort 1.4),<ref>[https://newsroom.intel.com/news/introducing-thunderbolt-4-universal-cable-connectivity-everyone Introducing Thunderbolt 4: Universal Cable Connectivity for Everyone]. Intel. July 8, 2020</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=What is Thunderbolt 4? |url= https://www.cablematters.com/blog/Thunderbolt/what-is-thunderbolt-4 |website= Cable Matters))</ref> and [[Intel VT-d]]-based [[direct memory access]] protection to prevent physical [[DMA attack]]s.

Another major improvement is that Thunderbolt 4 supports Thunderbolt Alternate Mode [[USB hub]]s ("Multi-port Accessory Architecture"), and not just [[Daisy chain (electrical engineering)|daisy chaining]].<ref name="TB 4 hub">((cite web|url=https://eshop.macsales.com/shop/owc-thunderbolt-hub|title=OWC Thunderbolt Hub |access-date=2020-11-19))</ref><ref name="TB4 Press deck">((cite web | work = Thunderbolt technology |url= https://thunderbolttechnology.net/sites/default/files/intel-thunderbolt4-announcement-press-deck.pdf |title= Thunderbolt 4 Press deck |access-date= 2020-11-19))</ref> Those hubs are backwards compatible with Thunderbolt 3 devices and can be backwards compatible with Thunderbolt 3 hosts (Titan Ridge only; with Alpine Ridge the additional downstream ports get downgraded to USB 3).<ref name= "TB 4 hub razer">((cite web |url= https://www.razer.com/gaming-pc-accessories/razer-thunderbolt-4-dock-chroma/RC21-01690100-R3U1 |title= Razer Thunderbolt 4 Dock |access-date= 2021-02-05))</ref><ref name= "TB 4 hub sonnet">((cite web |url=https://www.sonnettech.com/support/downloads/manuals/Thunderbolt_4_Dock_Compatiblity.pdf |title= Sonnet Thunderbolt 4 Dock Compatibility |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210219085402/https://www.sonnettech.com/support/downloads/manuals/Thunderbolt_4_Dock_Compatiblity.pdf |access-date= 2021-02-19|archive-date= 19 February 2021 ))</ref>

The maximum bandwidth remains at 40&nbsp;Gbit/s, the same as Thunderbolt 3 and four times as fast as USB 3.2 Gen&nbsp;2x1.<ref>((cite web|last1=S|first1=Ganesh T. |title= Intel Teases Thunderbolt 4, Light on Details |url= https://www.anandtech.com/show/15345/intel-teases-thunderbolt-4-light-on-details |website= Anandtech |access-date= 16 May 2020))</ref><ref name= TB4_Intel_newsroom /> Supporting products began arriving in late 2020 and included Tiger Lake mobile processors for [[Intel Evo]] notebooks and 8000-series standalone Thunderbolt controllers (codenamed Goshen Ridge for devices and Maple Ridge for hosts).

USB4 supports DisplayPort 2.0 over its alternative mode. DisplayPort 2.0 can support higher than [[8K resolution]] at 60&nbsp;Hz losslessly due to new UHBR 10, 13.5, and 20 signaling standards (DSC 1.2 used in DisplayPort 1.4 for that resolution is not lossless) in 8 bit and 8K 60&nbsp;Hz with 10 bit color and use up to 80&nbsp;Gbit/s (effective bandwidth 77.37&nbsp;Gbit/s), which is double the amount available to USB data, because (just as previously in DisplayPort 1.4) it sends almost all the data in one direction (to the monitor) and can thus use all four data lanes at once.<ref>((Cite web|last=Smith|first=Ryan|title=DisplayPort Alt Mode 2.0 Spec Released: Defining Alt Mode for USB4|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15752/displayport-alt-mode-20-spec-released|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.anandtech.com))</ref> Resolutions up to [[16K resolution|16K]] (15360×8640) 60&nbsp;Hz display with 10 bit Y'CbCr 4:4:4 or RGB are possible.<ref>((Cite web|date=2020-04-29|title=VESA Releases Updated DisplayPort Alt Mode Spec to Bring DisplayPort 2.0 Performance to USB4 and New USB Type-C® Devices|url=https://vesa.org/featured-articles/vesa-releases-updated-displayport-alt-mode-spec-to-bring-displayport-2-0-performance-to-usb4-and-new-usb-type-c-devices/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=VESA – Interface Standards for The Display Industry|language=en-US))</ref>

November 17, 2020, Apple introduced the M1 Mac Mini with 2 Thunderbolt 4 ports. (The M2 update in 2023 included 4 ports) In October 2021, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced a [[MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)|14-inch]] [[MacBook Pro]]<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (14-inch, 2021) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP854?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> and a [[MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)|16-inch]] [[MacBook Pro]]<ref>((Cite web |title=MacBook Pro (16-inch, 2021) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP858?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> which each featured three Thunderbolt 4 ports. In March 2022, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced the [[Mac Studio]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Mac Studio (2022) – Technical Specifications |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP865?viewlocale=en_US&locale=pt_PT |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=support.apple.com))</ref> with up to six Thunderbolt 4 ports.

=== Thunderbolt 5 ===
On September 12, 2023 Intel previewed Thunderbolt 5 (codenamed Barlow Ridge), aligned to the [[USB Implementers Forum]]'s (USB-IF) USB4 2.0 specification. It provides symmetric bandwidth of 80&nbsp;Gbit/s, e.g. for mass-storage devices, double that of Thunderbolt 4, and unidirectional bandwidth of 120&nbsp;Gbit/s for displays (three times that of Thunderbolt 3 and 4), supporting dual 8K displays at 60Hz.

The full specifications cover:
* Supporting the latest version of USB4 2.0 80&nbsp;Gbit/s specification
* Two times the total bandwidth of Thunderbolt 4 to 80&nbsp;Gbit/s, while providing up to three times the bandwidth to 120&nbsp;Gbit/s for video-intensive uses
* Support for [[DisplayPort]] 2.1
* Two times (64((&nbsp))G[[bit]]/s) the PCI Express data-throughput using [[PCI Express#PCI Express 4.0|PCI Express Gen. 4 x4]], for faster storage and external graphics
* Up to 240W of charging power downstream
* Works with existing passive cables up to ((convert|1|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) via PAM-3
* Compatible with previous versions of Thunderbolt, USB, and DisplayPort
* Supported by Intel's enabling and certification programs

Intel announced that computers and accessories compatible with Thunderbolt 5 will come out starting in 2024.<ref name="Intel TB5 1">((cite web|date=October 19, 2022|title=Intel Introduces Thunderbolt 5 Connectivity Standard|url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/intel-introduces-thunderbolt-5-standard.html|access-date=September 12, 2023|publisher=[[Intel]]))</ref>

===Royalty situation===
On 24 May 2017, Intel announced that Thunderbolt 3 would become a [[royalty-free]] standard to OEMs and chip manufacturers in 2018, as part of an effort to boost the adoption of the protocol.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/intel-has-a-grand-plan-to-bring-thunderbolt-3-ports-to-every-laptop|title=Intel has a grand plan to bring Thunderbolt 3 ports to every laptop|website=Techradar|date=24 May 2017|access-date=24 May 2017))</ref> The Thunderbolt 3 specification was later released to the USB-IF on 4 March 2019, making it royalty-free, to be used to form [[USB4]].<ref name="Bright"/><ref>((Cite web|url=https://usb.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/USB_PG_USB4_DevUpdate_Announcement_FINAL_20190226.pdf|title=USB Promoter Group Announces USB4 Specification|website= USB |access-date=2019-07-07))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB4%20Specification.zip |title=USB4 Specification|website= USB |access-date=3 September 2019))</ref> Intel says it will retain control over certification of all Thunderbolt 3 devices.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3347403/the-new-usb4-spec-promises-a-lot-thunderbolt-3-support-40gbps-bandwidth-and-less-confusion.html|title=The new USB4 spec promises a lot: Thunderbolt 3 support, 40Gbps bandwidth, and less confusion|date=2019-03-05|website= PCWorld |access-date=2019-07-07))</ref> Intel also states it employs "mandatory certification for all Thunderbolt products".<ref>((Cite web|url= https://newsroom.intel.com/news/introducing-thunderbolt-4-universal-cable-connectivity-everyone|title=Introducing Thunderbolt 4: Universal Cable Connectivity for Everyone|date=2020-07-08|website=PCWorld |access-date=2020-07-11))</ref>

Before March 2019, there were no [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] chipsets or computers with Thunderbolt support released or announced due to the certification requirements (Intel did not certify non-Intel platforms). However, the [[YouTuber]] Wendell Wilson from Level1Techs was able to get Thunderbolt 3 support on an AMD computer with a [[Threadripper]] CPU and Titan Ridge add-in card working by modifying the firmware, indicating that the lack of Thunderbolt support on non-Intel systems is not due to any hardware limitations.<ref>((Citation| work =Level1Techs|title=Where is Thunderbolt on Threadripper?! Here it is, but… |date=2018-07-29|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOlQbP63lDQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/uOlQbP63lDQ| archive-date=2021-11-03 | url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-20 | via = You tube))((cbignore))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url= https://www.pcgamer.com/complex-threadripper-hack-gets-intels-thunderbolt-3-working-on-amd-hardware|title=Complex Threadripper hack gets Intel's Thunderbolt 3 working on AMD hardware|last=Lilly|first=Paul|date=2018-07-30|website=PC Gamer|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-20))</ref> As of May 2019, it is possible to have Thunderbolt 3 support on AMD using add-in cards without any problems,<ref>((Cite web|url=https://egpu.io/forums/builds/thunderbolt-3-on-amd-x399-threadripper-rtx-208032gbps-tb3-razer-core-x-win10-1803-theitsage|title=Thunderbolt 3 AMD Threadripper 1950X + RTX 2080@32Gbps-TB3 |website=eGPU.io|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-26))</ref> and motherboards like ASRock [[List of AMD chipsets#AM4 chipsets|X570]] Creator already have Thunderbolt 3 ports.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.asrock.com/mb/AMD/X570%20Creator/index.asp|title=ASRock X570 Creator|website= Asrock |access-date= 2019-11-09))</ref>

In January 2020 Intel certified<ref>((Cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/products?tid=15&field_company_nid=879&field_prod_os_value_many_to_one=All&field_prod_tb_version_value_many_to_one=tbv3|title=Products | work = Thunderbolt Technology Community |access-date= 2020-03-04))</ref> ASRock X570 Phantom Gaming ITX/TB3 and now vendors are freely allowed to produce Thunderbolt controller silicon (even though those ASRock motherboards used Intel Titan Ridge).<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-motherboard-asrock-first-thunderbolt-certification-intel|title=Intel Finally Certified an AMD Thunderbolt Motherboard: Here's Why That Matters (Updated)|first=Niels | last = Broekhuijsen |website=Tom's Hardware|date=6 February 2020 |access-date=2020-03-03))</ref>

Asus currently supports Thunderbolt 3 on AMD with the add-in card Thunderboltex 3-TR, being compatible with AMD motherboards and Ryzen 3, 5 (56xx): ROG Strix B550-E Gaming, ROG Strix B550-F Gaming, Prime B550-PLUS, TUF Gaming B550-Plus.<ref>((Cite web |title=THUNDERBOLTEX 3-TR｜Motherboards｜ASUS Global |url=https://www.asus.com/Motherboards-Components/Motherboards/Accessories/THUNDERBOLTEX-3-TR/HelpDesk_Manual/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.asus.com))</ref> The ASUS ProArt B550-Creator has 2 Thunderbolt 4 ports.<ref>((Cite web |title=ProArt B550-CREATOR｜Motherboards｜ASUS Global |url=https://www.asus.com/Motherboards-Components/Motherboards/ProArt/ProArt-B550-CREATOR/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=ASUS Global))</ref>

===Peripheral devices===
[[File:Promise-Tech-Pegasus2-R6-DAS.jpg|thumb|A multiple hard disk storage device that attaches to a computer through a Thunderbolt connection]]
((More citations needed section|date=April 2017))

The first Thunderbolt peripheral devices appeared in retail stores only in late 2011, following Apple's release of its first Thunderbolt-equipped computer in early 2011 with [[MacBook Pro]], with the relatively expensive ''Pegasus R4'' (4-drive) and ''Pegasus R6'' (6-drive) [[RAID]] enclosures by Promise Technology aimed at the [[wikt:prosumer#Etymology 2|prosumer]] and professional market, initially offering up to 12&nbsp;TB of storage, later increased to 18&nbsp;TB. Sales of these units were hurt by the [[2011 Thailand floods|2011 floods in Thailand]] (who manufacture much of the world's supply of hard-drives) resulting in a cut to worldwide hard-drive production and a subsequent driving-up of storage costs, hence the retail price of these Promise units increased in response, contributing to a slower take-up of the devices.

It also took some time for other storage manufacturers to release products: most were smaller devices aimed at the professional market, and focused on speed rather than high capacity. Many storage devices were under 1&nbsp;[[terabyte|TB]] in size, with some featuring SSDs for faster external-data access rather than standard hard-drives.

Other companies have offered interface products that can route multiple older, usually slower, connections through a single Thunderbolt port. In July 2011, Apple released its [[Apple Thunderbolt Display]], whose [[gigabit Ethernet]] and other older connector types made it the first hub of its type. Later, companies such as [[Belkin]], [http://www.caldigit.com/us/ CalDigit], [[Other World Computing]], [[Matrox]], [[StarTech.com|StarTech]], and [[Elgato]] have all released Thunderbolt docks.

As of late 2012, few other storage devices offering double-digit [[terabyte|TB]] capacity had appeared. Exceptions included Sonnet Technologies' highly priced professional units, and [[Drobo]]'s 4- and 5-drive enclosures, the latter featuring their own [[Drobo#BeyondRAID|BeyondRAID]] proprietary data-handling system.

Backwards compatibility with non-Thunderbolt-equipped computers was a problem, as most storage devices featured only two Thunderbolt ports, for daisy-chaining up to six devices from each one. In mid-2012, [[LaCie]], Drobo, and other device makers started to swap out one of the two Thunderbolt ports for a [[USB 3.0]] connection on some of their low-to-mid end products. Later models had the USB 3.0 added ''in addition'' to the two Thunderbolt ports, including those from LaCie on their ''2big'' range.

===Apple devices===
Apple released its first Thunderbolt-equipped computer in early 2011 with [[MacBook Pro]], and have continued to immediately update their devices with newer generations of Thunderbolt as soon as available.

List of Apple devices featuring Thunderbolt ports include:<ref name="Apple TB ports 1">((Cite web |title=Identify the ports on your Mac |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201736 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Apple Support |language=en))</ref>

* MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Late 2012 to Early 2013)
* MacBook Pro (Retina, 15-inch, Mid 2012 to Early 2013)
* MacBook Pro (17-inch, Early 2011 to Late 2011)
* MacBook Pro (15-inch, Early 2011 to Mid 2012)
* MacBook Pro (13-inch, Early 2011 to Mid 2012)
* MacBook Air (13-inch, Mid 2011 to Early 2014)
* MacBook Air (11-inch, Mid 2011 to Early 2014)
* Mac Mini (Mid 2011 to Late 2012)
* iMac (27-inch, Mid 2011 to Late 2013)
* iMac (21.5-inch, Mid 2011 to Mid 2014)

The late 2013 Retina MacBook Pro was the first product to have Thunderbolt 2 ports, following which manufacturers started to update their model offerings to those featuring the newer, faster, 20&nbsp;Gbit/s connection throughout 2014.<ref>((Cite web |last=Butler |first=Stacey |date=2023-11-07 |title=What Exactly Is Thunderbolt and How Is It Different From USB-C? • macReports |url=https://macreports.com/what-exactly-is-thunderbolt-and-how-is-it-different-from-usb-c/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=macReports |language=en-US))</ref> Again, among the first was Promise Technology, who released updated ''Pegasus 2'' versions of their R4 and R6 models along with an even larger R8 (8-drive) [[RAID]] unit, offering up to 32&nbsp;TBs of storage. Later, other brands similarly introduced high capacity models with the newer connection type, including [[SanDisk Professional]] (with their ''G-RAID Studio'' models offering up to 24&nbsp;TB) and LaCie (with their ''5big'', and [[19-inch rack|rack mounted]] ''8big'' models, offering up to 48&nbsp;TB). LaCie also offering updated designed versions of their ''2big'' mainstream consumer models, up to 12&nbsp;TB, using new 6&nbsp;TB hard-drives.

List of Apple devices featuring Thunderbolt 2 ports include:<ref name="Apple TB ports 1" />

* MacBook Pro (Retina, 15-inch, Late 2013 to Mid 2015)
* MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Late 2013 to Early 2015)
* MacBook Air (13-inch, Early 2015 to 2017)
* MacBook Air (11-inch, Early 2015)
* Mac Mini (Late 2014)
* iMac (Retina 4K, 21.5-inch, Late 2015)
* iMac (21.5-inch, Late 2015)
* iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, Late 2014 to Late 2015)
* Mac Pro (Late 2013)

Thunderbolt 3 was introduced in late 2015, with several motherboard manufacturers and [[OEM]] laptop manufacturers including Thunderbolt 3 with their products. [[Gigabyte Technology|Gigabyte]] and [[Micro-Star International|MSI]], large computer component manufacturers, entered the market for the first time with Thunderbolt 3 compatible components.<ref name="TPU TB3 info 1">((cite web|url=http://www.techpowerup.com/215773/gigabyte-unveils-the-z170x-ud5-th-thunderbolt-3-certified-motherboard.html|title=Gigabyte Unveils the Z170X-UD5 TH Thunderbolt 3 Certified Motherboard|access-date=30 September 2015))</ref><ref name="PCW TB3 info 1">((cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2978318/laptop-computers/msi-embraces-skylake-and-thunderbolt-3-0-for-new-gaming-laptops.html|title=MSI embraces Skylake and Thunderbolt 3.0 for new gaming laptops|access-date=30 September 2015))</ref>

[[Dell]] was the first to include Thunderbolt 3 ports in laptops with their [[Dell XPS|XPS Series]] and their [[Dell Alienware]] range.<ref name="PCW TB3 info 2">((cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2976593/laptop-computers/new-alienware-laptops-pack-thunderbolt-3-and-better-screens-but-oddly-lack-skylake.html|title=New Alienware laptops pack Thunderbolt 3 and prettier screens, but oddly lack Skylake|access-date=30 September 2015))</ref>

Apple first included Thunderbolt 3 on Mac in 2016.

Although Thunderbolt has initially had poor hardware support outside of Apple devices, and has been relegated to a niche gadget port, with the adoption of Thunderbolt 3 that uses the USB-C connector standard, meant that a much wider array of hardware was accepting of the market acceptance of the standard, especially when it later became part of USB4 standard. 

List of Apple devices featuring Thunderbolt 3 ports include:<ref name="Apple TB ports 1" /> 

* MacBook Pro (13-inch, M1, 2020 to M2, 2022)
* MacBook Pro (16-inch, 2019)
* MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2016 to 2019)
* MacBook Pro (13-inch, Four Thunderbolt 3 ports, 2016 to 2020)
* MacBook Pro (13-inch, Two Thunderbolt 3 ports, 2016 to 2020)
* MacBook Air (M1, 2020 to M2, 2022)
* MacBook Air (Retina, 13-inch, 2018 to 2020)
* Mac Mini (2018 to M1, 2020)

* iMac (24-inch, M1, 2021)
* iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, 2017 to 2020)
* iMac (Retina 4K, 21.5-inch, 2017 to 2019)
* iMac (21.5-inch, 2017)
* iMac Pro

* Mac Pro (2019 + Rack, 2019)
* iPad Pro 12.9-inch (5th generation)
* iPad Pro 11-inch (3rd generation)

Apple started to include Thunderbolt 4 on some of their devices, starting in 2021 with MacBook Pro.

List of Apple devices featuring Thunderbolt 4 ports include:<ref name="Apple TB ports 1" />

* MacBook Pro (14-inch, M1, 2021 to M3, 2023)
* MacBook Pro (16-inch, M1, 2021 to M3, 2023)
* Mac Studio (2022 to 2023)
* Mac Mini (2023)
* Mac Pro (2023 + Rack, 2023)

==Security vulnerabilities==

===Vulnerability to DMA attacks===

Thunderbolt 3 – like many high-speed expansion buses, including [[PCI Express]], [[PC Card]], [[ExpressCard]], [[IEEE 1394|FireWire]], [[Conventional PCI|PCI]], and [[PCI-X]] — is potentially vulnerable to a [[direct memory access]] (DMA) [[DMA attack|attack]]. If users extend the PCI Express bus (the most common high-speed expansion bus in systems ((as of|2018|lc=on))) with Thunderbolt, it allows very low-level access to the computer. An attacker could physically attach a malicious device, which, through its direct and unimpeded access to system memory and other devices, would be able to bypass almost all security measures of the operating system, allowing the attacker to read and write system memory, potentially exposing encryption keys or installing [[malware]].<ref name="erratasec"/> Such attacks have been demonstrated, modifying inexpensive commodity Thunderbolt hardware.<ref name="funderbolt"/><ref name="thunderspy"/> The [[Input–output memory management unit|IOMMU]] virtualization, if present, and configured by the BIOS and the operating system, can close a computer's vulnerability to DMA attacks,<ref name="funderbolt"/> but only if the IOMMU can block the DMA access of malicious device. As of 2019, the major OS vendors had not taken into account the variety of ways in which a malicious device could take advantage of complex interactions between multiple emulated peripherals, exposing subtle bugs and vulnerabilities.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss-paper/thunderclap-exploring-vulnerabilities-in-operating-system-iommu-protection-via-dma-from-untrustworthy-peripherals|title=Thunderclap: Exploring Vulnerabilities in Operating System IOMMU Protection via DMA from Untrustworthy Peripherals – NDSS Symposium|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-21))</ref> Some motherboard and UEFI implementations offer Kernel DMA Protection. Intel VT-d-based direct memory access (DMA) protection is a mandatory requirement for Thunderbolt 4 Host Certification.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/thunderbolt/thunderbolt-3-vs-4.html|title=Thunderbolt 3 vs. Thunderbolt 4 Technology: What's the Difference?|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-23))</ref> 

This vulnerability is not present when Thunderbolt is used as a system interconnection (((abbr|IPoTB|Internet Protocol over Thunderbolt Bridge)) supported on [[OS X Mavericks]]), because the [[Internet Protocol|IP]] implementation runs on the underlying Thunderbolt low-latency packet-switching fabric, and the PCI Express protocol is not present on the cable. That means that if IPoTB networking is used between a group of computers, there is no threat of such DMA attack between them.<ref name="erratasec">((cite web|url=https://blog.erratasec.com/2011/02/thunderbolt-introducing-new-way-to-hack.html|title=Thunderbolt: Introducing a new way to hack Macs|last=Graham|first=Robert|date=24 February 2011|website=Errata Security|access-date=5 March 2011))</ref><ref name="funderbolt">((cite conference|url=https://media.blackhat.com/us-13/US-13-Sevinsky-Funderbolt-Adventures-in-Thunderbolt-DMA-Attacks-Slides.pdf|title=Funderbolt: Adventures in Thunderbolt DMA Attacks|first=Russ|last=Sevinsky|conference=Black Hat Briefings|conference-url=https://www.blackhat.com|location=Las Vegas|date=1 August 2013 ))</ref><ref name="TBHW">((cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/tech/how-it-works|title=Thunderbolt how it works|publisher=Intel|date=2014|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029185956/https://thunderbolttechnology.net/tech/how-it-works|archive-date=2014-10-29))</ref><ref>((cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0HthE3qDMw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/q0HthE3qDMw| archive-date=2021-11-03 | url-status=live|title=Black Hat USA 2013 – Funderbolt: Adventures in Thunderbolt DMA Attacks|first=Russ|last=Sevinsky|date=1 October 2013|access-date=16 July 2014))((cbignore))</ref>

===Vulnerability to Option ROM attacks===
When a system with Thunderbolt boots, it loads and executes [[Option ROM]]s from attached devices. A malicious Option ROM can allow malware to execute before an operating system is started. It can then invade the kernel, log keystrokes, or steal encryption keys.<ref name=heasman>((cite web|url=https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-07/Heasman/Presentation/bh-usa-07-heasman.pdf|title=Hacking the Extensible Firmware Interface|publisher=Black Hat|first=John|last=Heasman|date=2007))</ref> The ease of connecting Thunderbolt devices to portable computers makes them ideal for [[Evil Maid attack|evil-maid attacks]].<ref name=snare>((cite web|url=http://ho.ax/downloads/De_Mysteriis_Dom_Jobsivs_Black_Hat_Slides.pdf|title=Mac EFI rootkits|publisher=Black Hat|author=Snare|date=2012))</ref>

Some systems load Option ROMs during firmware updates, allowing the malware in a Thunderbolt device's Option ROM to potentially overwrite the SPI flash ROM containing the system's boot firmware.<ref name=thunderstrike>((cite web|url=https://trmm.net/Thunderstrike|title=Thunderstrike: EFI firmware rootkits for MacBooks|first=Trammell|last=Hudson|publisher=[[Chaos Communication Congress]]|date=27 December 2014))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2014-4498|title=CVE-2014-4498: The Thunderstrike issue|author=US-CERT/NIST|date=30 January 2015))</ref> In February 2015, Apple issued a Security Update to Mac OS X to eliminate the vulnerability of loading Option ROMs during firmware updates, although the system is still vulnerable to Option ROM attacks during normal boots.<ref>((cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204244|title=About the security content of OS X Yosemite v10.10.2 and Security Update 2015-001|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|date=2015-02-04))</ref>

Firmware-enforced boot security measures, such as [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface#Secure Boot|UEFI Secure Boot]] (which specifies the enforcement of signatures or hash allowlists of Option ROMs) are designed to mitigate this kind of attack.

===Vulnerability to data exposure attacks (Thunderspy)===
In May 2020, seven major security flaws were discovered in the Thunderbolt protocol, collectively named [[Thunderspy]]. They allow a malicious party to access all data stored in a computer, even if the device is locked, password-protected, and has an encrypted hard drive. These vulnerabilities affect all Thunderbolt 1, 2 and 3 ports.<ref name="thunderspy">((Cite web|title=Thunderbolt flaw allows access to a PC's data in minutes|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/11/21254290/thunderbolt-security-vulnerability-thunderspy-encryption-access-intel-laptops|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2020-05-11|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11))</ref> The attack requries the computer to be in sleep mode and have a Thunderbolt controller with a writable fireware chip. A well-trained attacker with physical access to the computer ("[[evil maid]]") can perform the required steps in 5 minutes. With a malicious firmware, the attacker can covertly disable Thunderbolt security, clone device identities, and proceed to use DMA to extract data.<ref name="TSY-2020">((cite news |last=Ruytenberg |first=Björn |title=Thunderspy: When Lightning Strikes Thrice: Breaking Thunderbolt 3 Security |url=https://thunderspy.io/ |date=2020 |work=Thunderspy.io |accessdate=11 May 2020 ))</ref> Thunderspy vulnerabilities can largely be mitigated using Kernel DMA Protection, along with traditional anti-intrusion hardware features.<ref>((cite web|last=Ruytenberg|first=Björn|title=Thunderspy 2: Kernel DMA Protection for Unpatched Thunderbolt Systems|url=https://thunderspy.io/ts2.html))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=Kernel DMA Protection (Windows 10) – Microsoft 365 Security|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt|website=docs.microsoft.com|language=en-us))</ref>

==Cables==
((see also|Thunderbolt (interface)#Copper vs. optical|label 1=Copper vs. optical))
[[File:Thunderbolt-Ethernet-Adapter by Apple-7286.jpg|thumb|Thunderbolt Ethernet adapter]]
In June 2011, Apple introduced the first Thunderbolt cable, a ((convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)), ((val|10|ul=Gbit/s)), [[Duplex_(telecommunications)#Full_duplex|full-duplex]], [[active cable]] costing US$49.<ref name="Apple tbolt 2m cable">((cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/06/why-apples-2m-thunderbolt-cable-costs-a-whopping-50|title=The technology inside Apple's $50 Thunderbolt cable|last=Foresman|first=Chris|date=30 June 2011|access-date=2 July 2011))</ref>

In June 2012, Apple began selling a Thunderbolt-to-[[gigabit Ethernet]] adapter for ((US$|29)).<ref name="Apple Tbolt adaptor">((cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/06/hands-on-apples-thunderbolt-gigabit-ethernet-adapter|title=Hands-on: Apple's Thunderbolt Gigabit Ethernet adapter|last=van Beijnum|first=Iljitsch|date=20 June 2012|website=[[Ars Technica]]))</ref> In the third quarter of 2012, other manufacturers started shipping Thunderbolt cables, including cables reaching the ((convert|3|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=off)) length limit, while some storage-enclosure builders began bundling Thunderbolt cables with their devices, rather than making customers buy them separately, as had been standard practice.

In January 2013, Apple reduced the price of their ((convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) length cable to ((US$|39)) and added a half-meter cable for ((US$|29)).<ref name="Apple shorter cable">((cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2013/01/09/apple-slashes-price-on-thunderbolt-cable-releases-additional-shorter-model|title=Apple slashes price on Thunderbolt cable, releases additional shorter model|last=Gurman|first=Mark|date=10 January 2013|website=[[9to5Mac]]))</ref>

In Thunderbolt 3’s introduction, Intel announced passive USB-C cables would connect Thunderbolt devices at speeds greater than USB 3.1 (though less than active Thunderbolt cables), thereby eliminating the adoption barrier of Thunderbolt active cable costs.<ref name="USB 3 introduction">((cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/06/thunderbolt-3-embraces-usb-type-c-connector-doubles-bandwidth-to-40gbps|title=Thunderbolt 3 embraces USB Type-C connector, doubles bandwidth to 40Gbps|last=Anthony|first=Sebastian|date=2 June 2015|website=[[Ars Technica]] UK))</ref>

In mid-2016, copper Thunderbolt 3 cables became available at lengths up to ((convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)). However, ((val|40|ul=Gbit/s)) on copper required either ''active'' cables, or short (initially ((convert|0.5|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)), later ((convert|0.8|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on))) ''passive'' cables. Passive copper cables exceeding ((convert|0.8|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on)) are limited to ((val|20|ul=Gbit/s)). Despite that limit, passive cables provide USB 3 (((val|20|ul=Gbit/s))) backward compatibility, while active cables support only USB 2.0 (((val|480|ul=Mbit/s))). In April 2020, optical Thunderbolt 3 cables debuted (see [[#Copper vs. optical|''Copper vs. optical'']]).

Copper versions of Thunderbolt 4 cables offer full ((val|40|ul=Gbit/s)) speed and backward compatibility with all versions of USB (up to USB4), DisplayPort Alternate Mode (DP 1.4 HBR3), and Thunderbolt 3. Released in early 2021, they are also all to be available in three ''specified'' lengths: ((convert|0.2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)), ((convert|0.8|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)), and ((convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) – with many companies initially offering ((convert|0.8|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) lengths. Copper Thunderbolt 4 cables up to ((convert|1.0|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) are passive cables, while longer cables must integrate active signal conditioning circuitry. At some unspecified time in the future, optical Thunderbolt 4 cables are targeting lengths from ~((convert|5|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)) to ((convert|50|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on)).<ref name="Intel TB4 info 1"/>

==Controllers==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Intel Thunderbolt controllers
|-
! <abbr title="Thunderbolt Version">Ver.</abbr> 
! Model 
! <abbr title="No. of Channels">Ch.</abbr>
! Size<br />(mm)
! Power<br />(W)
! Family
! Release<br />date
! Features
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1 || 82523EF || rowspan="2" | ((0))4 || rowspan="3" | 15&nbsp;×&nbsp;15 || 3.8 || rowspan="2" | Light Ridge || rowspan="2" | Q4 2010 ||
|-
| 82523EFL || 3.2 ||
|-
| DSL2510 || rowspan="2" | ((0))2 || ((dunno)) || rowspan="2" |  Eagle Ridge || rowspan="2" | Q1 2011 ||
|-
| DSL2310 ||((0))8 × 9((0)) || 1.85 || SFF
|-
| DSL2210 || ((0))1 || ((0))5 × 6((0)) || 0.7 || Port Ridge || Q4 2011 || Device only
|-
| DSL3510H || rowspan="2" | ((0))4 || rowspan="4" | 12&nbsp;×&nbsp;12 || 3.4 || rowspan="3" | Cactus Ridge || ((sdash)) || ''Cancelled''
|-
| DSL3510L || 2.8 || rowspan="2" | Q2 2012 ||
|-
| DSL3310 || ((0))2 || 2.1 || Host only
|-
| DSL4510 || ((0))4 || ((dunno)) || rowspan="2" | Redwood Ridge || rowspan="2" | 2013 ||
|-
| DSL4410 || ((0))2 || 10 × 10 || ((dunno)) || Host only
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2 || DSL5520  || ((0))4 || ((dunno)) || ((dunno)) || rowspan="2" | Falcon Ridge || rowspan="2" | Q3 2013 || rowspan="2" | Thunderbolt 2, 20&nbsp;Gbit/s speed+[[DisplayPort#1.2|DP 1.2]]
|-
| DSL5320  || rowspan="2" | ((0))2 || ((dunno)) || ((dunno)) 
|-
| rowspan="8" | 3 || DSL6540<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/94031/Intel-JHL6540-Thunderbolt-3-Controller|title=Intel JHL6540 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref> || rowspan="8" | 10.7&nbsp;×&nbsp;10.7 || 2.2 || rowspan="5" | Alpine Ridge<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.techpowerup.com/200064/next-gen-intel-alpine-ridge-thunderbolt-controller-detailed|title=Next-Gen Intel "Alpine Ridge" Thunderbolt Controller Detailed|website=techpowerup.com))</ref>|| Q4 2015 || 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed, PCIe 3.0, HDMI 2.0 LSPCon (DP Protocol Converter),<br />DP 1.2, USB 3.1, 100 W power delivery (compatible with USB Power Delivery).<ref>((Cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/sites/default/files/18-241_ThunderboltController_Brief_HI.pdf|title=Intel 6000 Series Thunderbolt 3 Controllers))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://chinese.vrzone.com/109297/bandwidth-upto-40gbs-new-gen-thunderbolt-alpine-ridge-spec-shown-19042014|title=Alpine Ridge 頻寬可達 40Gb/s，新一代 Thunderbolt 晶片將具更多功能 – VR-Zone 中文版|date=19 April 2014|website=vr-zone.com))</ref>
|-
| DSL6340<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/87401/intel-dsl6340-thunderbolt-3-controller|title=Intel DSL6340 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref> || rowspan="3" | ((0))1 || 1.7 || Q1 2015 || 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed, [[DisplayPort#1.2|DP 1.2]]
|-
| JHL6240<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/94030/intel-jhl6240-thunderbolt-3-controller|title=Intel JHL6240 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref> || 1.2 || rowspan="3" | Q2 2016 || rowspan="3" | 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed, [[DisplayPort#1.2|DP 1.2]], lead-free
|- 
| JHL6340<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/94032/intel-jhl6340-thunderbolt-3-controller|title=Intel JHL6340 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref> || 1.7
|-
| JHL6540<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/94031/intel-jhl6540-thunderbolt-3-controller|title=Intel JHL6540 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref> || ((0))2 || 2.2 
|-
| JHL7340<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/97402/Intel-JHL7340-Thunderbolt-3-Controller|title=Intel JHL7340 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref>† || ((0))1 || 1.9 || rowspan="3" | Titan Ridge || rowspan="2" | Q1 2018 || rowspan="2" | 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed, [[DisplayPort#1.4|DP 1.4]]
|-
| JHL7540<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/97400/Intel-JHL7540-Thunderbolt-3-Controller|title=Intel JHL7540 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref>† || rowspan="2" | ((0))2 || 2.4 
|- 
| JHL7440<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/products/97401/Intel-JHL7440-Thunderbolt-3-Controller|title=Intel JHL7440 Thunderbolt 3 Controller Product Specifications|website=intel.com))</ref>* || 2.4 || Q1 2018 || 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed, [[DisplayPort#1.4|DP 1.4]], optional USB-C port compatibility,<br />backwards compatibility when a Thunderbolt 3 docking station is connected to a non-Thunderbolt 3 computer
|-
| rowspan="3" | 4 || JHL8340<ref name="pcworld.com">((cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3564374/intel-unveils-the-thunderbolt-4-spec-which-amd-believes-it-can-use.html|title=Intel unveils the Thunderbolt 4 spec, which AMD believes it can use|website=pcworld.com))</ref>† || ((0))1 || ((dunno)) || ((dunno)) || rowspan="2" | Maple Ridge || 2H 2020 || rowspan="2" | 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed, [[USB4]] compliant
|-
| JHL8540<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/193684/intel-jhl8540-thunderbolt-4-controller.html|title=Intel JHL8540 Thunderbolt 4 Controller Product Specifications|author=Intel Corporation|date=2020-12-16|website=intel.com))</ref>† || ((0))2 || 10.7&nbsp;×&nbsp;10.7 || ((dunno)) || Q4 2020
|- 
| JHL8440<ref>((cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/189982/intel-jhl8440-thunderbolt-4-controller.html|title=Intel JHL8440 Thunderbolt 4 Controller Product Specifications|author=Intel Corporation|date=2020-09-23|website=intel.com))</ref>* || ((0))4 || 10.7&nbsp;×&nbsp;10.7 || ((dunno)) || Goshen Ridge || Q3 2020 || 40&nbsp;Gbit/s speed, USB4 compliant (peripheral only), with 4x Thunderbolt 4 ports for branching hub topology. Tunnelling of DP1.4, USB 3 (10&nbsp;Gbit/s), PCIe (32&nbsp;Gbit/s). Has PCIe 3.0 x1 and USB 3 (10&nbsp;Gbit/s) native interfaces.
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | ''Devices controller aimed at: † computers, * accessories''
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | '''Sources:'''<ref>* ((cite web|first=LG|last=Nilsson|title=Intel cans 3.4W TDP Cactus Ridge Thunderbolt chip|url=http://vr-zone.com/articles/intel-cans-3.4w-tdp-cactus-ridge-thunderbolt-chip/15297.html|publisher=[[VR-Zone]]|access-date=30 March 2012|archive-date=25 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325021733/http://vr-zone.com/articles/intel-cans-3.4w-tdp-cactus-ridge-thunderbolt-chip/15297.html|url-status=dead))
* ((cite web|url=http://vr-zone.com/articles/thunderbolt-roadmap-unveiled-new-features-coming-to-apple-et-al/15554.html|title=Thunderbolt roadmap unveiled, new features coming to Apple et al|publisher=[[VR-Zone]]|first=LG|last=Nilsson|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507043306/http://vr-zone.com/articles/thunderbolt-roadmap-unveiled-new-features-coming-to-apple-et-al/15554.html|url-status=dead))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20120720PD210.html|title=Intel to release new Thunderbolt chip in 2Q13|publisher=[[Digitimes]]|first=Monica|last=Chen|access-date=24 July 2012))
* ((cite web|url=http://vr-zone.com/articles/intel-finally-shipping-2nd-gen-Thunderbolt-controllers-just-in-time-for-new-macs/15539.html|title=Intel finally shipping 2nd gen Thunderbolt controllers, just in time for new Macs|publisher=VR-Zone|first=LG|last=Nilsson|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020001549/http://vr-zone.com/articles/intel-finally-shipping-2nd-gen-thunderbolt-controllers-just-in-time-for-new-macs/15539.html|url-status=dead))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6885/new-thunderbolt-controllers-dsl45104410-and-future-20Gbps-falcon-ridge-tb-controller-announced|title=New Thunderbolt Controllers (DSL4510/4410) and Future 20&nbsp;Gbps Falcon Ridge TB Controller Announced|website=[[AnandTech]]|first=Anand|last=Shimpi|access-date=8 April 2013))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.pcper.com/news/General-Tech/IDF-2013-Products-20Gbps-Thunderbolt-2-Appear-IDF-2013|title=IDF 2013: Products With 20Gbps Thunderbolt 2 Appear At IDF 2013|website=[[PC Perspective]]|first=Tim|last=Verry|date=15 September 2013|access-date=14 October 2013))
* ((Citation|chapter-url=http://ark.intel.com/products/codename/60141/Falcon-Ridge|title=Formerly Falcon Ridge|chapter=Products|publisher=[[Intel]]|access-date=14 October 2013))
* ((cite web|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/blog/new-intel%C2%AE-thunderbolt%E2%84%A2-3-controllers-offer-displayport-14-and-basic-peripheral-compatibility-u|title=New Intel Thunderbolt 3 controllers offer DisplayPort 1.4, and basic peripheral compatibility with USB-C computer ports))</ref>
|}

==See also==
((colbegin|colwidth=20em))
* [[Apple Thunderbolt Display]]
* [[Bus (computing)|Computer bus]]
* [[DisplayPort]] / [[Mini DisplayPort]]
* [[IEEE 1394]] (FireWire)
* [[Interconnect bottleneck]]
* [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]]
* [[DockPort]]
* [[List of interface bit rates]]
* [[List_of_interface_bit_rates#Peripheral|List of computer peripheral bus bit rates]]
* [[MacBook Pro]]
* [[Optical communication]]
* [[Fiber-optic cable]]
* [[Parallel optical interface]]
* [[PCI Express#External GPUs|eGPU]]
* [[USB 3.0]]
* [[USB4]]
* [[USB-C]]
((colend))

==References==
((reflist))

== Further reading ==

* ((Cite web|last=Ziller|first=Jason|date=2 June 2015|title=Thunderbolt 3 – The USB-C That Does It All|url=https://thunderbolttechnology.net/blog/thunderbolt-3-usb-c-does-it-all|website=thunderbolttechnology.net|publisher=[[Intel]]))
* ((Cite web|date=11 August 2021|title=Adapters for the Thunderbolt 3 or USB-C port on your Mac|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207443|website=apple.com|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]))

==External links==
((Commons category))
* ((Official website|https://thunderbolttechnology.net|Thunderbolt)) – official site
* [https://larryjordan.com/articles/thunderbolt-may-not-be-as-fast-as-you-think/ Thunderbolt May Not Be As Fast As You Think] – Larry Jordan

((Intel technology))
((Computer-bus))
((AVconn))
((Solid-state drive))

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2009]]
[[Category:Computer buses]]
[[Category:Fiber optics]]
[[Category:Fiber-optic communications]]
[[Category:Intel products]]
[[Category:Optical communications]]
[[Category:Optoelectronics]]
[[Category:Peripheral Component Interconnect]]

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