((short description|Conspiracy theories regarding the September 11 attacks))
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[[File:World Trade Center, New York City - aerial view (March 2001).jpg|thumb|The nature of [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|the collapse]] of the two [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] towers and the nearby [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 World Trade Center]] (in this photo, the brown building to the left of the towers) is a major focus of [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] conspiracy theories.]]

There are various [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] that attribute the preparation and execution of the [[September 11 attacks]] against the [[United States]] to parties other than, or in addition to, [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name=Norman>((cite web |author=Norman, Joshua |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/9-11-conspiracy-theories-wont-stop/ |title=9/11 conspiracy theories won't stop |work=[[CBS News]] |date=September 11, 2011 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref> These include the theory that high-level government officials had [[September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories|advance knowledge of the attacks]]. Government investigations and independent reviews have rejected these theories.<ref name=popularmechanics.com /><ref name=Purdue /> Proponents of these theories assert that there are inconsistencies in the commonly accepted version, or that there exists evidence that was ignored, concealed, or overlooked.<ref name=VF>((cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/ontheweb/features/2006/08/loosechange200608 |title=Click Here For Conspiracy |author=Sales, Nancy Jo |publisher=Vanity Fair |date=July 9, 2006 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref>

The most prominent conspiracy theory is that the [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse of the Twin Towers]] and [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 World Trade Center]] were the [[World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories|result of controlled demolitions]] rather than structural failure due to impact and fire.<ref>((cite book |last=Summers |first=Anthony |title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden |url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ |url-access=registration |year=2011 |publisher=Ballantine |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/104 104] |author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref><ref>((cite journal |date=February 3, 2005 |title=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report – The World Trade Center |journal=Popular Mechanics |publisher=Hearst Communication |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-world-trade-center |quote=That explanation hasn't swayed conspiracy theorists, who contend that all three buildings were wired with explosives in advance and razed in a series of controlled demolitions.))</ref> Another prominent belief is that [[the Pentagon]] was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government,<ref>((cite book |last=Summers |first=Anthony |title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden |url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ |url-access=registration |year=2011 |publisher=Ballantine |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/109 109] |author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref><ref name="usgovDidPlaneHitPentagon" /><ref>((cite news |last1=Kemble |first1=Gary |title=Challenging September 11 conspiracy theories |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/specials/september-11-remembered/2011-09-09/september-11-conspiracies/2875134 |website=ABC News|date=September 9, 2011 ))</ref> or that hijacked planes were remotely controlled, or that a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an effective stand-down of the American military. Possible motives claimed by conspiracy theorists for such actions include justifying the invasions of [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]] (even though the U.S. government concluded Iraq was not involved in the attacks)<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/02/world/us-drops-last-link-of-iraq-to-9-11.html U.S. Drops Last Link of Iraq to 9/11] New York Times May 2, 2002</ref> to advance their [[geostrategy|geostrategic]] interests, such as [[Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline|plans to construct a natural gas pipeline through Afghanistan]].<ref name="Knight">((cite journal |doi=10.1215/0094033X-2007-024 |title=Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States |year=2008 |last1=Knight |first1=Peter |journal=New German Critique |volume=35 |pages=165–93))</ref> Other conspiracy theories revolve around authorities having advance knowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignoring or assisting the attackers.<ref name=VF/><ref name="The Eleventh Day pp92" /><ref name="BBCevolution">((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7488159.stm |title=The evolution of a conspiracy theory |date=July 4, 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=July 27, 2008))</ref>

The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) and the technology magazine ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' have investigated and rejected the claims made by 9/11 conspiracy theorists.<ref name="investigation">((cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/ |title=NIST NCSTAR 1: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |date=September 2005 |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] |page=146 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529010501/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/ |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref><ref name="finalreport">((cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NIST_NCSTAR_1A_for_public_comment.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 |date=August 2008 |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] |pages=22–4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928013317/http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NIST_NCSTAR_1A_for_public_comment.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref><ref name=PopMech-ConspiracyIndustry-2006/> The [[9/11 Commission]] and most of the [[civil engineering]] community accept that the impacts of jet aircraft at high speeds in combination with subsequent fires, not controlled demolition, led to the collapse of the Twin Towers,<ref>((cite journal |last1=Bažant |first1=Z.K.P. |author-link1=Zdenek Bažant |last2=Verdure |first2=M. |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:3(308) |title=Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions |journal=Journal of Engineering Mechanics |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=308–319 |year=2007 |url=http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Papers/466.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]] |quote=As generally accepted by the community of specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering (though not by a few outsiders claiming a conspiracy with planted explosives), the failure scenario was as follows: [continues with a four-part scenario of progressive structural failure].))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Bažant |first1=Z.K.P. |author-link1=Zdenek Bažant |last2=Le |first2=J.L. |last3=Greening |first3=F.R. |last4=Benson |first4=D.B. |title=What Did and Did Not Cause Collapse of World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York? |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2008)134:10(892) |journal=Journal of Engineering Mechanics |volume=134 |issue=10 |page=892 |year=2008 |url=http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Papers/00%20WTC%20Collapse%20-%20What%20Did%20%26%20Did%20Not%20Cause%20It.pdf |publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]] |quote=Universally though has the foregoing explanation of collapse been accepted by the communities of structural engineers and structural mechanics researchers, some outside critics have nevertheless exploited various unexplained observations to disseminate allegations of controlled demolition.))</ref> but some conspiracy theory groups, including [[Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth]], disagree with the arguments made by NIST and ''Popular Mechanics''.<ref>((cite news |last=Blatchford |first=Andy |publisher=Canadian Press |title=U.S. skeptics to speak of 9–11 cover-up at three Canadian universities |date=April 30, 2010 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/803231--u-s-skeptics-to-speak-of-9-11-cover-up-at-three-canadian-universities |access-date=May 1, 2010 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504143115/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/803231--u-s-skeptics-to-speak-of-9-11-cover-up-at-three-canadian-universities |archive-date=May 4, 2010 |url-status=live))</ref><ref name="KGO">((cite news |publisher=KGO Newstalk |title=Architects and Engineers Seek 9/11 Truth |date=June 3, 2009 |url=http://www.kgoam810.com/Article.asp?id=1353865 |access-date=June 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802192109/http://www.kgoam810.com/Article.asp?id=1353865 |archive-date=August 2, 2009 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

== Background ==
9/11 conspiracy theorists reject one or both of the following facts about the 9/11 attacks:

* [[Al-Qaeda]] suicide operatives hijacked and crashed [[United Airlines Flight 175]] and [[American Airlines Flight 11]] into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, and crashed [[American Airlines Flight 77]] into the Pentagon. The impact and resulting fires caused the collapse of the Twin Towers and the destruction and damage of other buildings in the World Trade Center complex. The Pentagon was severely damaged by the impact of the airliner and the resulting fire. The hijackers also crashed [[United Airlines Flight 93|a fourth plane]] into a field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] after the passengers and flight crew attempted to regain control of the aircraft.((refn|<ref name="investigation"/><ref name="finalreport"/><ref name='Flight93Story'>((cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/flni/historyculture/index.htm |title=The Flight 93 Story |access-date=September 22, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp |title=Profiles of 9/11 – About 9/11 |publisher=Biography.com |date=September 11, 2001 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716140728/http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp |archive-date=July 16, 2009))</ref>))
* Pre-attack warnings of varying detail of the planned attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda were ignored due to a lack of communication between various law enforcement and intelligence personnel. For the lack of interagency communication, the 9/11 report cited bureaucratic inertia and laws passed in the 1970s to prevent abuses that caused scandals during that era, most notably the [[Watergate scandal]]. The report faulted both the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton]] and the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush]] administrations with "[[failure of imagination]]".<ref name="Schmitt">((cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Richard |title=The 9/11 Commission Report; Panel Calls for Single Intelligence Chief |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 23, 2004 |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/23/nation/na-intel23))</ref>

This consensus view is backed by various sources, including:
* The reports from government investigations&nbsp;– the [[9/11 Commission Report]] (that incorporated intelligence information from the earlier [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] investigation ([[PENTTBOM]]) and the Joint Inquiry of 2002), and the studies into building performance carried out by the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA)<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |title=FEMA: World Trade Center Building Performance Study |publisher=Fema.gov |date=March 17, 2011 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430200952/http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |archive-date=April 30, 2011))</ref> and the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST)<ref name="investigation"/>
* Investigations by non-government organizations that support the accepted account&nbsp;– such as those by scientists at [[Purdue University]].<ref name="Purdue">((cite news |last=Herman |first=Steve |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2007-06-20-fireproofing-wtc-collapse_N.htm |title=Purdue study supports WTC collapse findings |work=USA Today |date=June 20, 2007 |access-date=July 20, 2009))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=5442 |title=Behind Purdue's computing simulation on the 2001 World Trade Center attack ZDNET June 20, 2007 |publisher=Blogs.zdnet.com |access-date=September 11, 2013 |archive-date=May 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530003552/http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=5442 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
* Articles supporting these facts and theories appearing in magazines such as ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'', ''[[Scientific American]]'', and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.<ref name=PopMech-ConspiracyIndustry-2006>((cite news |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/4199607.html |title=The Conspiracy Industry |publisher=Popular Mechanics |author=Meigs, James |date=October 13, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024062122/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/4199607.html |archive-date=October 24, 2006))</ref>
* Similar articles in news media throughout the world, including <!-- [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] Needs another link. The former link has no information regarding this news. -->''[[Times of India|The Times of India]]'',<ref>((cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms |title=Osama claims responsibility for 9/11 |date=May 24, 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027153604/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms |archive-date=October 27, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref> the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC),<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654 |title=Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11 |publisher=CBC (Canada) |date=October 29, 2004))</ref> the [[BBC]],<ref>((cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/ |title=America's day of terror |work=BBC News |date=September 11, 2001 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110527033533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/ |archive-date=May 27, 2011 |url-status= live))</ref> ''[[Le Monde]]'',<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-687756@51-641954,0.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804050128/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-687756@51-641954,0.html |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |title=Depuis le 11-Septembre, la menace terroriste est devenue permanente |website=[[Le Monde]] |url-status=live |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref> [[Deutsche Welle]],<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,623034,00.html |title=Sept. 11: One Year Later |publisher=Deutsche Welle – Dw-world.de |date=May 2, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212142424/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C2144%2C623034%2C00.html |archive-date=December 12, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2014 ))</ref> the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC),<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1736235.htm |title= Bin Laden tape shown days before 9/11 anniversary |publisher=ABC |location=Australia |access-date=May 30, 2011))</ref> and ''[[The Chosun Ilbo]]'' of South Korea.<ref>((Cite news |url=http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200609/200609110002.html
|title=Korean's Memories of 9/11 Still Fresh Five Years On |publisher=The Chosun Ilbo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012164148/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200609/200609110002.html |archive-date=October 12, 2006 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref>

== History ==
Since the attacks, a variety of conspiracy theories have been put forward in websites, books and films. Many groups and individuals advocating 9/11 conspiracy theories identify as part of the [[9/11 Truth movement]].<ref>((Cite news|last=Feuer|first=Alan|date=June 5, 2006|title=500 Conspiracy Buffs Meet to Seek the Truth of 9/11|access-date=May 5, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/us/05conspiracy.html | work=The New York Times| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110512222259/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/us/05conspiracy.html| archive-date=May 12, 2011| url-status= live))</ref><ref>((Cite book|title=Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory| last=Griffin|first=David Ray|author-link=David Ray Griffin|isbn=978-1-56656-686-5|publisher=Olive Branch Press|year=2007))</ref><ref>The following news media state that the movement is being known as or being called "9/11 Truth movement":
* ((Cite news| title = The 9/11 Truth Movement's Dangers| last = Hayes| first = Christopher| work = CBS News| date = December 10, 2006| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/08/opinion/main2242387.shtml| access-date = June 8, 2009| ref = none| archive-date = March 3, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303104632/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/08/opinion/main2242387.shtml| url-status = dead))
* ((Cite news| title = The truth is out there| last = Barber| first = Peter| newspaper = Financial Times| date = June 7, 2008| url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html| access-date = May 23, 2009| quote = An army of sceptics, collectively described as the 9/11 Truth movement| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603164130/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html| archive-date = June 3, 2009| url-status = live| ref = none))
* ((Cite news| title = The Disbelievers| last = Powell| first = Michael| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]| date = September 8, 2006| url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003250424_911conspire09.html| access-date = June 13, 2010| quote = The loose agglomeration known as the '9/11 Truth Movement'| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100723110251/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003250424_911conspire09.html| archive-date = July 23, 2010| url-status = dead| df = mdy-all| ref = none))
* ((Cite news |title=9/11 Conspiracy Theorists Gather in N.Y. |last=Barry |first=Ellen |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 10, 2006 |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/10/nation/na-conspiracy10 |access-date=May 30, 2009 |quote=a group known as the 9/11 Truth Movement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617183636/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/10/nation/na-conspiracy10 |archive-date=June 17, 2009 |url-status=live |ref=none ))
* ((Cite news| title = The 30 greatest conspiracy theories&nbsp;— part 1| last = Hunt| first = H.E.| newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]| date = November 19, 2008| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3483477/The-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html| access-date = May 30, 2009| quote = A large group of people&nbsp;— collectively called the 9/11 Truth Movement| location = London| ref = none))
* ((Cite news |title=Richard Gage: 9/11 truther extraordinaire |last=Kay |first=Jonathan |journal=National Post |date=April 25, 2009 |url=https://nationalpost.com/story.html?id=1532386 |quote=The '9/11 Truth Movement,' as it is now commonly called |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605070241/http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=1532386 |archive-date=June 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 29, 2014 |ref=none ))</ref> Within six hours of the attack, a suggestion appeared on an Internet chat room suggesting that the collapse of the towers looked like an act of controlled demolition. "If, in a few days, not one official has mentioned anything about the controlled demolition part," the author wrote, "I think we have a REALLY serious problem."<ref>((cite book|last=Summers|first=Anthony|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/93 93]|author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref> The first theories that emerged focused primarily on various perceived anomalies in the publicly available evidence, and proponents later developed more specific theories about an alleged plot.<ref name="Knight" /> One false allegation that was widely circulated by e-mail and on the Web is that not a single Jew had been killed in the attack and that therefore the attacks must have been the work of the [[Mossad]], not Islamic terrorists.<ref name="Knight" />

The first elaborated theories appeared in Europe. One week after the attacks, the "inside job" theory was the subject of a thesis by a researcher from the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] published in the newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]''. Other theories sprang from the far corners of the globe within weeks.<ref>((cite book|last=Summers|first=Anthony|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/95 95]|author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref> Six months after the attacks, [[Thierry Meyssan]]'s piece on 9/11, ''L'Effroyable Imposture'', topped the French bestseller list. Its publication in English (as ''[[9/11: The Big Lie]]'') received little attention, but it remains one of the principal sources for "trutherism".<ref name=WeeklyStandard>((cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/german-protestors-marked-911-denouncing-inside-job-reichstag-fire |title=German Protestors Marked 9/11 by Denouncing "Inside Job," "Reichstag Fire" Weekly Standard September 21, 2010 |publisher=Weeklystandard.com |date=September 21, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2010| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130209171015/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/german-protestors-marked-911-denouncing-inside-job-reichstag-fire| archive-date=February 9, 2013 | url-status= live))</ref> 2003 saw the publication of ''[[The CIA and September 11 (book)|The CIA and September 11]]'' by former German state minister [[Andreas von Bülow]] and ''Operation 9/11'' by the German journalist Gerhard Wisnewski; both books are published by [[Mathias Bröckers]], who was at the time an editor at the German newspaper ''[[Die Tageszeitung]]''.<ref name="Knight" />

While these theories were popular in Europe, they were treated by the U.S. media with either bafflement or amusement, and they were dismissed by the U.S. government as the product of [[anti-Americanism]].<ref name="Knight-Popular">((cite journal |doi=10.1215/0094033X-2007-024 |title=Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States |year=2008 |last1=Knight |first1=Peter |journal=New German Critique |volume=35 |pages=165–93 |quote=Although immensely popular in Europe (and soon translated into Arabic), these early conspiracy accounts were treated by the U.S. media with either bafflement or amusement and were dismissed by the U.S. government as the product of anti-Americanism.))</ref><ref>((Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Ian|title=Conspiracy Theories about Sept. 11 Get Hearing in Germany|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 29, 2003|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106479068042179400))</ref> In an address to the United Nations on November 10, 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] denounced the emergence of "outrageous conspiracy theories&nbsp;[...] that attempt to shift the blame away from the terrorists, themselves, away from the guilty."<ref>((cite web| author= Bush, George Walker|title = Remarks by the President To United Nations General Assembly| publisher = [[White House]]| date = November 10, 2001| url =https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011110-3.html))</ref>

The 9/11 conspiracy theories started out mostly in the political left but have broadened into what ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine describes as "[[terra incognita]] where left and right meet, fusing [[Counterculture of the 1960s|sixties countercultural]] distrust with the [[Gadsden flag|don't-tread-on-me]] variety".<ref name=StrangeMan>((cite web|last=Hagan |first=Joe |url=https://nymag.com/news/media/alex-jones-2011-4/ |title=How Radio Host Alex Jones Has Cornered the Bipartisan Paranoia Market |publisher=New York Magazine |date=March 27, 2011 |access-date=May 30, 2011))</ref>

By 2004, conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks began to gain ground in the United States. One explanation is that the rise in popularity stemmed more from growing criticism of the [[Iraq War]] and the newly re-elected President George W. Bush than from any discovery of new or more compelling evidence or an improvement in the technical quality of the presentation of the theories.<ref name="Knight" /> [[Knight Ridder|Knight Ridder news]] theorized that revelations that [[weapons of mass destruction]] did not exist in Iraq, the belated release of the [[President's Daily Brief of August 6, 2001]], and reports that [[NORAD]] had lied to the [[9/11 Commission]], may have fueled the conspiracy theories.<ref name="Knight" />

Between 2004 and the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2006, mainstream coverage of the conspiracy theories increased.<ref name="Knight" /> The U.S. government issued a formal analysis by the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) of the collapse of the World Trade Center.<ref name="nistfaq">((cite web|url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm |title=NIST's Investigation of the Sept. 11 World Trade Center Disaster – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Wtc.nist.gov |access-date=May 30, 2011))</ref> To address the growing publicity of the theories, the [[State Department]] revised a webpage in 2006 to debunk them.<ref name="usgovTopConspiracyTheories">((cite web
 |url=http://www.america.gov/st/pubs-english/2006/September/20060828133846esnamfuaK0.2676355.html 
 |title=The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories 
 |publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs, [[U.S. Department of State]] 
 |date=September 16, 2006 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228104436/http://www.america.gov/st/pubs-english/2006/September/20060828133846esnamfuaK0.2676355.html 
 |archive-date=February 28, 2011 
))</ref> A 2006 national security strategy paper declared that terrorism springs from "subcultures of conspiracy and misinformation," and that "terrorists recruit more effectively from populations whose information about the world is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories. The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda."<ref name="NSec2006">((cite book | last1 = Bush | first1 = George W. | author-link1 = George W. Bush | title = The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (March 2006) | publisher = Wordclay | year = 2009 | page = 10 | isbn = 978-1-60037-587-3))</ref> Al-Qaeda has repeatedly claimed responsibility for the attacks, with chief deputy [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] accusing [[Shia]] Iran and [[Hezbollah]] of denigrating [[Sunni]] successes in hurting America by intentionally starting rumors that Israel carried out the attacks.<ref>((cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7361414.stm |title=Al-Qaeda accuses Iran of 9/11 lie |work=BBC News |date=April 22, 2008 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7361414.stm| archive-date=May 11, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-22-al-qaeda-tape_N.htm |title=USA Today |date=April 22, 2008 |access-date=October 15, 2010))</ref><ref>((cite news|last=Michael |first=Maggie |url=http://news.scotsman.com/world/AlQaeda-No-2-accuses-Iran.4009088.jp |title=Al-Qaeda No 2 accuses Iran of 9/11 conspiracy theory |work=The Scotsman |location=UK |date=September 11, 2001 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926221502/http://news.scotsman.com/world/AlQaeda-No-2-accuses-Iran.4009088.jp |archive-date=September 26, 2010 ))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352066,00.html |title=Al Qaeda No. 2 Accuses Iran of Spreading 9/11 Conspiracy Rumor |publisher=Fox News |date=April 22, 2008 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924071715/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352066,00.html |archive-date=September 24, 2008 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((cite news|author=Lee Keath |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/04/23/MN4U109VEJ.DTL&type=printable |title=Al Qaeda audiotape blisters Iran over who executed 9/11 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=April 23, 2008 |access-date=May 30, 2011))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2008/04/22/al_qaida_no_2_says_group_still_targeting_the_west/ |title=Al-Qaida No. 2 says 9/11 theory propagated by Iran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918035430/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2008/04/22/al_qaida_no_2_says_group_still_targeting_the_west/ |archive-date=September 18, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref>

Some of the conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks do not involve representational strategies typical of many conspiracy theories that establish a clear dichotomy between good and evil, or guilty and innocent; instead, they call up gradations of negligence and complicity. Matthias Bröckers, an early proponent of such theories, dismisses the commonly accepted account of the September 11 attacks as being itself a conspiracy theory that seeks "to reduce complexity, disentangle what is confusing," and "explain the inexplicable".<ref name="Knight" />

Just before the fifth anniversary of the attacks, mainstream news outlets released a flurry of articles on the growth of 9/11 conspiracy theories,<ref>((Cite news|first = Jim |last = Wolf|title = U.S rebuts 9/11 homegrown conspiracy theories|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/02/AR2006090200527.html|publisher = Reuters|date=September 2, 2006))</ref> with an article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] stating that "[t]his is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality."<ref name="The Eleventh Day pp92">((cite book|last=Summers|first=Anthony|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/92 92]|author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref><ref name="time">((Cite news|first = Lev|last = Grossman|title = Why The 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531304-1,00.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061104175923/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531304-1,00.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 4, 2006|work=Time Magazine|date=September 3, 2006))</ref> Several [[Opinion polls about 9/11 conspiracy theories|surveys]] have included questions about beliefs related to the September 11 attacks. In 2008, 9/11 conspiracy theories topped a "greatest conspiracy theory" list compiled by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. The list was ranked by following and traction.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3483477/The-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html |title=The 30 greatest conspiracy theories The Telegraph November 19, 2008 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=November 19, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |first=H. E. |last=Hunt))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nmauk.co.uk/nma/do/live/factsAndFigures |title=Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd |publisher=Nmauk.co.uk |date=February 23, 2009 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501233741/http://www.nmauk.co.uk/nma/do/live/factsAndFigures |archive-date=May 1, 2009 ))</ref>

In 2010, the "International Center for 9/11 Studies," a private organization that is said to be sympathetic to conspiracy theories,<ref name="Bild Videos">((Cite news|journal=[[Bild]]|title=Neue Videos vom 11. September aufgetaucht – New videos of September 11 released|date=September 10, 2010|url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/2010/09/10/neue-videos-911-aufgetaucht/terror-anschlaege-world-trade-center.html|access-date=September 18, 2010|quote=Es heißt, die Organisation besitzt eine Affinität zu Verschwörungstheorien. [It is said that the organization is sympathetic to conspiracy theories.]&nbsp;... Freigegeben wurden die Informationen nur, weil das "International Center for 9/11 Studies" geklagt hatte. [The information was released only because the "International Center for 9/11 Studies" complained.]&nbsp;... Augenzeugen hatten immer wieder von Explosionen berichtet, bevor die beiden Türme zusammenbrachen. [Eyewitnesses have repeatedly reported explosions before the towers collapsed.] Experten halten diese Theorien für unsinnig. [Experts believe these theories are nonsense.]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100918084717/http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/2010/09/10/neue-videos-911-aufgetaucht/terror-anschlaege-world-trade-center.html| archive-date=September 18, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref> successfully sued for the release of videos collected by NIST of the attacks and aftermath.<ref name="FAZ Videos"/><ref name="NZZ Nahaufnahme">((Cite news|journal=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]|last=Wysling|first=Andres|title=9/11 in Nahaufnahme −9/11 up close|date=September 7, 2010|url=http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/panorama/911_1.7466811.html|access-date=September 18, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100910092900/http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/panorama/911_1.7466811.html| archive-date=September 10, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref> According to the German daily ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', the videos that were published shortly before the ninth anniversary of the attacks provide "new food for conspiracy theorists." Many of the videos show images of [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 World Trade Center]], a skyscraper in the vicinity of the WTC towers that also [[Collapse of the World Trade Center#Building 7 collapse|collapsed]] on September 11, 2001.<ref name="FAZ Videos">((Cite news|journal=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|title=Neue Videos vom 11. September -New videos of September 11|date=September 10, 2010|url=https://www.faz.net/artikel/C30721/terroranschlaege-neue-videos-vom-11-september-30306648.html|access-date=September 12, 2010|quote=Das private "International Center for 9/11 Studies" hatte erfolgreich auf Herausgabe der Videodokumente geklagt und sie nun auf seinem eigenen Kanal bei Youtube veröffentlicht. [The private "International Center for 9/11 Studies" had successfully sued for release of the videos, and they have now published them on their own channel on Youtube.] Das "National Institute of Standards and Technology"&nbsp;... hatte die Videos&nbsp;... jahrelang nicht freigegeben. [The "National Institute of Standards and Technology"&nbsp;... had not released the videos for years.]&nbsp;... Die bislang unbekannten Videos sollen als weitere Beweise für eine Verschwörung rund um den 11. September dienen. [The previously unknown videos are intended to serve as further evidence of a conspiracy surrounding September 11.]&nbsp;... Eine Vielzahl der nun neu veröffentlichten Videos zeigt Bilder vom WTC7. [Many of the newly released videos show pictures of WTC7.]))</ref>

9/11 truth figures [[Steven E. Jones]] and Mike Berger have further added that the [[death of Osama bin Laden]]<ref name="binladendeathcelebration">((cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/osama-bin-ladens-death-celebration-relief-globe/story?id=13511120 | title=Osama Bin Laden's Death Greeted With Celebration, Anger | publisher=ABC World News | date=May 2, 2011 | access-date=May 3, 2011 | author=Patrick, Maggy))</ref> did not change their questions about the attacks, nor provide closure.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/report-of-bin-ladens-death-spurs-questions-from-conspiracy-theorists/2011/05/02/AF90ZjbF_story.html |title=Report of bin Laden's death spurs questions from conspiracy theorists |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |first=Susan |last=Baer))</ref>

According to writer Jeremy Stahl, since Bush left office, the overall number of believers in 9/11 conspiracy theories has dipped, while the number of people who believe in the most "radical" theories has held fairly steady.<ref name=Stahl>Stahl, Jeremy. [http://www.slate.com/id/2302853/ "Why Trutherism Lives On The 9/11 conspiracy movement has faded, but the conspiracy theory will never die"]. ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''. September 9, 2011</ref>

== Types ==
The most prominent conspiracy theories can be broadly divided into three main forms:
* LIHOP ("Let it happen on purpose") – suggests that key individuals within the government had at least some foreknowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignored it or actively weakened United States' defenses to ensure the hijacked flights were not intercepted.<ref name=VF/><ref name="The Eleventh Day pp92" /><ref name="BBCevolution"/> [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory|Similar allegations]] were made about [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]].
* MIHOP ("Make/Made it happen on purpose") – that key individuals within the government planned the attacks and collaborated with, or framed, al-Qaeda in carrying them out. There is a range of opinions about how this might have been achieved.<ref name=VF/><ref name="The Eleventh Day pp92" /><ref name="BBCevolution" />
* Others – who reject the accepted account of the September 11 attacks but are not proposing specific theories, but try to demonstrate that the U.S. government's account of the events is wrong. This, according to them, would lead to a general call for a new official investigation into the events of September 11, 2001. According to Jonathan Kay, managing editor for comment at the Canadian newspaper ''[[National Post]]''<ref name="Kay Nashville">((Cite news|last=Kay|first=Jonathan|journal=Newsweek|title=Black Helicopters Over Nashville|date=February 9, 2010|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/233331/page/2|access-date=March 14, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100213061042/http://www.newsweek.com/id/233331/page/2| archive-date=February 13, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref> and author of ''[[Among the Truthers|Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground]]'',<ref>((cite web|last=Weigel |first=David |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2292081/pagenum/all/#p2 |title=You're All Nuts! How America became the land of Truthers, Triggers, Birthers, and Dan Brown fans|publisher=Slate.com |date=April 25, 2011 |access-date=May 30, 2011))</ref> "They feel their job is to show everybody that the official theory of 9/11 is wrong. And then, when everybody is convinced, then the population will rise up and demand a new investigation with government resources, and that investigation will tell us what actually happened."<ref name="Unofficial Theory">((Cite news|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 27, 2009|title=The Unofficial Theory|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/2009-2010/the_unofficial_story/|access-date=November 30, 2009|format=Flash video, only available in Canada, no transcript| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091129081638/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/2009-2010/the_unofficial_story/| archive-date=November 29, 2009 | url-status= live))</ref>

== Theories ==
=== Foreknowledge ===
((See also|September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories|U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks|United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001))

Conspiracy theorists claim that action or inaction by U.S. officials with foreknowledge was intended to ensure that the attacks took place successfully. For example, [[Michael Meacher]], former British environment minister and member of [[Tony Blair]]'s government, said that the United States knowingly failed to prevent the attacks.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/06/september11.iraq |title=Michael Meacher: This war on terrorism is bogus Politics |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=July 20, 2009 |date=December 4, 2003| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715133257/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/sep/06/september11.iraq| archive-date=July 15, 2009 | url-status= live))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/06/uk.iraq |title=Meacher sparks fury over claims on September 11 and Iraq war Politics |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=July 20, 2009 |first=Ewen |last=MacAskill |date=September 6, 2003))</ref>

==== Suspected insider trading ====
Some conspiracy theorists maintain that just before 9/11, an "extraordinary" amount of [[put option]]s were placed on [[United Airlines]] and [[American Airlines]] stocks and speculate that insiders may have known in advance of the coming events of 9/11 and placed their bets accordingly. An analysis into the possibility of [[insider trading]] on 9/11 concludes that:

((blockquote|A measure of abnormal long put volume was also examined and seen to be at abnormally high levels in the days leading up to the attacks. Consequently, the paper concludes that there is evidence of unusual option market activity in the days leading up to September 11 that is consistent with investors trading on advance knowledge of the attacks.<ref>((Cite journal| title = Unusual Option Market Activity and the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 | journal = [[The Journal of Business]] | year = 2006 | first = Allen M. | page = 1703 | last = Poteshman | s2cid = 153626942 | volume = 79 | issue = 4| doi = 10.1086/503645 ))</ref>

—Allen M. Poteshman, ''[[The Journal of Business]]''))

This study was intended to address the "great deal of speculation about whether option market activity indicated that the terrorists or their associates had traded in the days leading up to September 11 on advance knowledge of the impending attacks."<ref>"Unusual Option Market Activity and the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001", Allen M. Poteshman The Journal of Business Vol. 79, No. 4 (July 2006), pp. 1703–1726</ref>

In the days leading up to 9/11, analysis shows a rise in the put to call ratio for United Airlines and American Airlines, the two airlines from which planes were hijacked on 9/11. Between September 6 and 7, the [[Chicago Board Options Exchange]] recorded purchases of 4,744 "put" option contracts in UAL and 396 call options. On September 10, more trading in Chicago saw the purchase of 4,516 put options in American Airlines, the other airline involved in the hijackings, with a mere 748 call options in American purchased that day. No other airline companies had an unusual put to call ratio in the days leading up to the attacks.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/mystery-of-terror-insider-dealers-631325.html |location=London |work=The Independent |title=Mystery of terror 'insider dealers' |first=Chris |last=Blackhurst |date=October 14, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310025104/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/mystery-of-terror-insider-dealers-631325.html |archive-date=March 10, 2011 ))</ref> The 9/11 Commission concluded that all these abnormal patterns in trading were coincidental.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/rumors/putcall.asp | title=September 11 Put Call | work=[[Snopes]] | date=December 11, 2005 | access-date=May 12, 2017))</ref>

Insurance companies saw anomalous trading activities as well. [[Citigroup Inc.]], which estimated that its [[Travelers Insurance]] unit could pay $500 million in claims from the World Trade Center attack, had about 45 times the normal volume during three trading days before the attack for options that profit, if the stock falls below $40. Citigroup shares fell $1.25 in late trading to $38.09. [[Morgan Stanley]], which occupied 22 floors at the World Trade Center, experienced bigger-than-normal pre-attack trading of options that profited when stock prices fell. Other companies directly affected by the tragedy had similar jumps.<ref>((cite news|work=Bloomberg News |date=September 20, 2001 |title=SEC asks Goldman, Lehman for data))</ref>

The initial options were bought through at least two [[brokerage firm]]s, including [[Fidelity Investments#Brokerage|NFS]], a subsidiary of [[Fidelity Investments]], and [[TD Waterhouse]]. It was estimated that the trader or traders would have realized a five million dollar profit. The [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] launched an [[insider trading]] investigation in which [[Osama bin Laden]] was a suspect after receiving information from at least one Wall Street Firm.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/09/19/eveningnews/main311834.shtml |title=Profiting From Disaster? |publisher=CBS News – 60&nbsp;Minutes |date=September 19, 2001 |access-date=October 15, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100924195744/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/09/19/eveningnews/main311834.shtml| archive-date=September 24, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref>

The [[9/11 Commission Report]] concluded that "Exhaustive investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission, FBI, and other agencies have uncovered no evidence that anyone with advance knowledge of the attacks profited through securities transactions."<ref>((cite web|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf |title=Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |page=172 |access-date=July 20, 2015 |date=July 22, 2004 |publisher=9-11commission.gov))</ref> The report further stated:

((blockquote|text=Highly publicized allegations of insider trading in advance of 9/11 generally rest on reports of unusual pre-9/11 trading activity in companies whose stock plummeted after the attacks. Some unusual trading did in fact occur, but each such trade proved to have an innocuous explanation. For example, the volume of put options — investments that pay off only when a stock drops in price — surged in the parent companies of United Airlines on September 6 and American Airlines on September 10 — highly suspicious trading on its face. Yet, further investigation has revealed that the trading had no connection with 9/11. A single U.S.-based institutional investor with no conceivable ties to al Qaeda purchased 95 percent of the UAL puts on September 6 as part of a trading strategy that also included ''buying'' 115,000 shares of American on September 10. Similarly, much of the seemingly suspicious trading in American on September 10 was traced to a specific U.S.-based options trading newsletter, faxed to its subscribers on Sunday, September 9, which recommended these trades. These examples typify the evidence examined by the investigation. The SEC and the FBI, aided by other agencies and the securities industry, devoted enormous resources to investigating this issue, including securing the cooperation of many foreign governments. These investigators have found that the apparently suspicious consistently proved innocuous.<ref>((cite web |date=2004-07-22 |title=Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |publisher=9-11commission.gov |page=499 |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf |access-date=2015-07-20))</ref>))

==== Air-defense stand-down theory ====
A common claim among conspiracy theorists is that the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) issued a stand down order or deliberately scrambled fighters late to allow the hijacked airplanes to reach their targets without interference. According to this theory, NORAD had the capability of locating and intercepting planes on 9/11, and its failure to do so indicates a government conspiracy to allow the attacks to occur.<ref name="Molé|2006"/> Conspiracy theorist Mark R. Elsis says: "There is only one explanation for this&nbsp;... Our Air Force was ordered to Stand Down on 9/11."<ref name="popularmechanics.com">((cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/911-myths?click=main_sr |title=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |publisher=Popular Mechanics |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024055909/http://www.popularmechanics.com/911-myths?click=main_sr |archive-date=October 24, 2010 ))</ref><ref name="women.timesonline.co.uk">((Cite news|author=David Aaronovitch|date=April 29, 2009|title=9/11 conspiracy theories: The truth is out there&nbsp;... just not on the internet|work=The Times|location=London|url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article6187493.ece|url-status=dead|access-date=September 6, 2009|archive-date=July 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721050714/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article6187493.ece))</ref>

One of the first actions taken by the hijackers on 9/11 was to turn off or disable each of the four aircraft's on board transponders. Without these transponder signals to identify the airplane's tail number, altitude, and speed, the hijacked airplanes would have been only blips among 4,500 other blips on NORAD's radar screens, making them very difficult to track.<ref name="Molé|2006"/>((sfn|Dunbar|Reagan|2011|p=33))

On 9/11, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD.((sfn|Dunbar|Reagan|2011|p=32)) A passenger aircraft had not been hijacked in the U.S. since 1979.<ref>((cite AV media |medium=Television production|title = 9/11: The Conspiracy Files |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/conspiracy_files/6160775.stm |publisher = [[BBC News]] |date = February 18, 2007 |access-date=January 1, 2010))</ref> "They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us," says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. Only one civilian plane—a [[1999 South Dakota Learjet crash|chartered Learjet 35]] with golfer Payne Stewart and five others on board—was intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and 19&nbsp;minutes.((sfn|Dunbar|Reagan|2011|p=38))

Rules in effect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore [[Air Defense Identification Zone (North America)|Air Defense Identification Zones]] (ADIZ). "Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ," says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent.<ref name="popularmechanics.com" />

The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked Flight 175 at just about the same time it was crashing into the World Trade Center's South Tower. The FAA notified NORAD of the missing – not hijacked – Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania.<ref>((cite book|last=Summers|first=Anthony|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/123|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/123 123–]|author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref>

==== Alleged Communications Leak ====
[[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] and [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA (Jewish Telegraphic Agency)]] criticized claims by [[Carl Cameron]] who stated, "certain suspects in the September 11th attacks may have managed to stay ahead of them by knowing who and when investigators are calling on the telephone," by using information from [[Amdocs|Amdocs Limited]], an Israeli-based private communications company, and [[Comverse Technology|Comverse Infosys]], another Israeli-run company that provides electronic eavesdropping technology for the U.S. government.<ref>((cite web |last1=Berger |first1=Matthew |title=Jews Worry That 'baseless' Report on 9/11 Could Be a Blow to Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/jews-worry-that-baseless-report-on-911-could-be-a-blow-to-israel |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=March 20, 2015 ))</ref><ref>((cite web |last1=Safian |first1=Alex |title=Fox News's Carl Cameron Recycles More Rubbish |url=https://www.camera.org/article/fox-news-s-carl-cameron-recycles-more-rubbish/ |website=CAMERA))</ref>

==== Israeli agents ====
((See also|September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories#Israel))
It has been claimed that [[Mossad|Israeli agents]] may have had foreknowledge of the attacks, and a persistent theory claimed Israeli and/or Jewish involvement.<ref>((cite web|last1=Greenberg|first1=Richard|title=The 9/11 Lie that Won't Die|url=https://www.jta.org/2006/08/31/lifestyle/the-911-lie-that-wont-die|website=JTA|date=August 31, 2006|access-date=November 13, 2019))</ref> Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot of an apartment building, for "puzzling behavior." The Israelis were videotaping the events, and one bystander said they acted in a suspicious manner: "They were like happy, you know&nbsp;... They didn't look shocked to me. I thought it was very strange." The van was found to be owned by an Israeli-owned company called Urban Moving, which the FBI believed was providing cover for an Israeli intelligence operation. The case was then moved to the FBI's Foreign Counterintelligence Section. According to a former CIA operations chief, "many people in the U.S. intelligence community believed that some of the men arrested were working for Israeli intelligence." A spokesperson for the Israeli Embassy in the United States said the men had not been involved in any intelligence operation in the United States. The FBI eventually concluded that the five Israelis probably had no foreknowledge of the attacks.<ref name="White Van">[https://abcnews.go.com/amp/2020/story?id=123885 Were Israelis Detained on Sept. 11 Spies?] [[ABC News]] June 21, 2002</ref>

=== World Trade Center ===
((See also|World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories))
[[File:NIST 7 WTC Exterior buckling.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|right|Criticism of the reports published by [[NIST]] on the destruction of the World Trade Center buildings plays a central role in theories about an alleged controlled demolition. The picture shows the simulated exterior buckling of [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 WTC]] during the collapse.]]

The plane crashes and resulting fires caused the [[collapse of the World Trade Center]]. [[World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories|Controlled demolition conspiracy theories]] say the collapse of the North Tower, South Tower, or of [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 World Trade Center]] was caused by explosives installed in the buildings in advance.

Demolition theory proponents, such as [[Brigham Young University]] physicist [[Steven E. Jones]], architect [[Richard Gage (architect)|Richard Gage]], software engineer [[Jim Hoffman]], and theologian [[David Ray Griffin]], argue that the aircraft impacts and resulting fires could not have weakened the buildings sufficiently to initiate a catastrophic collapse, and that the buildings would not have collapsed completely, nor at the speeds that they did, without additional factors weakening the structures.

In the article "Active Thermotic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe", which appeared in the ''Open Chemical Physics Journal'', authors Niels Harrit of the [[University of Copenhagen]]'s Department of Chemistry, Jeffrey Farrer of [[Brigham Young University]]'s Department of Physics and Astronomy, Steven E. Jones, and others state that [[thermite]] and [[nano-thermite]] composites in the dust and debris were found following the collapse of the three buildings. The article contained no scientific rebuttal and the editor in chief of the publication subsequently resigned.<ref name=NYTCountersTheories>((Cite news | author=Jim Dwyer | title=2 U.S. Reports Seek to Counter Conspiracy Theories About 9/11 | date=September 2, 2006 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/02/nyregion/02conspiracy.html | access-date=April 30, 2009 | work=The New York Times | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110512221337/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/02/nyregion/02conspiracy.html | archive-date=May 12, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref><ref name="Deseret-Dean-2006">((Cite news |last=Dean |first=Suzanne |journal=Deseret Morning News |title=Physicist says heat substance felled WTC |date=April 10, 2006 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635198488,00.html |access-date=May 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510002116/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635198488%2C00.html |archive-date=May 10, 2009 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((Cite news | last=Barber | first=Peter | date=July 8, 2008 | journal=Financial Times | title=The truth is out there | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html | access-date=May 23, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603164130/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html | archive-date=June 3, 2009 | url-status= live))</ref>

Jones has not explained how the amount of explosive needed to bring down the buildings could have been positioned in the two buildings without drawing attention, but mentioned efforts to research the buildings' maintenance activity in the weeks prior to the event. Federal investigators at the National Institute of Standards and Technology state that enormous quantities of thermite would have to be applied to the structural columns to damage them, but Jones disputed this, saying that he and others were investigating "superthermite".<ref name=NYTCountersTheories/> Brent Blanchard, author of "A History of Explosive Demolition in America",<ref name=HEDA>((cite conference | author = Brent Blanchard | title = A History of Explosive Demolition in America | book-title = Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique | pages = 27–44 | date=February 2002 | issn =0732-619X | publisher = International Society of Explosives Engineers))</ref> who corresponded with Jones, states that questions about the viability of Jones' theories remain unanswered, such as the fact that no demolition personnel noticed any telltale signs of thermite during the eight months of debris removal following the towers' collapse. Blanchard also said that a verifiable chain of possession needs to be established for the tested beams, which did not occur with the beams Jones tested, raising questions of whether the metal pieces tested could have been cut away from the debris pile with acetylene torches, shears, or other potentially contaminated equipment while on site, or exposed to trace amounts of thermite or other compounds while being handled, while in storage, or while being transferred from Ground Zero to memorial sites.

[[File:9 11 underground fires Hotslag-300x215.jpg|thumb|Excavating equipment was cooled by water spray due to concerns about melting from underground fires.]]
Jones also said that molten steel found in the rubble was evidence of explosives, as an ordinary airplane fire would not generate enough heat to produce this, citing photographs of red debris being removed by construction equipment, but Blanchard said that if there had been any molten steel in the rubble any excavation equipment encountering it would have been immediately damaged.<ref name=NYTCountersTheories/> Other sampling of the pulverized dust by [[United States Geological Survey]] and RJ Lee did not report any evidence of thermite or explosives. It has been theorized the "thermite material" found was primer paint.<ref name=BBCMag>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14665953 "9/11 conspiracy theories"]. ''[[BBC Magazine]]''. August 28, 2011</ref> Dave Thomas of ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'' magazine, noting that the residue in question was claimed to be thermotic because of its iron oxide and aluminum composition, pointed out that these substances are found in many items common to the towers. Thomas said that in order to cut through a vertical steel beam, special high-temperature containment must be added to prevent the molten iron from dropping down, and that the thermite reaction is too slow for it to be practically used in building demolition. Thomas pointed out that when [[Jesse Ventura]] hired [[New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology|New Mexico Tech]] to conduct a demonstration showing nanothermite slicing through a large steel beam, the nanothermite produced copious flame and smoke but no damage to the beam, even though it was in a horizontal, and therefore optimal, position.<ref>((cite journal | last1=Thomas | first1=Dave | title=The 9/11 Truth Movement: The Top Conspiracy Theory, a Decade Later | journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] | date=July–August 2011 | pages=34–40 | volume=35 | issue=4 | url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_9_11_truth_movement_the_top_conspiracy_theory_a_decade_later/ | access-date=September 11, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923074425/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_9_11_truth_movement_the_top_conspiracy_theory_a_decade_later | archive-date=September 23, 2012 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all ))</ref>

The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) concluded the accepted version was more than sufficient to explain the collapse of the buildings. NIST and many scientists have refused to debate conspiracy theorists because they feel it would give those theories unwarranted credibility.<ref>((cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/06/ap/national/mainD8JB6LTG0.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224135836/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/06/ap/national/mainD8JB6LTG0.shtml | archive-date=December 24, 2007 | title=9/11 Conspiracy Theorists Thriving | work = CBS News | date=August 6, 2006 | access-date=July 12, 2009))</ref> Specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering accept the model of a fire-induced, gravity-driven collapse of the World Trade Center buildings without the use of explosives.<ref name="bazant07">((cite journal | doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:3(308) | title=Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions | year=2007 | last1=Bažant | first1=Zdenek P. | last2=Verdure | first2=Mathieu | journal=Journal of Engineering Mechanics | volume=133 | issue=3 | pages=308–19 | quote=As generally accepted by the community of specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering (though not by a few outsiders claiming a conspiracy with planted explosives), the failure scenario was as follows...))</ref><ref name="ProfessorsOfParanoia">((cite web|last = Gravois | first = John | date=June 23, 2006 | url=http://chronicle.com/free/v52/i42/42a01001.htm | title = Professors of Paranoia? | publisher = The Chronicle of Higher Education | access-date=September 26, 2009))</ref><ref name="conspiraciesContinueToAbound">((Cite journal | last=Asquith | first=Christina | date=September 7, 2006 | title=Conspiracies Continue to Abound Surrounding 9/11: On the Eve of the Fifth Anniversary, a Group of Professors Say the Attacks Were an 'Inside Job' | journal=Diverse Issues in Higher Education | volume=23 | issue=15 | url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/6337/))</ref> As a result, NIST said that it did not perform any test for the residue of explosive compounds of any kind in the debris.<ref name="nistfaq"/>

Soon after the day of the attacks, major media sources published that the towers had collapsed due to heat melting the steel.<ref name='BBC_Melt_Steel'>((Cite news| first=Sheila | last=Barter | title=How the World Trade Center fell | date=September 13, 2001 | work=BBC News | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1540044.stm | access-date=December 2, 2009)) "But steel melts, and 24,000 gallons (91,000 litres) of aviation fluid melted the steel. Nothing is designed or will be designed to withstand that fire."</ref><ref name='NewScientist_Melt_Steel'>((cite web | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1281 | title=Design choice for towers saved lives | access-date=December 2, 2009 | last=Samuel | first=Eugenie | author2=Damian Carrington | date=September 12, 2001 | publisher=New Scientist))</ref>
The erroneous claim that the combustion temperature of jet fuel could not melt steel contributed to the belief among skeptics that the towers would not have collapsed without external interference. The basic claim is false, because the [[Adiabatic flame temperature|combustion temperature of kerosene]] (jet fuel) is, in fact, more than 500&nbsp;°C higher than the [[Structural steel#Thermal properties|melting point of structural steel]] (2093&nbsp;°C ''vs.'' less than 1539&nbsp;°C).

Further, NIST did not claim that the steel melted, but rather that heat softened and weakened the steel, and that weakening, together with the damage caused by the planes' impacts, caused structural collapse.<ref name="nistfaq" /> NIST reported that a simulation model based on the simple assumption that combustible vapors burned immediately upon mixing with the incoming air showed that "at any given location, the duration of gas temperatures near 1,000&nbsp;°C was about 15 to 20 minutes. The rest of the time, the calculated temperatures were 500&nbsp;°C or below."<ref>((cite web | publisher=NIST | title=NCSTAR 1. Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers | date=September 2005 | url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201.pdf | page=129 | access-date=December 1, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091108202443/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201.pdf | archive-date=November 8, 2009 | url-status= live))</ref>

=== Pentagon ===
[[File:Pentagon Security Camera 1.ogv|thumb|right|thumbtime=01:31|[[Security camera]] footage of Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon (at 1:26 in the video)]]
[[File:Pentagon.Nach Einsturz.Rasen.jpg|thumb|The Pentagon, after collapse of the damaged section]]
[[File:Flight 77 wreckage at Pentagon.jpg|thumb|right|Airplane [[debris]] scattered near the Pentagon on the day of the attack]]

Political activist [[Thierry Meyssan]] and filmmaker [[Dylan Avery]] claim that [[American Airlines Flight 77]] did not crash into [[the Pentagon]]. Instead, they argue that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government. Some claim that the holes in the Pentagon walls were far too small to have been made by a Boeing 757: "How does a plane 125&nbsp;ft. wide and 155&nbsp;ft. long fit into a hole which is only 60&nbsp;ft. across?" Meyssan's book, ''L'Effroyable Imposture'' (published in English as ''9/11: The Big Lie'') became available in more than a dozen languages. When released, the book was heavily criticized by both the mainstream French and American press, and later, from within the [[9/11 Truth movement]]. The French newspaper ''Liberation'' called the book "a tissue of wild and irresponsible allegations, entirely without foundation."<ref name="ReferenceA">((cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?do=print |title=Popular Mechanics |publisher=Popular Mechanics |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329153037/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?do=print |archive-date=March 29, 2008 ))</ref><ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/01/september11.france |title=US invented air attack on Pentagon, claims French book |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jon |last=Henley |date=April 12, 2002 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617172525/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/01/september11.france |archive-date=June 17, 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref><ref name="ConspiracyTheoristsDownButNotOut">((Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4990686.stm |title=Conspiracy theorists down but not out |author=Paul Reynolds |date=May 16, 2006 |work=BBC News|access-date=September 26, 2009))</ref>

In response to the conspiracy theorists' claim of a missile hitting the Pentagon, Mete Sozen, a professor of civil engineering at [[Purdue University]] argues that: "A crashing jet doesn't punch a cartoon-like outline of itself into a reinforced concrete building. When Flight 77 hit the Pentagon, one wing hit the ground and the other was sheared off by the Pentagon's load-bearing columns."<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>((cite book|last=Summers|first=Anthony|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/111|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/111 111–]|author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref> According to ''[[ArchitectureWeek]]'', the reason the Pentagon took relatively little damage from the impact was because Wedge One had recently been renovated.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/1003/news_1-1.html |title=Pentagon Battered but Firm – 2001.1003 |publisher=ArchitectureWeek |date=October 3, 2001 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050850/http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/1003/news_1-1.html| archive-date=June 5, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref> (This was part of a renovation program which had been begun in the 1980s, and Wedge One was the first of five to be renovated.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ref/html/Welcome/renovations.html |title=The Pentagon Renovation Program |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010804065429/http://www.dtic.mil/ref/html/Welcome/renovations.html |archive-date=August 4, 2001 |url-status=dead))</ref>)

Evidence contradicting some conspiracy theorists' claim of a missile hitting the Pentagon have been described by researchers within the 9/11 Truth Movement, such as Jim Hoffman, in his essay "The Pentagon Attack: What the Physical Evidence Shows", and by others broadly refuting the role of other conspiracies in the attacks. The evidence refuting missile claims includes airplane debris including Flight 77's [[Flight recorder|black boxes]],<ref>((Cite news| title=Searchers find Pentagon black boxes | date=September 14, 2001 | url =https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/14/pentagon-fire.htm | work =USA Today |access-date=May 1, 2010))</ref> the nose cone, landing gear,<ref>((cite web|url=http://hamptonroads.com/pilotonline/special/911/pentagon3.html |title=Inside the Pentagon on 9/11: The Call of Duty |access-date=May 1, 2010 |last=Swift |first=Earl |date=September 9, 2002 |work=Pilot Online |publisher=Virginian-Pilot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040730074824/http://www.hamptonroads.com/pilotonline/special/911/pentagon3.html |archive-date=July 30, 2004))</ref> an airplane tire,<ref>((Cite news| title=Where were you when ... | date=September 6, 2002 | url =http://wichita.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/2002/09/09/story1.html | work =Wichita Business Journal |access-date=May 1, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413203349/http://wichita.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/2002/09/09/story1.html| archive-date=April 13, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref> and an intact cockpit seat<ref>((cite news|url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3069699/ |title=On the ground at the Pentagon on Sept. 11 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |date=September 28, 2001 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526034459/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3069699/ |archive-date=May 26, 2004))</ref> were observed at the crash site. The remains of passengers from Flight 77 were indeed found at the Pentagon crash site and their identities confirmed by [[DNA]] analysis.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/armymed/news/releases/afip.htm |title=Experts ID 184 Pentagon Fatalities |access-date=May 7, 2010 |last=Kelly |first=Christopher C. |date=January 11, 2002 |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020815123251/http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/armymed/news/releases/afip.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2002))</ref> Foreign governments, such as the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Foreign Ministry]] (FMPRC), also confirms the death of their citizens onboard Flight 77.<ref>((Cite web |title=Spokesman on the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington |publisher=Consulate General of China, New York |date=2001-09-13 |url=http://www.nyconsulate.prchina.org/eng/17928.html |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20020603060503/http://www.nyconsulate.prchina.org/eng/17928.html |archivedate=2002-06-03|accessdate=2002-06-03))</ref> Many eyewitnesses saw the plane strike the Pentagon. Further, Flight 77 passengers made phone calls reporting that their airplane had been hijacked. For example, passenger Renee May called her mother to tell her that the plane had been hijacked and that the passengers had been herded to the back of the plane. Another passenger named [[Barbara Olson]] called her husband (U.S. Solicitor General [[Theodore Olson]]) and said that the flight had been hijacked, and that the hijackers had [[knives]] and [[box cutters]].<ref name="usgovDidPlaneHitPentagon">((cite web
 |url=http://www.america.gov/st/webchat-english/2009/April/20050628163417atlahtnevel0.1261103.html 
 |title=Did a Plane Hit the Pentagon? 
 |publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs, [[U.S. Department of State]] 
 |date=April 19, 2009 
 |access-date=September 6, 2009 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315195123/http://www.america.gov/st/webchat-english/2009/April/20050628163417atlahtnevel0.1261103.html 
 |archive-date=March 15, 2013 
))</ref><ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/webchat-english/2009/May/20060828133846esnamfuaK0.2676355.html |title=The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories |publisher=America.gov |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714061116/http://www.america.gov/st/webchat-english/2009/May/20060828133846esnamfuaK0.2676355.html |archive-date=July 14, 2009 ))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Summers|first=Anthony|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/112 112]|author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref> Some conspiracy theories say the phone calls the passengers made were fabricated by voice morphing, the passengers' bodies disposed of, and a missile fired at the Pentagon.<ref name="Dunbar|Reagan|2011"/><ref>((Cite news |title=September 11 conspiracy theories continue to abound |work=The Guardian |access-date=March 15, 2012 |date=September 5, 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/05/september-11-conspiracy-theories |location=London |first=Chris |last=McGreal))</ref><ref>((Cite news |issn=1091-2339 |last=Stahl |first=Jeremy |title=The Theory vs. the Facts |work=Slate |access-date=March 15, 2012 |date=September 7, 2011 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/trutherism/2011/09/the_theory_vs_the_facts.html))</ref>

The pressure group [[Judicial Watch]] filed a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] request on December 15, 2004, to force the government to release video recordings from the Sheraton National Hotel, the Nexcomm/Citgo gas station, Pentagon security cameras and the Virginia Department of Transportation. On May 16, 2006, the government released the Pentagon security camera videos to Judicial Watch.<ref>((cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4987716.stm| title=US releases 9/11 Pentagon video|work=BBC News| date=May 16, 2006))</ref> The image of American Airlines Flight 77 which appears in the videos has been described as "[a] white blob" and "a white streak" (by the BBC),<ref>((cite news|title=US releases 9/11 Pentagon tape|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_4980000/newsid_4988000/4988038.stm?bw=nb&mp=rm&news=1&bbcws=1|work=BBC News|access-date=May 5, 2011|format=Video|quote=At first it's hard to make out the hijacked plane, but if one looks closely at the lower right-hand corner, the blured white blob entering the frame appears to be the nose of the plane, skidding along the ground at high speed before crashing into the Pentagon, and not a missile. That adds to images from a second security camera, ten feet away, which show a white streak in the lower right-hand corner, then the explosion.|date=May 16, 2006))</ref> "a thin white blur" (by The [[Associated Press]]),<ref>((cite news|title=Video of 9/11 plane hitting Pentagon is released |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12818225 |work=NBC News |access-date=May 5, 2011 |agency=Associated Press |date=May 16, 2006 |quote=The airplane is a thin white blur on the video as it slams into the Pentagon at ground level. ))</ref> and "a silver speck low to the ground" (in ''[[The Washington Post]]'').<ref>((cite news|last=Markon|first=Jerry|title=Videos Released Of Plane Crashing Into Pentagon|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051600788.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=May 5, 2011|date=May 17, 2006|quote=In one of the videos, [...] the plane shoots across the screen from the right, a silver speck low to the ground.))</ref> A sequence of five frames from one of the videos already appeared in the media in 2002.<ref>((cite news|title=In pictures: Pentagon crash|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1861977.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=May 6, 2011|date=March 8, 2002))</ref> Some conspiracy theorists believe the new video does not answer their questions.<ref>((cite news|title=US releases 9/11 Pentagon tape|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_4980000/newsid_4988000/4988038.stm?bw=nb&mp=rm&news=1&bbcws=1|work=BBC News|access-date=May 5, 2011|format=Video|quote=[Conspiracy theorists] and other skeptics believe the new video does not answer any of their questions. [Michael Berger, 911 Truth Org:] ''Why'' did it take four and a half years to release more ambiguous frames that still do not prove the government's case definitively?|date=May 16, 2006))</ref>

=== Flight 93 ===
[[File:UA93 crash site.jpg|thumb|left|Flight 93 crash site]]

The fourth plane hijacked on 9/11, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], crashed in an open field near [[Shanksville]], [[Pennsylvania]], after the passengers revolted. Out of the four planes hijacked on that day, Flight 93 was the only one not to reach its target.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">((Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/conspiracy_files/6341851.stm#8 |title=Programmes &#124; Conspiracy Files &#124; Q&A: What really happened |work=BBC News |date=February 16, 2007 |access-date=July 20, 2009))</ref>

One conspiracy theory surrounding this event is the claim that Flight 93 was shot down by a U.S. fighter jet. [[David Ray Griffin]] and [[Alex Jones]] have asserted that large parts of the plane, including the main body of the engine, landed miles away from the main wreckage site, too far away for an ordinary plane crash. Jones says that planes usually leave a small debris field when they crash, and that this is not compatible with reports of wreckage found farther away from the main crash site. One person claimed that the main body of the engine was found miles away from the main wreckage site with damage comparable to that which a heat-seeking missile would do to an airliner.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" />

According to some theories, the plane had to be shot down by the government because passengers had found out about the alleged plot.<ref name="women.timesonline.co.uk"/>

According to Phil Molé of ''[[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic]]'' magazine, "[this] claim rests largely on unsupported assertions that the main body of the engine and other large parts of the plane turned up miles from the main wreckage site, too far away to have resulted from an ordinary crash. This claim is incorrect, because the engine was found only 300&nbsp;yards from the main crash site, and its location was consistent with the direction in which the plane had been traveling."<ref name="Molé|2006"/> Michael K. Hynes, an airline accident expert who investigated the crash of [[TWA Flight 800]] in 1996, says that, at very high velocities of 500&nbsp;mph or more, it would only take a few seconds to move or tumble across the ground for 300&nbsp;yards.<ref name="Molé|2006"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Reports of wreckage discovered at Indian Lake by local residents are accurate. CNN reported that investigators found debris from the crash at least eight miles away from the crash site, including in [[New Baltimore, Pennsylvania|New Baltimore]].<ref>((Cite news|publisher=CNN|title='Black box' from Pennsylvania crash found|date=September 13, 2001|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/13/penn.attack/|access-date=July 19, 2009))</ref> According to CNN, this debris was all very light material that the wind would have easily blown away, and a ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' article from September 14, 2001, describes the material as "mostly papers", "strands of charred insulation", and an "endorsed paycheck". The same article quotes FBI agent Bill Crowley that, "Lighter, smaller debris probably shot into the air on the heat of a fireball that witnesses said shot several hundred feet into the air after the jetliner crashed. Then, it probably rode a wind that was blowing southeast at about 9&nbsp;m.p.h."<ref>((Cite news |first=James |last=O'Toole |author2=Tom Gibb|author3=Cindi Lash |title=Flight data recorder may hold clues to suicide flight |date=September 14, 2001 |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010914scene0914p2.asp |access-date=July 12, 2009))</ref> Also, the distance between the crash site and Indian Lake was misreported in some accounts. According to the BBC, "In a straight line, Indian Lake is just over a mile from the crash site. The road between the two locations takes a roundabout route of 6.9&nbsp;miles—accounting for the erroneous reports."<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" />

Some conspiracy theorists believe a small white jet seen flying over the crash area may have fired a missile to shoot down Flight 93.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/defense/1227842.html?page=7 |title=Flight 93 |access-date=July 12, 2009 |date=March 2005 |work=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |publisher=Popular Mechanics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704084428/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/defense/1227842.html?page=7 |archive-date=July 4, 2009 ))</ref>((Dubious| reason=In the reference, no one specifically theorizes that the "small white jet" observed by witnesses committed a shootdown. An Air Force jet or a U.S. Customs airplane are conjectured. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/defense/1227842.html?page=7|date=December 2009)) Government agencies such as the FBI assert this small plane was a [[Dassault Falcon]] business jet asked to descend to an altitude of around 1,500&nbsp;ft to survey the impact.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/unanswered-questions-the-mystery-of-flight-93-639770.html |last=Carlin |first=John |title=Unanswered questions |work=The Independent |location=London |date=August 13, 2002 |access-date=July 12, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713012007/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/unanswered-questions-the-mystery-of-flight-93-639770.html |archive-date=July 13, 2009 ))</ref> Ben Sliney, who was the FAA operation manager on September 11, 2001, says no military aircraft were near Flight 93.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=20603&in_page_id=11 60 Seconds: Ben Sliney] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529141832/http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=20603&in_page_id=11 |date=May 29, 2008 )) October 4, 2006</ref>

Some internet videos, such as ''[[Loose Change (film series)|Loose Change]]'', speculate that Flight 93 safely landed in [[Ohio]], and a substituted plane was involved in the crash in Pennsylvania. Often cited is a preliminary news report that Flight 93 landed at a [[Cleveland]] airport;<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/06-09-11|title=9/11 Conspiracy Theories: The 9/11 Truth Movement in Perspective|date=September 11, 2006))</ref> it was later learned that Delta Flight 1989 was the plane confused with Flight 93, and the report was retracted as inaccurate. Several websites within the 9/11 Truth Movement dispute this claim, citing the wreckage at the scene, eyewitness testimony, and the difficulty of secretly substituting one plane for another, and claim that such "hoax theories&nbsp;... appear calculated to alienate victims' survivors and the larger public from the 9/11 truth movement". The editor of the article has since written a [[rebuttal]] to the claims.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060720083200/http://blogs.scripps.com/wcpo/staff/2006/02/wcpocoms_flight_93_story.html WCPO.com's Flight 93 Story] (Archived by the [[Internet Archive|Wayback Machine]])</ref>

Valencia McClatchey, a local woman who took the only photograph of the mushroom cloud from the impact of Flight 93 seconds after it hit the ground, says she has been harassed over the telephone and in person by conspiracy theorists, who claim she faked the photo. The FBI, the Somerset County authorities, the Smithsonian, and the National Park Service's Flight 93 National Memorial staff have all individually examined the photograph as well as the film negatives and all four agencies consider the photo to be authentic.<ref name=Flight93Photo>((Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/us/10cnd-shanksville.html |title=Picture Made on 9/11 Takes a Toll on Photographer |work=The New York Times |first=Sean D. |last=Hamill |date=September 10, 2007 |access-date=March 30, 2010))</ref>

While some conspiracy theorists have claimed that passengers of Flight 93 and/or [[American Airlines Flight 77|Flight 77]] were murdered or that they were relocated, with the intent that they never be found,<ref name="women.timesonline.co.uk"/> others within the 9/11 Truth Movement, such as [[Jim Hoffman]] and [[9/11 Truth Movement#Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice|Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice]], repudiate such claims.

=== Hijackers ===
((See also|Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories))

During the initial confusion surrounding the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the [[BBC]] published the names and identities of what they believed to be some of the hijackers.<ref name="911Ct_SteveHerrmann" /> Some of the people named were later discovered to be alive, a fact that was seized upon by 9/11 conspiracy theorists as proof that the hijackings were faked.<ref name="911Ct_SteveHerrmann" /><ref name="Panoply"/><ref>((cite book |last=Summers|first=Anthony|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|author2=Swan, Robbyn))((page needed|date=September 2012))</ref> The BBC explained that the initial confusion may have arisen because the names they reported back in 2001 were common Arabic and Islamic names.<ref name="911Ct_SteveHerrmann" /> In response to a request from the BBC, the FBI said that it was confident to have identified all nineteen hijackers, and that none of the other inquiries had raised the issue of doubt about their identities.<ref name="911Ct_SteveHerrmann">((cite news|author=Steve Herrmann |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2006/10/911_conspiracy_theory_1.html |title=9/11 Conspiracy Theory, by Steve Hermann, BBC Editor |publisher=BBC |date=October 27, 2006 |access-date=January 28, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100108134031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2006/10/911_conspiracy_theory_1.html| archive-date=January 8, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' also acknowledged these as cases of mistaken identity.<ref>Sack, Kevin. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2071FF63D5F0C758DDDA00894D9404482 "After the Attacks: Missed Cues; Saudi May Have Been Suspected in Error, Officials Say"] ''The New York Times'', September 16, 2001.</ref>

According to John Bradley, the former managing editor of ''Arab News'' in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the only public information about the hijackers was a list of names issued by the FBI on September 14, 2001. When the FBI released photographs four days after the cited reports on September 27, the mistaken identities were quickly resolved. According to Bradley, "all of this is attributable to the chaos that prevailed during the first few days following the attack. What we're dealing with are coincidentally identical names." In Saudi Arabia, says Bradley, the names of two of the allegedly surviving attackers, [[Said al-Ghamdi]] and [[Walid al-Shari]], are "as common as John Smith in the United States or Great Britain."<ref name="Panoply">((cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,265160-2,00.html |title=Panoply of the Absurd |work=Der Spiegel |date=September 23, 2001 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604163010/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0%2C1518%2C265160-2%2C00.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

According to Thomas Kean, chair of the 9/11 Commission, "Sixteen of the nineteen shouldn't have gotten into the United States in any way at all because there was something wrong with their visas, something wrong with their passports. They should simply have been stopped at the border. That was sixteen of the nineteen. Obviously, if even half of those people had been stopped, there never would have been a plot."<ref>((Cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/secrethistory/timeline6.html |title=The Secret History of 9/11: Terrorist Threats Ignored|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=September 10, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703045949/http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/secrethistory/timeline6.html |archive-date=July 3, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref>

Khalid al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi had both been identified as al-Qaeda agents by the CIA, but that information was not shared with the FBI or U.S. Immigration, so both men were able to legally enter the U.S. to prepare for the 9/11 attacks.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/secrethistory/timeline5.html|title=The Secret History of 9/11: Planning 9/11|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=September 10, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031102129/http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/secrethistory/timeline5.html |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref>

=== Foreign governments ===
((See also|Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|9/11 advanced-knowledge debate#Foreign government foreknowledge|l2=Foreign government foreknowledge))

There are allegations that individuals within the Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) may have played an important role in [[Responsibility for the September 11 attacks#Financing the attacks|financing the attacks]]. There are also claims that other foreign intelligence agencies, such as the Israeli [[Mossad]], had foreknowledge of the attacks, and that some Saudi officials may have played a role in financing the attacks. General [[Hamid Gul]], a former head of ISI, believes the attacks were an "inside job" originating in the United States, perpetrated by Israel or [[neo-conservative]]s.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0812/07/fzgps.01.html |title=Fareed Zakaria GPS Mexican Crisis; India Terror Attacks CNN Transcript December 7, 2008 |publisher=Transcripts.cnn.com |access-date=July 20, 2009))</ref> [[Francesco Cossiga]], former President of Italy from 1985 until his 1992 resignation over [[Operation Gladio]], said that it is common knowledge among the Italian center-left that the 9/11 attacks were a joint operation of the CIA and the Mossad.<ref>((Cite news|journal=Corriere della Sera|title=Osama-Berlusconi? "Trappola giornalistica"|date=November 30, 2007|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/07_novembre_30/osama_berlusconi_cossiga_27f4ccee-9f55-11dc-8807-0003ba99c53b.shtml|access-date=June 15, 2009|quote=in prima linea quelli del centrosinistra italiano, sanno ormai bene che il disastroso attentato è stato pianificato e realizzato dalla Cia americana e dal Mossad [those at the forefront of the Italian center now know well that the disastrous attack was planned and carried out by the American CIA and Mossad]))</ref> Subsequent reports indicated that he did not actually believe this.<ref>((cite web|url=http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=7190957 |title=La Realta' Travisata Si teorizzano i complotti per non vedere |date=April 9, 2006 |author=Cossiga, Francesco |work=La Stampa |language=it |access-date=February 16, 2011 |quote=mi sembra improbabile anzi impossibile che l'11 settembre sia stato frutto di un complotto americano. [it seems unlikely, indeed impossible, that September 11 was the result of an American plot.] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919004558/http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=7190957 |archive-date=September 19, 2010 ))</ref><ref>((cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/francesco-cossiga-obituary | title=Francesco Cossiga obituary | access-date=February 16, 2011 | author=Sassoon, Donald | date=August 18, 2010 |work=The Guardian |location=London ))</ref>

==== Israel ====
((See also|September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories#Israel|l1=September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories: Israel))

A conspiracy theory documented by the [[Anti-Defamation League]], [[Conspiracy Encyclopedia|Thom Burnett]] and others is that the state of Israel was involved in the attacks, and may have planned them. A variety of motives are suggested, including: to cause the United States to attack enemies of Israel; to divert public attention away from Israel's treatment of [[Palestinians]]; to help [[Zionists]] take control of world affairs; and to persuade Americans to support Israel. Variants of the theory contend that the attack was organized by [[Ariel Sharon]], [[Mossad]], or the government of Israel.<ref>
* Foxman, Abraham, ''Jews and money'', Palmgrave Macmillan, 2010, p. 41
* ADL, "Unraveling Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories", Detailed report, 2003. [http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/9-11conspiracytheories.pdf online] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308145444/http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/9-11conspiracytheories.pdf |date=March 8, 2007 ))
* Burnett, Thom, ''[[Conspiracy Encyclopedia]]'', Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006, p. 262
* Olmsted, Kathryn, ''Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11'', Oxford University Press US, 2011, p. 221
* Atkins, Stephen, ''Holocaust denial as an international movement'', ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 173
</ref><ref name=mutations/> Kevin Barrett, a former lecturer at the [[University of Wisconsin]] is, according to ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' website, a "leading advocate of theories that Israel's Mossad orchestrated the 9/11 attacks."<ref name=SlateMainstream>((cite journal|last=Palmer |first=Brian |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2302834/ |title=The Rise of "Truth" How did 9/11 conspiracism enter the mainstream? Slate Magazine September 6, 2011 |journal=Slate |publisher=Slate.com |date=September 6, 2011 |access-date=June 4, 2014))</ref>

Some proponents of this believe that Jewish employees were forewarned by Israeli intelligence to skip work on September 11, resulting in no Jewish deaths at the World Trade Center. According to Cinnamon Stillwell, some 9/11 conspiracy theorists put this number as high as 4,000 Jewish people skipping work.<ref name="sfgateTruthAbout911ConspiracyTheories">((Cite news
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2006/04/19/cstillwell.DTL
| title = The Truth About 9/11 Conspiracy Theories
| author = Cinnamon Stillwell
| date = April 19, 2006
|work=San Francisco Chronicle
| access-date=September 6, 2009
))</ref> This was first reported on September 17 by the Lebanese [[Hezbollah]]-owned satellite television channel [[Al-Manar]] and is believed to be based on the September 12 edition of ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' that said "The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks."<ref name=jews>((cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2005/Jan/14-260933.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408072925/http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2005/Jan/14-260933.html |archive-date=April 8, 2005 |title=The 4,000 Jews Rumor: Rumor surrounding Sept. 11th proved untrue. Internet Archive – which appeared in the September 12 Internet edition of the "Jerusalem Post". It stated, "The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks." |access-date=October 15, 2010))</ref>

The number of Jews who died in the attacks is variously estimated at between 270 and 400.<ref name=jews/>((efn|1=A survey of the 1,700 victims whose religion was listed found approximately 10% were Jewish indicating around 270 in total. A survey based on the last names of victims found that around 400 (((frac|15|1|2))%) were possibly Jewish. A survey of 390 Cantor Fitzgerald employees who had public memorials (out of the 658 who died) found 49 were Jewish (((frac|12|1|2))%). According to the 2002 American Jewish Year Book, New York State's population was 9% Jewish. Sixty-four percent of the WTC victims lived in New York State.((citation needed|date=July 2020)) ))<ref>((cite web |author=Gary Rosenblatt |date=September 5, 2002 |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/bottom/specialcontent.php3?artid=362 |title=The Mitzvah To Remember |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20021010020906/http://www.thejewishweek.com/bottom/specialcontent.php3?artid=362 |archive-date=October 10, 2002 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref><ref name="phas-13">((cite web |url= http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-13.htm |title=The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective: An Interview with Abraham Foxman |publisher=Jcpa.org |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110608060311/http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-13.htm| archive-date=June 8, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref> The lower figure tracks closely with the percentage of Jews living in the New York area and partial surveys of the victims' listed religion. The U.S. State Department has published a partial list of 76 in response to claims that fewer Jews/Israelis died in the WTC attacks than should have been present at the time.<ref name=jews/><ref name="usgov4000JewsRumor">((cite web
 |url=http://www.america.gov/st/pubs-english/2007/November/20050114145729atlahtnevel0.1679041.html 
 |title=The 4,000 Jews Rumor 
 |publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs, [[U.S. Department of State]] 
 |date=November 16, 2007 
 |access-date=September 6, 2009 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810083338/http://www.america.gov/st/pubs-english/2007/November/20050114145729atlahtnevel0.1679041.html 
 |archive-date=August 10, 2013 
))</ref> Five Israeli citizens died in the attack.<ref>((Cite news|first = Greer Fay|url = http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/A/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1031666147075 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20021104190710/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/A/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1031666147075 |url-status = dead |archive-date = November 4, 2002 |last = Cashman|title = Five Israeli victims remembered in capital|work = The Jerusalem Post |page = 3|date=September 12, 2002 |access-date=October 17, 2006))</ref>

==== Antisemitism in conspiracy theories ====
In 2003, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) published a report attacking "hateful conspiracy theories" that the 9/11 attacks were carried about by Israelis and Jews, saying they had the potential to "rationalize and fuel global [[anti-Semitism]]." It found that such theories were widely accepted in the [[Arab conspiracy theories|Arab and Muslim world]], as well as in Europe and the United States.

The ADL's report found that "The Big Lie has united American [[far-right politics|far-right]] extremists and [[white supremacy|white supremacists]] and elements within the Arab and Muslim world". It asserted that many of the theories were modern manifestation of the 19th-century ''[[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', which purported to map out a Jewish conspiracy for world domination.<ref name=mutations>((cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/presrele/asint_13/4346_13.htm |title=Conspiracy Theories About Jews and 9/11 Cause Dangerous Mutations in Global Anti-Semitism |publisher=Adl.org |date=September 2, 2003 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110525143344/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4346_13.htm| archive-date=May 25, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/ADL_Opinions/Anti_Semitism_Arab/911_Conspiracies.htm|title=9/11 Conspiracy Theories Take Root in Arab/Muslim World|author=Abraham H. Foxman|publisher=Adl.org -This article originally appeared in Jewish News Weekly of Northern California|date=September 8, 2006|access-date=May 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604144105/http://www.adl.org/ADL_Opinions/Anti_Semitism_Arab/911_Conspiracies.htm|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=dead))</ref> The ADL has characterized the [[Jeff Rense]] website as carrying anti-Semitic materials, such as "American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their own financial gain and to induce the American people to endorse wars of aggression and [[genocide]] on the nations of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the benefit of Israel".<ref>[http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/Rense_Web_Site.htm Rense Web Site Promotes Anti-Semitic Views] March 17, 2009 ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027104746/http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/Rense_Web_Site.htm |date=October 27, 2012 ))</ref>

Pedro A. Sanjuan, a former [[United Nations]] diplomat, alleged that antisemitic 9/11 conspiracy theories were quite common at high levels of the organization following the attacks.<ref>Pedro A. Sanjuan. ''The UN Gang.'' Doubleday, 2005. p. 165</ref>

==== Saudi Arabia ====
((See also|Alleged role of Saudi officials in the September 11 attacks|The 28 pages))

British investigative journalists [[Anthony Summers]] and Robbyn Swan claimed in their 2011 book ''The Eleventh Day'' that the [[Saudi Royal Family]] provided material and financial support to the hijackers and that the Bush Administration covered this up as well as their own alleged incompetence. The authors claim the [[9/11 Truth movement]] helped this coverup by deflecting attention away from these actions.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/fyi/a-convincing-argument--4-127648388.html |title=Conspiracies and catastrophe Winnipeg Free Press August 14, 2011 |newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press |date=August 13, 2011 |publisher=Winnipegfreepress.com |access-date=June 4, 2014|last1=Dudley |first1=Michael ))</ref> In September 2011 a "Lloyd's insurance syndicate" began legal action against Saudi Arabia demanding the repayment of £136m it paid out to victims of the 9/11 attacks. A number of prominent Saudi charities and banks as well as a leading member of the al-Saud royal family were accused of being "agents and alter egos" for the Saudi state that "knowingly" provided funding to al-Qaeda and encouraged anti Western sentiment.<ref>((cite news|author=Cahal Milmo |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/lloyds-insurer-sues-saudi-arabia-for-funding-911-attacks-2356857.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921081837/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/lloyds-insurer-sues-saudi-arabia-for-funding-911-attacks-2356857.html |archive-date=2011-09-21 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Lloyd's insurer sues Saudi Arabia for 'funding 9/11 attacks' The Independent September 19, 2008 |publisher=Independent.co.uk |date=September 19, 2011 |access-date=June 4, 2014))</ref>

Such theories have historically revolved around the putative content of the [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001#Redacted sections|28 pages]] of the 2002 report of the [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|U.S. Congress Joint Inquiry]]<ref name=post2013/><ref>((cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2011/09/07/sept_11_unanswered_questions/|author=Justin Elliott|title=The enduring mysteries of 9/11|date=September 7, 2011|newspaper=Salon))</ref> that were withheld from publication until July 15, 2016.<ref name="WaPoRelease">((cite news|last1=Demirjian|first1=Karoun|title=Congress releases long-classified '28 pages' on alleged Saudi ties to 9/11|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/congress-releases-long-classified-28-pages-on-alleged-saudi-ties-to-911/2016/07/15/e8671fde-4ab1-11e6-bdb9-701687974517_story.html|access-date=July 15, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 15, 2016))</ref>

Former Florida Senator [[Bob Graham]], co-chairman of the [[Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|Joint Inquiry]], as well as other former officials who did read the entire version of the Joint Inquiry's report, claimed that there was a U.S. government coverup on the Saudi officials' assistance provided to the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks,<ref name=post2013>((cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2013/12/15/inside-the-saudi-911-coverup/|title=Inside the Saudi 9/11 coverup|author=Paul Sperry|newspaper=New York Post|date=December 15, 2013))</ref> notably the role of Fahad al-Thumairy, a diplomat at the Saudi consulate in Los Angeles.<ref name=locked>((cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-911-classified-report-steve-kroft/|title=28 Pages: Former Sen. Bob Graham and others urge the Obama administration to declassify redacted pages of a report that holds 9/11 secrets |work=CBS|date=April 10, 2016))</ref>

=== No-planes theory ===
[[File:Noseoutframe.jpg|thumb|right|The "no-plane theory", promoted via Internet videos, claims that this shot of the second impact, taken from a news helicopter, depicts a video composite of a [[Boeing 767]] accidentally appearing from behind a [[Layers (digital image editing)#Layer Mask|Layer Mask]].]]
Former chief economist within the Labor Department under the Bush administration, [[Morgan Reynolds]], argues that no planes were used in the attacks. Reynolds claims it is physically impossible that the Boeing planes of Flights 11 and 175 could have penetrated the steel frames of the Towers, and that [[digital compositing]] was used to depict the plane crashes in both news reports and subsequent amateur video. "There were no planes, there were no hijackers", Reynolds insists. "I know, I know, I'm out of the mainstream, but that's the way it is". According to [[David Shayler]], "the only explanation is that they were missiles surrounded by holograms made to look like planes", he says, which would be well beyond the capabilities of contemporaneous [[hologram]] technology. "Watch footage frame by frame and you will see a cigar-shaped missile hitting the World Trade Center". Most no-planes adherents, including [[Thierry Meyssan]] and Reynolds, assert that either CGI of a passenger plane was overlaid onto a winged cruise missile or military aircraft, or that computer-generated images of a passenger plane were inserted into the video footage and plane-shaped explosive cut-outs were planted in the buildings in order to create the impression of plane impact.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reQZT9Hzvt8 Weekend Live, Fox News, September 10, 2006]</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/01/september11.france|title=US invented air attack on Pentagon, claims French book|last=Henley|first=Jon|date=April 1, 2002|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 25, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077))</ref><ref>The Great Derangement, Matt Taibbi, New York, 2009</ref> Some truth movement veterans have repeatedly refuted the "no-plane" claims.<ref name="women.timesonline.co.uk"/><ref name="msnbc">((Cite news| url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003250424_911conspire09.html| title = WP: 9/11 conspiracy theories| author = Michael Powell| date = September 8, 2006| publisher = [[MSNBC]]| access-date = June 13, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100723110251/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003250424_911conspire09.html| archive-date = July 23, 2010| url-status = dead| df = mdy-all))</ref> In fact, discussion of no-plane theories has been banned from certain conspiracy theory websites and advocates have sometimes been threatened with violence by posters at other conspiracy theory websites.<ref name=Yoda>((cite web |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007-08-09/news/the-yoda-of-9-11/5 |title=The Yoda of 9/11 |page=5 |work=Phoenix News |publisher=Phoenixnewtimes.com |access-date=July 20, 2009 |archive-date=September 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916081821/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007-08-09/news/the-yoda-of-9-11/5 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

== Cover-up allegations ==

=== Cockpit recorders ===
[[File:Flight 77 CVR.jpg|thumb|The [[cockpit voice recorder]] from [[American Airlines Flight 77|Flight 77]] was heavily damaged from the impact and resulting fire.]]
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, both black boxes from Flight 77 and both black boxes from Flight 93 were recovered. Flight 77's CVR was said to be too damaged to yield any data. On April 18, 2002, the FBI allowed the families of victims from Flight 93 to listen to the voice recordings.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/04/18/rec.flight.93/index.html Families hear tape from hijacked Flight 93] April 18, 2002 ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922042419/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/04/18/rec.flight.93/index.html |date=September 22, 2009 ))</ref> In April 2006, a transcript of the CVR was released as part of the [[Zacarias Moussaoui]] trial.<ref name="United93FullTranscript">((Cite news
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/13/usa.september11| title = United 93: full transcript | date = April 13, 2006|work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=September 20, 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090825215713/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/13/usa.september11| archive-date=August 25, 2009 | url-status= live))</ref>

Two men, Michael Bellone and Nicholas DeMasi, who worked extensively in the wreckage of the World Trade Center, said in the book ''Behind-The-Scenes: Ground Zero'' that they helped federal agents find three of the four "black boxes" from the jetliners:<ref>((Cite news |first=William |last=Bunch |title=9/11 "black box" cover-up at Ground Zero? |date=October 28, 2004 |publisher=Philadelphia Newspapers, LLC |url=http://www.pnionline.com/dnblog/extra/archives/001139.html |work=Philadelphia Daily News |access-date=November 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124011925/http://www.pnionline.com/dnblog/extra/archives/001139.html |archive-date=November 24, 2009 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

((blockquote|
At one point, I was assigned to take Federal Agents around the site to search for the black boxes from the planes. We were getting ready to go out. My ATV was parked at the top of the stairs at the Brooks Brothers entrance area. We loaded up about a million dollars worth of equipment and strapped it into the ATV. There were a total of four black boxes. We found three.<ref>((Cite book|last=Swanson |first=Gail |editor=Dennis Fisin |title= Ground Zero, A collection of personal accounts |year=2003 |publisher=TRAC Team))</ref>
))

=== Bin Laden tapes ===
((Main|Videos of Osama bin Laden))

A series of interviews, audio and videotapes were released in the years following the 9/11 attacks that were reported to be from Osama bin Laden. In the first of these the speaker denied responsibility for the attacks. On September 17, 2001, in a statement issued to [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], Bin Laden is quoted as saying: "The U.S. government has consistently blamed me for being behind every occasion its enemies attack it. I would like to assure the world that I did not plan the recent attacks, which seems to have been planned by people for personal reasons."<ref>((Cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/index.html |title=Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks CNN September 17, 2001 |publisher=CNN |date=September 17, 2001 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090738/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/index.html |archive-date=July 7, 2009 ))</ref>

In a tape released in December 2001 known as 'the [[Jalalabad]] tape', the speaker is alleged to have foreknowledge of the attacks. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] claimed the tape was probably from [[Osama bin Laden]]. ((Citation needed|date=September 2011)) Some observers, especially people in the [[Muslim world]], doubted the authenticity of the tape.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/september11/story/0,11209,619188,00.html U.S. urged to detail origin of tape] ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' December 15, 2001.</ref> On December 20, 2001, German TV channel "[[Das Erste]]" broadcast an analysis of the White House's translation of the videotape. On the program ''Monitor'', two independent translators and an expert on [[Oriental Studies]] found the White House's translation to be both inaccurate and manipulative, stating, "At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic", and that the words used that indicate foreknowledge can not be heard at all in the original. Prof. Gernot Rotter, professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies at the Asia-Africa Institute at the [[University of Hamburg]], said "The American translators who listened to the tapes and transcribed them apparently wrote a lot of things in that they wanted to hear but that cannot be heard on the tape no matter how many times you listen to it."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021218105636/http://www.wdr.de/tv/monitor/beitraege.phtml?id=379 "Bin-Laden-Video: Falschübersetzung als Beweismittel?] WDR, Das Erste, MONITOR Nr. 485 am December 20, 2001</ref>
Some members of [[Scholars for 9/11 Truth]] believe that the man in this videotape is not Osama bin Laden at all, citing differences in weight and facial features, along with his wearing of a gold ring, which is forbidden by Muslim law, and writing with his right hand although bin Laden was left-handed.<ref>((cite web|author=Looking Glass News |url=http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=6233 |title=Osama Tape Appears Fake, Experts Conclude |publisher=Looking Glass News |access-date=March 23, 2010))</ref>

In an audiotape released in November 2007, Bin Laden claimed responsibility for the attacks and denied the [[Taliban]] and the Afghan government or people had any prior knowledge of the attacks.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/alqaida/page/0,12643,839823,00.html |title=Timeline: the al-Qaida tapes The Guardian Unlimited |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=July 20, 2009 ))</ref><ref name=autogenerated5>((Cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL2912911920071129?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Bin Laden urges Europe to quit Afghanistan Reuters UK November 29, 2007 |publisher=Uk.reuters.com |date=November 29, 2007 |access-date=July 20, 2009))</ref><ref name=Reuters-Voice>((Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKWAT00851220071129 |title=U.S. says voice on Qaeda tape appears to be bin Laden |publisher=Reuters |date=November 29, 2007 |access-date=September 15, 2009))</ref> In an interview with al-Jazeera, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] and [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]], two of al-Qaeda's alleged masterminds of the attacks, also confessed their involvement in the attacks.<ref>((cite news|title=We left out nuclear targets, for now|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/04/alqaida.terrorism|access-date=July 11, 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=March 3, 2003|location=London))</ref>

=== CIA recruitment efforts ===
[[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]], who headed the government's anti-terrorism efforts in 2001, theorized CIA director [[George Tenet]] ordered the agency to withhold information about [[Nawaf al-Hazmi]] and [[Khalid al-Mihdhar]] from the rest of the government in an effort to cover up the agency's recruitment of the two. George Tenet released a statement denying the agency deliberately withheld information about the pair and noted Clarke himself said he had no proof.<ref>Shenon, Philip. [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/08/11/september-11th-anniversary-richard-clarke-s-explosive-cia-cover-up-charge.html "An Explosive New 9/11 Charge"]. ''[[The Daily Beast]]''. August 11, 2011</ref>

== Motives ==

=== Pax Americana ===
((Main|Pax Americana))

In September 2000 the [[Project for a New American Century]] (PNAC) released a strategic treatise entitled ''Rebuilding America's Defences''. The Defense Planning Guidance of 1992, was drafted by [[Paul Wolfowitz]] on behalf of then [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Dick Cheney]]. This was described as "a blueprint for permanent American global [[hegemony]]" by [[Andrew Bacevich]] in his book ''American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy''.<ref>((cite book |author=Andrew J. Bacevich |title=American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2002 |page=44))</ref>

Matt Taibbi argued in his book ''[[The Great Derangement: A Terrifying True Story of War, Politics, and Religion at the Twilight of the American Empire|The Great Derangement]]'' that conspiracy theorists have taken what is written in the paper "completely out of context", and that the "transformation" referenced in the paper is explicitly said to be a decades-long process to turn the [[Cold War]]-era military into a "new, modern military" which could deal with more localized conflicts.<ref name="tgd">((cite book |last=Taibbi |first=Matt |title=The Great Derangement |publisher=Spiegel & Grau |year=2008 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatderangement00taib/page/9 9–12, 148–166] |isbn=978-0-385-52034-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatderangement00taib/page/9))</ref> He said that, for this to be evidence of motive, either those responsible would have decided to openly state their objectives, or would have read the paper in 2000 and quickly laid the groundwork for the 9/11 attacks using it as inspiration.<ref name="tgd" />

=== Invasions ===
Conspiracy theorists have questioned whether ''[[The Oil Factor]]'' and 9/11 provided the United States and the United Kingdom with a reason to launch a war they had wanted for some time, and suggest that this gives them a strong motive for either carrying out the attacks, or allowing them to take place. For instance, [[Andreas von Bülow]], a former research minister in the German government, has argued that 9/11 was staged to justify the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.<ref>((cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kate |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1447232/German-Sept-11-theory-stokes-anti-US-feeling.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1447232/German-Sept-11-theory-stokes-anti-US-feeling.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Telegraph, Nov 20, 2003 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=November 20, 2003 |access-date=July 20, 2009))((cbignore))</ref> Former Malaysian prime minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] was quoted as saying that there was "strong evidence" that the attacks were faked so that the United States could go to war against Muslims.<ref>((cite web |url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/if-us-could-create-avatar-it-could-fake-911-attacks-mahathir/354031 |title=If US Could Create 'Avatar', It Could Fake 9/11 Attacks: Mahathir Jakarta Times January 21, 2010 |work=Jakarta Globe |access-date=October 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722015907/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/if-us-could-create-avatar-it-could-fake-911-attacks-mahathir/354031 |archive-date=July 22, 2010 ))</ref> In spite of these allegations, the Bush administration specifically rejected proposals to immediately attack Iraq in response to 9/11,<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] pp. 334–336</ref> and acknowledged that there was no evidence of Iraqi involvement in the attacks.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

=== New World Order ===
((Main|New World Order (conspiracy theory)))
[[Alex Jones]] and other personalities hold that 9/11 was initiated by a disparate variety of banking, corporate, globalization, and military interests for the purpose of creating a globalist government. Such [[New World Order conspiracy theories]] predate 9/11.<ref name=Stahl/>

== Suggested historical precedents ==
Conspiracy theorists often point to [[Operation Northwoods]] as a model for the 9/11 attacks, theorizing the attacks were carried out by the U.S. government as a [[false flag]] operation and then blamed on Islamic extremists.<ref name=Knight/><ref>((cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/16693/on-conspiracy-theories/ |author=Arshad Zaman |title=On conspiracy theories |publisher=The Express Tribune |date=May 27, 2010))</ref> Operation Northwoods was an unimplemented, apparently rejected, plan approved by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1962. One proposal in the plan suggested that covert operatives commit multiple acts of terrorism in U.S. cities and blame Cuba, thus providing a pretext for invasion.<ref>((cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662&page=1|title=U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba |work=[[ABC News]] |date=May 1, 2001 |access-date=January 21, 2012))</ref>

[[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine contrasted events which inspired past conspiracy theories with those that inspire 9/11 conspiracy theories such as the [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|assassination of John F. Kennedy]]. ''Time'' called the public assassination of Kennedy a "private, intimate affair" when compared with the attack on the World Trade Center, which was witnessed by millions of people and documented by hundreds of videographers; and said, "there is no event so plain and clear that a determined human being can't find ambiguity in it."<ref name="time" />

== Proponents ==
((Main|9/11 Truth movement))
Many individuals and organizations that support or discuss 9/11 conspiracy theories consider themselves to be part of the 9/11 Truth movement.

[[File:Alex_Jones_NY.jpg|thumb|Alex Jones at a [[9/11 Truth Movement]] event in 2007]]
Prominent adherents of the movement include, among others, radio talk show host [[Alex Jones]], theologian [[David Ray Griffin]], physicist [[Steven E. Jones]], software engineer [[Jim Hoffman]], architect Richard Gage (of [[Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth]]), film producer [[Dylan Avery]], former Governor of Minnesota [[Jesse Ventura]], former member of the U.S. House of Representatives [[Cynthia McKinney]],<ref name=Roff>((cite news |last=Roff |first=Peter |title=Charlie Sheen Joins the 'Truther' 9/11 Conspiracy Theory Fringe |date=September 9, 2009 |url=https://www.usnews.com/blogs/peter-roff/2009/09/09/charlie-sheen-joins-the-truther-911-conspiracy-theory-fringe.html |access-date=September 19, 2009))</ref><ref>((cite news |last=Klepper |first=David |title=From election to COVID, 9/11 conspiracies cast a long shadow |url=https://apnews.com/article/911-conspiracy-qanon-7d288d0678f5cc7425412931b0212009 |access-date=September 8, 2021))</ref> actors [[Daniel Sunjata]], [[Ed Asner]], and [[Charlie Sheen]], political science professor Joseph Diaferia and journalist [[Thierry Meyssan]].<ref name="Powell|2006"/><ref name="Manjoo">((cite news |last=Manjoo |first=Farhad |journal=Salon |date=June 27, 2006 |title=The 9/11 deniers |url=http://www.salon.com/ent/feature/2006/06/27/911_conspiracies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061218041517/http://www.salon.com/ent/feature/2006/06/27/911_conspiracies/ |archive-date=December 18, 2006))</ref><ref name="CBC-Speculation">((cite news |publisher=CBC |date=October 29, 2003 |title=Conspiracy theories: The Speculation |url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/conspiracytheories/speculation.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20031101052401/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/conspiracytheories/speculation.html |archive-date=November 1, 2003 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref> Adherents of the 9/11 Truth movement come from diverse social backgrounds.<ref name="Feuer">((cite news |last=Feuer |first=Alan|date=June 5, 2006|title=500 Conspiracy Buffs Meet to Seek the Truth of 9/11 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/us/05conspiracy.html |work=The New York Times))</ref><ref name="Harvey">((cite news|last=Harvey|first=Adam|date=September 3, 2006|title=9/11 myths busted|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,20341165-5007191,00.html|work=The Sunday Mail (Qld)|access-date=December 8, 2010|archive-date=December 31, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231063243/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/sunday-mail/myths-busted/story-e6frep2o-1111112178647|url-status=dead))</ref><ref name="Curiel">((cite news|last=Curiel|first=Jonathan|title=The Conspiracy to Rewrite 9/11|date=September 3, 2006|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/03/INGR0KRCBA1.DTL|access-date=June 2, 2009 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle))</ref> The movement draws adherents from people of diverse political beliefs including liberals, conservatives, and libertarians.<ref name="Molé|2006"/><ref name="Curiel"/><ref name="Barber">((cite news |last=Barber|first=Peter|date=June 7, 2008|journal=Financial Times|title=The truth is out there|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html|access-date=May 23, 2009|quote=an army of sceptics, collectively described as the 9/11 Truth movement| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090603164130/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html| archive-date=June 3, 2009 | url-status= live))</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] has named [[Alan Sabrosky]] as a key figure in [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] 9/11 conspiracy theories.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/911-conspiracy-theories-2011-8-30.pdf|title=Decade of Deceit: Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories 10 Years Later))</ref><ref>((Cite news |url= http://www.jpost.com/International/ADL-Anti-Semitic-911-theories-still-strong-10-years-on|title=ADL: Anti-Semitic 9/11 theories still strong 10 years on|work=The Jerusalem Post ((!)) JPost.com|access-date=December 14, 2017))</ref>

Among the organizations that actively discuss and promote such theories are Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth, a group that focuses on the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings; [[9/11 Truth movement#9/11 Truth|9/11 Truth]], founded in 2004; [[Scholars for 9/11 Truth]], founded in 2005, and [[9/11 Truth movement#Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice|Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice]], a group that split from Scholars for 9/11 Truth in 2007 and runs the online publication ''Journal of 9/11 Studies''; [[9/11 Citizens Watch]], which was already formed in 2002; and the [[William Rodriguez|Hispanic Victims Group]]. Several of these groups have collected signatures on petitions asking for further investigation of the September 11 attacks.<ref name=ArchitectsEngineers>((cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/feb/22/inside-the-beltway-70128635/?feat=home_columns |author=Jennifer Harper |title=Explosive News |work=The Washington Times |date=February 22, 2010))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/utzons-son-signs-up-for-september-11-conspiracy-theory-20091124-jhf7.html |author=Sean Nicholls |title=Utzon's son signs up for September 11 conspiracy theory |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=November 25, 2009))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/12598/2/ |title=1,000 Architects and Engineers ask for New 9-11 Investigation |publisher=Macedonian International News Agency |date=February 21, 2010 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164433/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/12598/2/ |url-status=dead ))</ref>

In 2004, [[John Buchanan (American politician)|John Buchanan]] ran for president on a "9/11 Truth" platform.<ref name=upi>((cite news | first=Jillian | last=Jonas | title=Challenge by 'honest Republican' | date = January 25, 2004 | url = http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2004/01/25/Analysis-Challenge-by-honest-Republican/UPI-77191075046442/ | publisher = United Press International |access-date=May 29, 2011))</ref>

9/11 Conspiracy theory critic [[Jonathan Kay]] asserts that for the most part proponents are not out for financial gain and in some cases have left lucrative careers to become activists.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/the_persistence_of_conspiracy_theories/24330366.html The Persistence of Conspiracy Theories Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty September 16, 2011].</ref>

Dr Michael Wood and Dr Karen Douglas [[University of Kent]] psychologists who specialize in conspiracy theories<ref>[http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-07-psychologists-online-conspiracy-theories.html Psychologists investigate online communication of conspiracy theories Medical Press July 10, 2013].</ref> examined the comments sections of over 2000 news articles relating to the collapse of World Trade Center 7. They found that proponents of 9/11 conspiracy theories were more likely to try and debunk the mainstream account than promote their own theories and also were more likely to believe in other conspiracy theories. Proponents of the mainstream account tended to argue for that account and showed a greater hostility toward conspiracy theory proponents.<ref>((Cite journal |doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00409|pmid = 23847577|pmc = 3703523|title = "What about building 7?" A social psychological study of online discussion of 9/11 conspiracy theories|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 4|pages = 409|year = 2013|last1 = Wood|first1 = Michael J.|last2 = Douglas|first2 = Karen M.|doi-access = free))</ref>

=== Analysis ===
According to a 2011 analysis in a ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'' article, people involved in this movement, which seemingly is a disparate group with very diversified backgrounds, could be classified into three groups. They join the movement for different reasons, loosely self-assemble to fill different roles and are united by their shared mistrust in experts and the establishment (government and reputable sources of knowledge), and conspiratorial stance. Through their engagement, they each find their own fulfillment and satisfaction. Together, they contribute to the persistence, resilience and exaggerated claims of acceptance (in general public) of the movement. These three groups are:<ref name=Bartlett>((cite journal |last1=Bartlett |first1=Jamie |last2=Miller |first2=Carl |title=A Bestiary of the 9/11 Truth Movement: Notes from the Front Line |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=35.4 |issue=July/August |pages=43–46 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] |url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/a_bestiary_of_the_9_11_truth_movement_notes_from_the_front_line |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001051753/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/a_bestiary_of_the_9_11_truth_movement_notes_from_the_front_line |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
* Hard core: The organizers and active members of the various 9/11 Truth Movement organizations. They produce the information, spot the anomalies and technical inconsistencies, provide the technical base and form the theories. While they claim to be only interested in facts and to use [[scientific method]], they commit the logical fallacy of '[[confirmation bias]]' by pre-determining the outcome, then searching for corroborating evidence while ignoring the vast body of [[peer-review]]ed, independent, consensual research which contradict their theories. They supply the physical structure of the movement by organizing events, seminars, discussions, marches and distributing flyers and pamphlets. Their numbers are relatively small but they are tight-knit and highly connected. Their worldview favors 'super-conspiracy', a master plan that is behind conspiracies which they believe they are uncovering.<ref name=Bartlett/>
* Critically turned: They are the young students and political activists whose affiliation with the 9/11 Truth Movement often is rooted from their dissatisfaction and anger at the established political and social order. Their sense of justice and [[idealism]] propels them to activism against perceived oppression and social injustice. Their penchant to use Internet, especially [[social media]], and tech savvy make them the propaganda machine for the movement. They produce [[YouTube]] videos and films with cool, countercultural content, make good use of pop culture parody and eye-catching graphics. The countercultural street cred of their productions buy them broad appeal and exposure to millions of people.<ref name=Bartlett/>
* Illiterati: They are the movement's mass membership backbone, a large, diffuse group which give the movement exaggerated claims of popularity and influence. Participation in the 9/11 Truth Movement, to this group of people, is as much a social and recreational pursuit as the quest for truth. Their partaking is mostly through [[web 2.0]] social networking and YouTube. Their commentaries often are emotional and they make no pretense to be accurate, balanced or to show genuine intent to find truth. Involvement with the movement that fit their worldview gives them a sense of identity and belonging, which they find more appealing than the facts and evidences of the 9/11 terrorist attack itself.<ref name=Bartlett/>

== Media reaction ==
While discussion and coverage of these theories is mainly confined to Internet pages, books, documentary films, and conversation, a number of mainstream news outlets around the world have covered the issue.

The Norwegian version of the July 2006 ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'' sparked interest when they ran, on their own initiative, a three-page main story on the 9/11 attacks and summarized the various types of 9/11 conspiracy theories (which were not specifically endorsed by the newspaper, only recensed).<ref>[http://www.lmd.no/index.php?article=947 11.September – en innsidejobb?], Norwegian edition of ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', July 2006. See also English translation: Kim Bredesen, [http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2006-07-21-bredesen-en.html Was 9/11 an inside job?] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813083428/http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2006-07-21-bredesen-en.html |date=August 13, 2006 ))</ref> In December 2006, the French version published an article by [[Alexander Cockburn]], co-editor of ''[[CounterPunch]]'', which strongly criticized the alleged endorsement of conspiracy theories by the U.S. left-wing, alleging that it was a sign of "theoretical emptiness."<ref>
* ((cite web|url=http://mondediplo.com/2006/12/02conspiracy |title=Distractions from awful reality – US: the conspiracy that wasn't |author=Alexander Cockburn |publisher=Le Monde diplomatique |date=December 2, 2006 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |author-link=Alexander Cockburn|ref=none ))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2006/12/COCKBURN/14270 |author=Alexander Cockburn |publisher=Le Monde diplomatique |date=December 2, 2006 |title=Scepticisme ou occultisme? Le complot du 11-Septembre n'aura pas lieu |access-date=May 29, 2014 |language=fr |author-link=Alexander Cockburn |ref=none))
* ((cite web|url=http://ir.mondediplo.com/article1024.html |script-title=fa:توطئه ۱۱ سپتامبر سرنخواهد گرفت |title=The September 11 conspiracy will resume on|date=December 2006 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |language=fa ))
* ((cite web|url=http://diplo.uol.com.br/2006-12,a1465 |title=PODERES IMAGINÁRIOS – A "conspiração" das Torres Gêmeas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107091414/http://diplo.uol.com.br/2006-12%2Ca1465 |archive-date=January 7, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |language=pt ))</ref>

Also, on the Canadian website for ''CBC News: [[The Fifth Estate (TV)|The Fifth Estate]]'', a program titled, "Conspiracy Theories: uncovering the facts behind the myths of Sept. 11, 2001" was broadcast on October 29, 2003, stating that what they found may be more surprising than any theories.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/conspiracytheories/ CBC News: the fifth estate: Conspiracy Theories] at cbc.ca ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917233125/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/conspiracytheories/ |date=September 17, 2013 ))</ref> On November 27, 2009, ''The Fifth Estate'' aired a documentary entitled ''The Unofficial Story'' where several prominent members of the 9/11 Truth Movement made their case.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/was-911-a-conspiracy-truthers-make-their-case/article1378976/ |title=Was 9/11 a conspiracy? 'Truthers' make their case Toronto Globe and Mail November 26, 2009 |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Canada |date= November 26, 2009|access-date=October 15, 2010 |first=Andrew |last=Ryan| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100927222044/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/was-911-a-conspiracy-truthers-make-their-case/article1378976/| archive-date=September 27, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/2009-2010/the_unofficial_story/ |title=CBC Website The Unofficial Story Webpage |publisher=CBC |location=Canada |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082113/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/2009-2010/the_unofficial_story/| archive-date=May 11, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref>

An article in the September 11, 2006, edition of ''Time'' magazine comments that the major 9/11 conspiracy theories "depend on circumstantial evidence, facts without analysis or documentation, quotes taken out of context and the scattered testimony of traumatized eyewitnesses", and enjoy continued popularity because "the idea that there is a malevolent controlling force orchestrating global events is, in a perverse way, comforting". It concludes that "conspiracy theories are part of the process by which Americans deal with traumatic public events" and constitute "an American form of national mourning."<ref>Grossman, Lev. (2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104175923/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531304-1,00.html Time.com]&nbsp;– Why The 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away.</ref>

Australian newspaper ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'' published an article titled "The CIA couldn't have organised this&nbsp;..." which said "The same people who are making a mess of Iraq were never so clever or devious that they could stage a complex assault on two narrow towers of steel and glass" and "if there is a nefarious plot in all this bad planning, it is one improvised by a confederacy of dunces". This article mainly attacked a group of scientists led by Professor [[Steven E. Jones]], now called [[9/11 Truth Movement#Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice|Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice]]. They said "most of them aren't scientists but instructors&nbsp;... at second-rate colleges".<ref name="CIACouldntHaveOrganisedThis">((Cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/09/08/ftterror08.xml&page=4 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011190156/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2006%2F09%2F08%2Fftterror08.xml&page=4 |url-status = dead |archive-date = October 11, 2007 |title = The CIA couldn't have organised this&nbsp;... |work = The Daily Telegraph |location = London |author = Michael Shelden |access-date = September 23, 2009 |date = September 8, 2006 ))</ref>

''The Daily Telegraph'' also published an article in May 2007 that was highly critical of ''Loose Change 2'', a movie which presents a 9/11 conspiracy theory.<ref>((Cite news|last=Blair |first=Tim |url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/opinion/story/0,22049,21671628-5001031,00.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Virgin's 9/11 Farce |date=May 5, 2007 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705224534/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/opinion/story/0%2C22049%2C21671628-5001031%2C00.html |archive-date=July 5, 2009 ))</ref>

Doug MacEachern in a May 2008 column for ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'' wrote that while many "9/11 truthers" are not crackpots that espouse "crackpot conspiracy theories", supporters of the theories fail to take into account both human nature and that nobody has come forward claiming they were participants in the alleged conspiracies.<ref>((cite web |url=https://azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/0511vip-maceachern0511.html |title=Truthers are overlooking key point about 9/11 Human nature Doug MacEachern for the Arizona Republic May 11, 2008 |publisher=Azcentral.com |date=May 11, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305224324/https://azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/0511vip-maceachern0511.html |url-status=dead ))</ref> This view was seconded by Timothy Giannuzzi, a ''[[Calgary Herald]]'' [[op-ed]] columnist specializing in foreign policy.<ref>((cite news |last=Calgary |first=The |url=http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/theeditorialpage/story.html?id=0bc82ffe-1e2e-4991-93ea-0f384b864bad&p=2 |title=Washington can't live up to standards of 9/11 'truthers Timothy Giannuzzi for the Calgary Herald July 10, 2008 |publisher=Canada.com |date=July 10, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918100543/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/theeditorialpage/story.html?id=0bc82ffe-1e2e-4991-93ea-0f384b864bad&p=2 |archive-date=September 18, 2009 ))</ref>

On June 7, 2008, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' published a lengthy article on the [[9/11 Truth Movement]] and 9/11 conspiracy theories.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html |title=The Truth Is Out There |work=Financial Times |author=Peter Barber |date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=September 20, 2009))</ref>

[[Charlie Brooker]], a British comedian and multimedia personality, in a July 2008 column published by ''[[The Guardian]]'' as part of its "Comment is free" series agreed that 9/11 conspiracy theorists fail to take in account human fallacies and added that believing in these theories gives theorists a sense of belonging to a community that shares privileged information thus giving the theorists a delusional sense of power.<ref>((Cite news|author=Charlie Brooker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jul/14/september11.usa |title=So, you believe in conspiracy theories, do you? You probably also think you're the Emperor of Pluto Charles Brooker for The Guardian Unlimited July 14, 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=September 20, 2009 |date=July 14, 2008))</ref> The commentary generated over 1700 online responses, the largest in the history of the series.<ref>((Cite news|author=Dan Hind |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jul/17/september11 |title=Who knows what happened on 9/11? Dan Hind for The Guardian Unlimited July 17, 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=September 20, 2009 | date=July 17, 2008))</ref> In a September 2009 piece, ''The Guardian'' was more supportive of 9/11 conspiracy theories, asking, "when did it become uncool to ask questions? When did questioners become imbeciles?"<ref>((Cite news|author=Charlie Skelton |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2009/sep/11/ground-zero-bbc-protest |title=9/11 anniversary: a lovely day for a spot of protesting at the BBC Charlie Skelton for The Guardian Unlimited September 11, 2009 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=January 9, 2010 |date=September 11, 2009))</ref>

On September 12, 2008, [[All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company|Russian State Television]] broadcast in prime time a documentary made by [[Member of the European Parliament]] [[Giulietto Chiesa]] entitled ''Zero'', sympathetic to those who question the accepted account of the attacks according to Chiesa. According to [[Thierry Meyssan]] in conjunction with the documentary, Russian State Television aired a debate on the subject. The panel consisted of members from several countries including 12 Russians who hold divergent views. The motive of Russian State Television in broadcasting the documentary was questioned by a commentator from ''[[The Other Russia (coalition)|The Other Russia]]'' who noted that Russian State Television had a history of broadcasting programs involving [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] involving the [[United States government]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3626100,00.html |title=DPA News Agency Filmmaker Urges International Tribunal to Probe 9/11 September 9, 2008 |publisher=Dw-world.de |access-date=July 20, 2009))</ref>

Nasir Mahmood in a commentary printed by the ''[[Pakistan Observer]]'' wrote favorably about a 9/11 truth lecture and film festival held in California and quoted a Jewish speaker at that festival who said that none of the 19 suspected hijackers had been proven guilty of anything and compared racism against Muslims resulting from what he called false accusations to the racism against Jews in the Nazi era.<ref>((cite web|url=http://pakobserver.net/200809/15/news/topstories07.asp |title=19 Muslims involved in 9/11 never proved guilty by anybody |author=Nasir Mahmood |publisher=Pakistan Observer |date=September 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918020434/http://pakobserver.net/200809/15/news/topstories07.asp |archive-date=September 18, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref>

On November 10, 2008, [[ITN]] broadcast a story summarizing various 9/11 conspiracy theories.<ref name=ITN081110>((cite web|url=http://itn.co.uk/news/eb25eb27b4c1315a34017442fb7831a7.html |title=9/11 conspiracy theories exposed ITN November 10, 2008 |publisher=Itn.co.uk |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122213036/http://itn.co.uk/news/eb25eb27b4c1315a34017442fb7831a7.html |archive-date=January 22, 2009 ))</ref>

The emergence of the [[birther movement]] in 2009 has led to comparisons between that movement and the 9/11 Truth movement, with both movements seen in a very negative light. [[Moon landing conspiracy theories]] have also been compared to the birther and 9/11 conspiracy theories. James Borne, a journalist for ''[[The New York Times]]'' who covered the [[September 11 attacks]], described his assignment covering a 9/11 truth meeting as "[p]erhaps the most intellectually scary assignment I have had in recent years".<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/world-agenda-to-tell-you-the-truth-these-conspiracists-scare-me-c0fxqfnx3jk |title=World Agenda: To tell you the truth, these conspiracists scare me|work=[[The Times]]|date= August 4, 2009|author=James Bone))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/ben-cohen/why-the-birthers-matter_b_243647.html |title=Why the Birthers Matter |work=Huffington Post |date= July 23, 2009|access-date=May 30, 2011 |first=Ben |last=Cohen| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511213243/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ben-cohen/why-the-birthers-matter_b_243647.html| archive-date=May 11, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref><ref>[http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2009/08/birthers-versus-truthers/27374/ "Birthers Versus Truthers"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830140825/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2009/08/birthers-versus-truthers/27374/ |date=August 30, 2012 )). ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' August 3, 2009</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0808/1224252235086.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218132405/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0808/1224252235086.html|archive-date=February 18, 2011 |title=Conspiracy theorists seek order in a terrifying world|newspaper=The Irish Times |date=August 8, 2009 |access-date=May 30, 2011))</ref>

On August 31, 2009, the [[National Geographic Channel]] aired the program ''9/11 Science and Conspiracy'', in which the [[Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center]] tested some of the claims frequently made by those who question the accepted 9/11 account. Specifically, the experiments concluded that burning jet fuel alone can sufficiently raise the temperature of a steel support column to the point of structural failure, that a controlled demolition using conventional techniques would leave clear evidence that was not found at Ground Zero, that using [[thermite]] is not an effective technique to melt a steel column, and that even if thermite chemical signatures were found, it would be impossible to tell if thermite was actually used or if the traces came from the reaction of aircraft aluminum with other substances in the fire. The testing also concluded that the type of hole found at the Pentagon was consistent with the standard scenario, and that damage from a bombing or missile attack would differ from the damage that occurred. In the program, several prominent 9/11 conspiracy theorists viewed rough edits of the experiments, and expressed their disagreement with the findings.<ref>((cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/9-11-science-and-conspiracy-4067/ |title=9/11 Science and Conspiracy Theory Website |publisher=Channel.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=May 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518135528/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/9-11-science-and-conspiracy-4067/ |archive-date=May 18, 2011 ))</ref><ref>[[National Geographic Channel]] 9/11 Science and Conspiracy.</ref>

The British left wing magazine ''[[New Statesman]]'' listed [[David Ray Griffin]] as the 41st most important person who matters today. The magazine said that Griffin's "books on the subject have lent a sheen of respectability that appeals to people at the highest levels of government". The publication listed 9/11 conspiracy theories as "one of the most pernicious global myths".<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2009/09/world-fashion-gay-india-church |title=The 50 people who matter today: 41–50 |work=New Statesman |location=UK |date=September 24, 2009 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607182955/http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2009/09/world-fashion-gay-india-church| archive-date=June 7, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref> Griffin's book ''The New Pearl Harbor Revisited'' was chosen by Publishers Weekly as a "Pick of the Week" in November 2008.<ref>((Cite news|last=Henry |first=Kendra |title=Full 9/11 story is not told, says visiting WU speaker |journal=Webster University Journal |date=April 29, 2010 |url=http://media.www.webujournal.com/media/storage/paper245/news/2010/04/29/News/Full-911.Story.Is.Not.Told.Says.Visiting.Wu.Speaker-3914619.shtml |access-date=May 1, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503223325/http://media.www.webujournal.com/media/storage/paper245/news/2010/04/29/News/Full-911.Story.Is.Not.Told.Says.Visiting.Wu.Speaker-3914619.shtml |archive-date=May 3, 2010 ))</ref>

Denver [[public television]] [[KBDI-TV]] has aired 9/11 truth documentaries several times. The stations spokesperson claimed airing these documentaries has been a boon for the stations fund raising efforts.<ref>((cite news|last=Carroll |first=Vincent |url=http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_13422315 |title=Carroll: Public TV and the Truthers |work=[[The Denver Post]] |date= September 26, 2009 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033035/http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_13422315| archive-date=June 5, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref>

[[Glenn Beck]], television and radio host, said of the allegations: "There are limits to debasement of this country, aren't there? I mean, it's one thing to believe that our politicians are capable of being [[Bernie Madoff]]. It's another to think that they are willing to kill 3,000 Americans. Once you cross that line, you're in a whole new territory."<ref name="WSJ Watching">((Cite news|last=Taranto |first=James |journal=Wall Street Journal |title='Nobody's Watching Charlie Rose' |date=January 18, 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703436504574641192528461858 |access-date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119061813/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703436504574641192528461858.html |archive-date=January 19, 2010 |url-status=live ))</ref>

In March 2010, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' editorialized against [[Yukihisa Fujita]], a prominent Japanese politician who has espoused 9/11 conspiracy theories. They described Fujita as a man "susceptible to the imaginings of the lunatic fringe". It went on to say that the [[Japan–United States relations|U.S.–Japan alliance]] would be "severely tested" if Fujita's party continued to tolerate these kinds of comments.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702354.html |title=A leading Japanese politician espouses a 9/11 fantasy Washington Post March 8, 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date= March 8, 2010|access-date=October 15, 2010))</ref>

For the ninth anniversary of the attacks the Egyptian daily ''[[Al-masry Al-youm]]'' published an article questioning the U.S. Government story and promoting conspiracy theories. The senior analyst for the semi-official [[Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies]] and a member of Parliament from the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] was quoted.

Gordon Farrer, the technology editor for ''[[The Age]]'', theorized in a November 2010 column for the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' that the popularity of 9/11 conspiracy theories was a result of two main factors. One revolved around the personality traits of the theorists themselves (cynical, anxious, belief that they are [[Freethought|freethinkers]]). The second revolved around the high [[internet search]] ranking 9/11 conspiracy theories receive, leading to a false air of authority to the theories. Speaking of the theorists. Farrer wrote that "when politicians and media don't give them voice they feel more threatened, more suspicious, cornered, helpless; and so they go on the attack".<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/blogs/untangling-the-web/dont-get-caught-in-the-web-of-conspiracy-theory-truthiness/20101105-17gq1.html |title=Don't get caught in the web of conspiracy theory truthiness|first= Gordon |last=Farrer|publisher= Sydney Morning Herald – Smh.com.au |date=November 5, 2010 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315183816/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/blogs/untangling-the-web/dont-get-caught-in-the-web-of-conspiracy-theory-truthiness/20101105-17gq1.html| archive-date=March 15, 2011| url-status= live))</ref>

[[Geraldo Rivera]], the host of ''[[Geraldo at Large]]'', a news magazine run by [[Fox News Channel]], expressed openness to questions on causes of the collapse of [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 World Trade Center]].<ref name="Fox takes heat"/> [[Andrew Napolitano]], a legal analyst for Fox News and former judge at the [[New Jersey Superior Court]], voiced support for skepticism about the collapse of the high-rise building, and for Rivera investigating the event.<ref name="Fox takes heat">((cite news|publisher=CNN|title=Fox takes heat from left and right over analysts|date=December 1, 2010|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/12/01/fox-takes-heat-from-left-and-right-over-analyst/|access-date=December 8, 2010|archive-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218025754/https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/12/01/fox-takes-heat-from-left-and-right-over-analyst/|url-status=dead))</ref>

Alex Jones syndicated radio program was dropped by 70 radio stations when he began espousing 9/11 conspiracy theories.<ref name=StrangeMan/><ref>((cite magazine|last=Zaitchik|first=Alexander|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/talk-radios-alex-jones-the-most-paranoid-man-in-america-20110302 |title=Meet Alex Jones, the Talk Radio Host Behind Charlie Sheen's Crazy Rants|magazine=Rolling Stone |date=March 2, 2011 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628221649/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/talk-radios-alex-jones-the-most-paranoid-man-in-america-20110302| archive-date=June 28, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref> On August 29, 2010, [[BBC Two]] broadcast a program entitled ''The Conspiracy Files: 9/11 – Ten Years On''.<ref name=BBCMag/>

On September 5, 2011, ''[[The Guardian]]'' published an article entitled, "9/11 conspiracy theories debunked". The article noted that unlike the collapse of World Trade Centers 1 and 2 a controlled demolition collapses a building from the bottom and explains that the windows popped because of collapsing floors. The article also said there are conspiracy theories that claim that [[7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)|7 World Trade Center]] was also downed by a controlled demolition, that the Pentagon being hit by a missile, that the hijacked planes were packed with explosives and flown by remote control, that Israel was behind the attacks, that a plane headed for the Pentagon was shot down by a missile, that there was [[insider trading]] by people who had foreknowledge of the attacks were all false.<ref>((cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/05/9-11-conspiracy-theories-debunked|title = 9/11 conspiracy theories debunked|date = September 5, 2011|access-date = February 5, 2016|website = [[The Guardian]]|last = McGreal|first = Chris|location = Washington, D.C.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205131010/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/05/9-11-conspiracy-theories-debunked|archive-date = February 5, 2016|url-status = live))</ref>

[[Toure Neblett]], who has Tweeted his suspicions about the attack on the Pentagon, is one of the hosts of the [[MSNBC]] program ''[[The Cycle (TV series)|The Cycle]]'', which debuted on June 25, 2012.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://times247.com/articles/msnbc-show-to-star-9-11-conspiracy-theorist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915142251/http://times247.com/articles/msnbc-show-to-star-9-11-conspiracy-theorist |url-status=dead |title=times247.com|archive-date=September 15, 2012|website=times247.com))</ref>

== Criticism ==
Critics of these conspiracy theories say they are a form of [[conspiracism]] common throughout history after a traumatic event in which [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] emerge as a mythic form of explanation.<ref name="Barkun|2003"/> A related criticism addresses the form of research on which the theories are based. Thomas W. Eagar, an engineering professor at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], suggested they "use the 'reverse scientific method'. They determine what happened, throw out all the data that doesn't fit their conclusion, and then hail their findings as the only possible conclusion." Eagar's criticisms also exemplify a common stance that the theories are best ignored. "I've told people that if the argument gets too mainstream, I'll engage in the debate." According to him, this happened when Steve Jones, a physics professor at [[Brigham Young University]], took up the issue.<ref>((cite web |last = Walch |first = Tad |year = 2006 |url = http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,645200098,00.html |title = Controversy dogs Y.'s Jones |work = Utah news |publisher = Deseret News Publishing Company |access-date = September 9, 2006 |archive-date = March 2, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070302104135/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,645200098,00.html |url-status = dead ))</ref>

[[Michael Shermer]], writing in ''[[Scientific American]]'', said:
"The mistaken belief that a handful of unexplained anomalies can undermine a well-established theory lies at the heart of all conspiratorial thinking. All the evidence for a 9/11 conspiracy falls under the rubric of this fallacy. Such notions are easily refuted by noting that scientific theories are not built on single facts alone but on a convergence of evidence assembled from multiple lines of inquiry."<ref name="SciAm"/>

''[[Scientific American]]'',<ref name="SciAm">((cite journal|title = Fahrenheit 2777, 9/11 has generated the mother of all conspiracy theories |journal = Scientific American |date=June 2005|last = Shermer |first = Michael |volume = 292 |issue = 6 |pages = 38 |pmid = 15934650 |author-link = Michael Shermer |url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fahrenheit-2777))</ref> ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'',<ref>((cite web|title = Debunking The 9/11 Myths&nbsp;— Mar. 2005 Cover Story |publisher = Popular Mechanics |date=March 2005 |url = http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/1227842))</ref> and ''[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]''<ref>((cite web|title = Mass Media Bunk – 9/11 conspiracies: the war on critical thinking |publisher = The Skeptic's Dictionary |author= Carroll, Robert Todd |date=March 30, 2006 |url = http://skepdic.com/refuge/bunk27.html|author-link = Robert Todd Carroll ))</ref> have published articles that rebut various 9/11 conspiracy theories. ''Popular Mechanics'' has published a book entitled ''[[Debunking 9/11 Myths]]'' that expands upon the research first presented in the article.<ref>((cite web |title=Debunking The 9/11 Myths blog |publisher=Popular Mechanics |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blog/911mythsblog |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060813114159/http://www.popularmechanics.com/blog/911mythsblog |archive-date=August 13, 2006 |access-date=May 29, 2014))</ref> In the foreword for the book [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[John McCain]] wrote that blaming the U.S. government for the events "mars the memories of all those lost on that day" and "exploits the public's anger and sadness. It shakes Americans' faith in their government at a time when that faith is already near an all-time low. It trafficks in ugly, unfounded accusations of extraordinary evil against fellow Americans."<ref>((cite book |editor1-last= Dunbar |editor1-first= D. |editor2-last= Reagan |editor2-first= B. |contribution=Foreword |contribution-url= http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/3491861.html?page=4 |first=John |last=McCain |title=Debunking 9/11 myths |date= August 4, 2006 |work=Popularmechanics.com |access-date= July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714131744/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/3491861.html?page=4 |archive-date=July 14, 2009))</ref> ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' dismissed 9/11 conspiracy theories as a "panoply of the absurd", stating "as diverse as these theories and their adherents may be, they share a basic thought pattern: great tragedies must have great reasons."<ref>((cite web|author = Cziesche, Dominik |author2=Jürgen Dahlkamp |author3=Ulrich Fichtner |author4=Ulrich Jaeger |author5=Gunther Latsch |author6=Gisela Leske |author7=Max F. Ruppert |date=September 8, 2003 |url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,265160,00.html| title = Panoply of the Absurd |work=Der Spiegel))</ref>

Journalist [[Matt Taibbi]], in his book ''[[The Great Derangement: A Terrifying True Story of War, Politics, and Religion at the Twilight of the American Empire|The Great Derangement]]'', discusses 9/11 conspiracy theories as symptomatic of what he calls the "derangement" of American society; a disconnection from reality due to widespread "disgust with our political system".<ref name="tgd"/> Drawing a parallel with the [[Charismatic Movement]], he argues that both "chose to battle bugbears that were completely idiotic, fanciful, and imaginary," instead of taking control of their own lives.<ref name="tgd" /> While critical, Taibbi explains that 9/11 conspiracy theories are different from "[[Bill Clinton|Clinton]]-era [[Black helicopter|black-helicopter paranoia]]", and constitute more than "a small, scattered group of nutcases [...] they really were, just as they claim to be, almost everyone you meet."<ref name="tgd" />

[[David Aaronovitch]], a columnist for ''[[The Times]]'', in his book entitled ''Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History'' that was published in May 2009, claimed that the theories strain credulity.<ref name="women.timesonline.co.uk"/> He charges that 9/11 conspiracy theorists have exaggerated the expertise of those supporting their theories, and says 9/11 conspiracy theorists, including [[David Ray Griffin]], cross-cite each other.<ref>((cite news|last=Aaronovitch|first=David|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704238104574602042125998498|title=A Conspiracy-Theory Theory|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=December 19, 2009|access-date=October 6, 2020))</ref> He also claims the popularity of 9/11 conspiracy theories has hurt the [[War on Terror]]. According to Aaronovitch, because a significant portion of educated Pakistanis believe that [[George W. Bush]] brought the towers down, dealing with the [[Taliban]] is difficult "because they actually don't believe the fundamental premise on which the war against terror was waged".<ref>((cite news|last=Aaronovitch |first=David |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123127032 |title=Debunking Conspiracy Theories In 'Voodoo Histories' National Public Radio (United States) January 30, 2010 |publisher=Npr.org |date=January 30, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010))</ref>

[[Harvard University|Harvard]] law professor [[Cass Sunstein]] co-authored a 2009 paper which used members of the 9/11 Truth movement and others as examples of people who suffer from "crippled epistemologies", to public trust and the political system. He wrote that "[t]hey do not merely undermine democratic debate&nbsp;[...] In extreme cases, they create or fuel violence. If government can dispel such theories, it should do so."<ref name=StrangeMan/>

In June 2011, the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] (RIBA) was criticized for hosting a lecture by Richard Gage, president of Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth. Rick Bell, the director of the [[American Institute of Architects]] (AIA) New York chapter, who was a witness to the 9/11 attacks, said that "no amount of money" would persuade him to allow the group to talk at his headquarters and said that Gage lacks credibility among the professional community. [[Kohn Pedersen Fox|Eugine Kohn]], former spokesperson for the AIA, said Gage's theories were "ridiculous", "[t]here were no explosives planted", and "[t]he buildings were definitely brought down by the planes". The decision to host the event was also criticized by the former president of RIBA and the founding president of the AIA's United Kingdom chapter. Gage has been warned by the AIA against giving a false impression that he has a relationship with it. A July 2012 article in the AIA's magazine criticized Gage for continuing to intimate that he has an association with the organization, and claimed that there were no architects at an Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth screening held in an AIA boardroom.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/architecture/architects-shy-from-truther-conspiracy-theory_1.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616211232/http://www.architectmagazine.com/architecture/architects-shy-from-truther-conspiracy-theory_1.aspx |url-status=dead |title=Architects Shy From Truther 9/11 Conspiracy Theory Architect Magazine July 19, 2012|archive-date=June 16, 2013))</ref> RIBA released a statement saying the perception that it endorses events held in its buildings is "regrettable", and said it would review policy on "private hire" of its buildings.<ref>Petrunia, Paul. [http://archinect.com/news/article/11045427/riba-comes-under-fire-for-hosting-bonkers-9-11-talk "RIBA comes under fire for hosting 'bonkers' 9/11 talk"], Archinect News. Retrieved June 28, 2011.</ref> Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan offer scathing criticism of many of the above theories in ''The Eleventh Day'', their 2011 investigation of the attacks.<ref>((cite book |last=Summers |first=Anthony |title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden |url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/91 |url-access=registration |year=2011 |publisher=Ballantine |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/91 91–] |author2=Swan, Robbyn))</ref>

U.S. representative [[Peter T. King]], chairmen of the [[House Homeland Security Committee]], said 9/11 conspiracy theorists "trivialize" the "most tragic event to affect the United States" and that "[p]eople making these claims are disgraceful, and they should be ashamed of themselves".<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/September_11/911-truthers-continue-offer-alternate-claims-sept-11/story?id=14478915 Undaunted, 9/11 Conspiracy Theorists Offer Alternate Theories for How Sept. 11 Terror Attacks Were Carried Out ABC News September 9, 2011].</ref>

The hosts of "[[The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe]]" (the "SGU") have spoken repeatedly about the "absurdity of 9/11 conspiracy theories". In addition to critiquing the theories using the same or similar arguments as the above, the "SGU" hosts say that, like most conspiracy theories, this one collapses under its own weight and contradicts itself. In order for the 9/11 conspiracy theories to be correct, the U.S. government would not only have to orchestrate the claimed false flag operation regarding the airplanes that crashed into the World Trade Center, but they would also have to orchestrate a superfluous controlled demolition and cover their tracks so flawlessly that it becomes indistinguishable to physicists from the "official story", yet the plan would have to be flawed enough so that "losers in their mothers' basement" will discover the conspiracy.<ref>SGU Productions. [http://www.theskepticsguide.org/podcast/sgu/430 "The Skeptics Guide #430 – Oct 12 2013."] ''The Skeptics Guide to the Universe''. SGU Productions: October 12, 2013. October 17, 2013.</ref>

== In politics ==
Former Canadian [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] leader [[Stéphane Dion]] forced a candidate from [[Winnipeg]], Lesley Hughes, to terminate her campaign after earlier writings from Hughes surfaced in which Hughes wrote that U.S., German, Russian and Israeli intelligence officials knew about the 9/11 attacks in advance.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/FederalElection/article/506806 |title=Dion drops candidate over 9/11 remarks Toronto Star September 26, 2008 |work=Toronto Star |date=September 26, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |first=Bruce |last=Campion-Smith))</ref><ref name="BeWaryOfThoseWhoSay911WasAFake">((cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/comment/story.html?id=efc419f6-7030-45c7-b431-8976158b23df |title=Be wary of those who say 9/11 was a fake |date=October 5, 2008 |access-date=September 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006123037/http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/comment/story.html?id=efc419f6-7030-45c7-b431-8976158b23df |archive-date=October 6, 2008 ))</ref> [[Peter Kent]], Deputy Editor of [[Global Television Network]] News and a [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] candidate in the 2008 Canadian election, had earlier called for Hughes's resignation, saying that the 9/11 Truth movement is "one of Canada's most notorious hatemongering fringe movements" composed of "conspiracy theorists who are notorious for holding anti-Semitic views."<ref>((cite web |author=Conservative Party Of Canada |url=https://www.conservative.ca/EN/1091/106439 |title=Dion must fire his anti-israel candidate Conservative Party Press Release September 26, 2008 |publisher=Conservative.ca |date=September 26, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103175309/http://www.conservative.ca/EN/1091/106439 |archive-date=November 3, 2008))</ref> On June 16, 2009, Hughes sued Kent, the [[Canadian Jewish Congress]], the [[B'nai B'rith]] of Canada and four senior members of the two organizations, alleging the [[antisemitic]] allegations were untrue and defamatory and ruined her career.<ref>((cite news |last=Martin |first=Nick |url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/hughes-sues-mp-bnai-brith-says-anti-semite-accusations-have-ruined-career-48864447.html |title=Hughes sues MP, B'Nai Brith Says anti-Semite accusations have ruined career Winnipeg Free Press June 23, 2009 |newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press |publisher=Winnipegfreepress.com |date=June 23, 2009 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628115751/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/hughes-sues-mp-bnai-brith-says-anti-semite-accusations-have-ruined-career-48864447.html |archive-date=June 28, 2009 |url-status=live))</ref> Later, another Conservative Party candidate called for the leader of the [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] to fire a candidate for her pro-9/11 truth views.<ref>((cite web |author=Conservative Party Of Canada |url=https://www.conservative.ca/EN/1091/106644 |title=Ottawa NDP continue to flirt with fringe Conservative Party Press release September 30, 2008 |publisher=Conservative.ca |access-date=July 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103175808/http://www.conservative.ca/EN/1091/106644 |archive-date=November 3, 2008))</ref> [[Zijad Delic]], head of the [[Canadian Islamic Congress]], Canada's largest Muslim advocacy organization, is trying to remove 9/11 conspiracy theorists from its board, in an effort to what he describes as purifying within and totally canadianize the organization.<ref>((cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/saturday-interview-the-cics-canadian-imam |title=Saturday Interview: The CIC's Canadian imam National Post October 2010 |work=National Post |date=October 9, 2010 |location=Canada |access-date=March 5, 2021|last1=Brean |first1=Joseph ))</ref>

In 2008, calls for the resignation of [[Richard Falk]], the special rapporteur on human rights in the Palestinian territories for the United Nations, were partially based on his support investigating the validity of 9/11 conspiracy theories.<ref>((cite news |last=Abrams |first=Joseph |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,369122,00.html |title=Critics Demand Resignation of U.N. Official Who Wants Probe of 9/11 'Inside Job' Theories Fox News June 19, 2008 |publisher=Fox News |date=July 15, 2008 |access-date=July 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715133257/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C369122%2C00.html |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |url-status=dead ))</ref> In 2011, Falk praised a book by David Ray Griffin. Falk was condemned for his remarks by [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] and United States ambassador to the United Nations [[Susan Rice]].<ref>((cite web|last=Liel |first=Alon |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205192 |title=Falk's 9-11 remarks are 'condemned' by UN sec.-gen. |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=January 25, 2011 |access-date=May 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511172523/http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205192| archive-date=May 11, 2011 | url-status= live))</ref>

In February 2009, [[Aymeric Chauprade]], a professor of geopolitics at CID military college in Paris, was fired by French Defence Minister [[Hervé Morin]] for writing a book entitled ''Chronicle of the Clash of Civilizations'' that espoused 9/11 conspiracy theories.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/local_news/French-lecturer-sacked-over-9_11-conspiracy-claims_49327.html |title=French lecturer sacked over 9/11 conspiracy claims AFP/Expatica February 6, 2009 |publisher=Expatica.com |access-date=July 20, 2009 |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406115848/http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/local_news/French-lecturer-sacked-over-9_11-conspiracy-claims_49327.html |url-status=dead ))</ref>

In September 2009, [[Van Jones]], an adviser to US President Barack Obama, resigned after his signature on a 2004 petition calling for an investigation into whether government officials deliberately allowed the 9/11 attacks to occur and other controversial statements came to light drawing criticism. Van Jones said he was a victim of a smear campaign, adding that he does not currently, nor ever has agreed with that theory.<ref name="ObamaDidNotOrderVanJonesResignation">((Cite news| url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/06/obama.adviser.resigns/| title = Obama did not order Van Jones' resignation, adviser says| date = September 6, 2009| publisher = CNN |access-date=September 6, 2009))</ref>

The 9/11 truth movement became an issue in the 2010 Texas Gubernatorial Republican primary when candidate [[Debra Medina]] replied when asked by [[Glenn Beck]] about US government involvement in the 9/11 attacks: "I think some very good questions have been raised in that regard, there are some very good arguments, and I think the American people have not seen all of the evidence there, so I have not taken a position on that." After being criticized for the remarks by opposing candidates, Medina said that she has never been a 9/11 truth movement member and believes the twin towers were attacked by Muslim terrorists.<ref>((cite web|url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2010/02/11/2200374.aspx|title=Perry, KBH blast Medina|publisher=MSNBC|date=February 11, 2010|access-date=October 23, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216135306/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2010/02/11/2200374.aspx|archive-date=February 16, 2010))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2010/0211/Debra-Medina-self-destructs-on-Glenn-Beck-radio-show |title=Debra Medina self-destructs on Glenn Beck radio show Cristian Science Monitor February 11, 2010 |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101022025158/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2010/0211/Debra-Medina-self-destructs-on-Glenn-Beck-radio-show| archive-date=October 22, 2010 | url-status= live))</ref>

[[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Iranian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] made statements that were skeptical of al-Qaeda executing the 9/11 attacks.]]
On September 23, 2010, Iranian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] in a speech to the United Nations said that "[t]he majority of the American people, as well as other nations and politicians, believe [...] some segments within the U.S. government orchestrated the attack to reverse the declining American economy and its grips on the Middle East in order to save the Zionist regime", and that "the majority of the American people as well most nations and politicians around the world agree with this view".<ref>((cite web |title='9/11 was an inside job': Full speech by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at UN |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4phNuwx8Hs |website=YouTube |publisher=RT |access-date=March 25, 2020))</ref> The remarks prompted the United States delegation as well as others to walk out.<ref>((cite web |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/ahmadinejad-suggests-911-conspiracy-theories-by-us-government.html |title=President Obama 'Deeply Offended' by Ahmadinejad Comments On 9/11 ABC September 23, 2010 |publisher=Blogs.abcnews.com |date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026200250/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/ahmadinejad-suggests-911-conspiracy-theories-by-us-government.html |archive-date=October 26, 2010 |url-status=dead))</ref> U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] criticized Ahmadinejad's remarks before the United Nations General Assembly on the following day, saying that "[f]or him to make a statement like that was inexcusable" and called the remarks "offensive" and "hateful".<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/iranian-president-mahmoud-ahmadinejad-united-nations-investigate-9-11-conspiracy-theory-article-1.439238 |title=Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: United Nations needs to investigate my 9/11 conspiracy theory |work=Daily News |location=New York |date=September 24, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |first=Samuel |last=Goldsmith ))</ref> Previously Ahmadinejad had described the 9/11 attacks as a "suspect event"<ref name="IranPresidentCastsDoubtOnSuspect911">((cite web| url = http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-04-16-iran-president-casts-doubt-on-suspect-911| title = Iran president casts doubt on 'suspect' 9/11| author = Stuart Williams| date = April 16, 2008| publisher = [[Mail & Guardian]] |access-date=September 20, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002080136/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-04-16-iran-president-casts-doubt-on-suspect-911| archive-date=October 2, 2009 | url-status= live))</ref> and suggested that the Bush Administration was involved in 9/11.<ref name="911MythsBusted">((Cite news |url= http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,,20341165-5003406,00.html |title=9/11 myths busted |author=Adam Harvey |date=September 3, 2006 |publisher=[[The Courier-Mail]] |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081008090742/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0%2C%2C20341165-5003406%2C00.html |archive-date=October 8, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2014 ))</ref><ref name="AhmadinejadQuotes">((cite news| url= http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1145961353170&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull| title= Ahmadinejad quotes |date=May 22, 2006| publisher= [[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=September 20, 2009))((dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic))</ref> The Iranian president repeated his claims in 2011 with another appearance at the UN and was thereafter criticized in an article appearing in al-Qaeda's magazine, ''[[Inspire (magazine)|Inspire]]''. The article claimed that Ahmadinejad was jealous of al-Qaeda because the stateless and under-fire Islamic terrorist organization did on 9/11 what Iran could not do.<ref>((cite web |url= https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/28/al-qaeda-ahmadinejad-end-911-theories_n_985265.html |title=Al Qaeda Calls On Mahmoud Ahmadinejad To End 'Ridiculous' 9/11 Conspiracy Theories |work=Huffington Post |date=September 28, 2011 |first=Mark |last=Hanrahan |access-date=June 4, 2014))</ref>

In 2012, Egyptian President [[Mohamed Morsi]] has called for a scientific conference to look into the events of 9/11 and speculated that the attacks were an inside job. According to an international poll that same year, huge majorities in Muslim countries prefer to believe baseless conspiracy theories rather than listen to the mainstream facts of what happened on September 11, 2001, in New York City and Washington. Although al-Qaeda occasionally brags about its "achievement," 75 percent of Egyptian citizens, for example, still deny that Arabs carried out the attacks, as a Pew study reported in July 2011.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/getting-egypts-morsi-to-give-up-911-conspiracy-rhetoric/2012/09/11/4ca304ea-fb97-11e1-8adc-499661afe377_story.html |title=Getting Egypt's Morsi to give up his 9/11 'truther' talk by Robert Satloff and Eric Trager of the Washington Post September 11, 2012 |work=Washingtonpost.com |access-date=June 4, 2014))</ref>

== Legal cases ==
Army specialist April Gallop filed suit claiming that Vice President [[Dick Cheney]], Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]], and other Bush administration officials orchestrated the 9/11 attacks and that the Pentagon was hit by an attack ordered by Cheney. The suit was dismissed in 2010 by Judge [[Denny Chin]], who said the claim was "the product of cynical delusion and fantasy". Her lawyers filed an appeal to the [[U.S. Court of Appeals]] which in April 2010 issued a [[show cause order]] why the lawyers and Gallop should not be sanctioned for filing a frivolous lawsuit. Her lawyers asked that the judges on the Court of Appeals recuse themselves because their emotions made them prejudge the case and abuse their power. On October 14, 2011, the judges sanctioned her lawyers $15,000 each for both the frivolous lawsuits and the accusations of prejudice. Gallop was not fined because of her unfamiliarity with the law.<ref>((cite web| last=Hamblett| first=Mark| url=http://www.newyorklawjournal.com/PubArticleNY.jsp?id=1202519035977&slreturn=1| title=Circuit Levels $15,000 in Sanctions Against 9/11 Conspiracy Theorists| publisher=New York Law Journal| date=October 17, 2010| access-date=June 4, 2014))</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Opinion polls about 9/11 conspiracy theories]]
* [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory|1941 Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory]]
* [[Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings|2004 Madrid train bombings controversies]]
* [[Conspiracy theories about the July 2005 London bombings|2005 London July bombings conspiracy theories]]

== Notes ==
((notelist))

== References ==
((Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Barkun|2003">((cite book|last= Barkun |first= M. |year= 2003 |title= A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America |publisher= University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-23805-3))</ref>
<ref name="Dunbar|Reagan|2011">((cite book |editor1-last= Dunbar |editor1-first= D. |editor2-last= Reagan |editor2-first= B. |title= Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why conspiracy theories can't stand up to the facts |publisher= Hearst |location= New York |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-1-58816-855-9))<br />–((Cite book |publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |isbn= 978-1-58816-635-7 |title= [2006 edition] |date= August 15, 2006 |url= https://archive.org/details/debunking911myth00dunb ))</ref>
<ref name="Molé|2006">((cite magazine|last= Molé |first= P. |title= 9/11 Conspiracy Theories: The 9/11 Truth Movement Perspective |magazine= ESkeptic |volume=12 |issue=4 |year=2006 |publisher= [[The Skeptics Society]] |location= Altadena, California |url= http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/06-09-11 |access-date= June 2, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606001336/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/06-09-11| archive-date=June 6, 2009 |url-status= live |issn= 1556-5696))</ref>
<ref name="Powell|2006">((cite news|last= Powell |first= M. |title= 9/11 conspiracy theorists multiply |newspaper= The Seattle Times |date= September 9, 2006 |url= http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003250424_911conspire09.html |access-date= September 21, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140308001143/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2003250424_911conspire09.html |archive-date= March 8, 2014 |url-status= dead))</ref>
))

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== Bibliography ==
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* ((Cite book| last = Broeckers | first = Mathias | title = Conspiracies, Conspiracy Theories, and the Secrets of 9/11 | year = 2006 | publisher = Progressive Press | isbn = 978-0-930852-23-8 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Bounan | first = Michel | title = Logique du terrorisme | year = 2003 | publisher = Allia | isbn = 2-84485-129-0))
* ((Cite book| title = Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center ))
* ((Cite book| last = Editors of [[Der Spiegel]] | year = 2002 | title = Inside 9-11: What Really Happened | publisher = St. Martin's Press | isbn = 978-0-312-30621-2 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Editors of [[Popular Mechanics]] | title = [[Debunking 9/11 Myths|Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts]] | isbn = 978-1-58816-635-7 | year = 2006 | publisher = Hearst Books | location = New York ))
* [http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/3491861.html?page=3 Forward to ''Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts'' by Senator John McCain]
* ((Cite book| last = Fetzer | first = James H. | title = 9/11 Conspiracy | publisher = Open Court Publishing Company, U.S. | isbn = 978-0-8126-9612-7 | page = 342 | year = 2007 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Griffin | first = David Ray | year = 2007 | title = Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory. | publisher = Olive Branch Press | isbn = 978-1-56656-686-5 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Griffin | first = David Ray | year = 2006 | title = 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out, Vol. 1 | publisher = Olive Branch Press | isbn = 978-1-56656-659-9 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Griffin | first = David | year = 2004 | title = The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions | publisher = Olive Branch Press | isbn = 978-1-56656-584-4 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Griffin | first = David Ray |author2 = Richard Falk | title = The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11 | url = http://bogusstory.com/TheNewPearlHarbor.html/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070110213718/http://bogusstory.com:80/TheNewPearlHarbor.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = January 10, 2007 |access-date=July 26, 2007 | isbn = 978-1-56656-552-3 | year = 2004 | publisher = Olive Branch Press | location = Northampton, Mass. ))
* ((Cite book| last = Henshall | first = Ian | year = 2007 | title = 9.11: The New Evidence | publisher = Robinson Publishing | isbn = 978-1-84529-514-1 | page = 256 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Hufschmid | first = Eric | year = 2002 | title = Painful Questions: An Analysis of the September&nbsp;11th&nbsp;Attack | publisher = Ink & Scribe | isbn = 978-1-931947-05-3 | page = 158 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Laurent | first = Eric | year = 2004 | title = La face cachée du 11 septembre | publisher = Plon | isbn = 978-2-259-20030-1 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Manjoo | first = Farhad | year = 2008 | title = True Enough: Learning to Live in a Post-Fact Society | publisher = Wiley | isbn = 978-0-470-05010-1 | page = 256 | author-link = Farhad Manjoo ))
* ((Cite book| last = Marrs | first = Jim | year = 2006 | title = The Terror Conspiracy: Deception, 9/11 and the Loss of Liberty | publisher = Disinformation Company | isbn = 978-1-932857-43-6 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Meyssan | first = Thierry | title = [[9/11: The Big Lie]] | year = 2002 | publisher = Carnot Editions | isbn = 978-2-912362-73-5 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Meyssan | first = Thierry | title = Pentagate | year = 2003 | publisher = USA Books | isbn = 978-1-59209-028-0 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Morgan | first = Rowland |author2 = Ian Henshall | title = 9/11 Revealed: The Unanswered Questions ))
* ((Cite book| author = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks | title = [[9/11 Commission Report|The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States]] | year = 2004 | publisher = W. W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-06041-6 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Olmsted | first = Kathyrn | title = Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11 | isbn = 978-0-19-518353-5 | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press ))
* ((Cite book| last = Paul | first = Don |author2 = [[Jim Hoffman]] | title = Waking up from our Nightmare: The 9/11 Crimes in New York City | isbn = 978-0-943096-10-0 | year = 2004 | publisher = Harts Spring Works ))
* ((Cite book| last = Roeper | first = Richard | year = 2008 | title = Debunked!: Conspiracy Theories, Urban Legends, and Evil Plots of the 21st century | publisher = Chicago Review Press | isbn = 978-1-55652-707-4 | page = 224 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Ruppert | first = Michael | title = Crossing the Rubicon ))
* ((Cite book| last = Ridgeway | first = James | title = The Five Unanswered Questions About 9/11 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Summers | first = Anthony | year = 2011 | title = The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden | publisher = Ballantine | isbn = 978-1-4000-6659-9 |author2=Swan, Robbyn ))
* ((Cite book| last = Taibbi | first = Matt | year = 2008 | title = 'The Great Derangement' A Terrifying True Story of War, Politics, and Religion at the Twilight of the American Empire | publisher = Spiegel & Grau | isbn = 978-0-385-52034-8 | page = 288 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Tarpley | first = Webster Griffin | title = 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA ))
* ((Cite book| last = Thompson | first = Paul |author2 = The Center for Cooperative Research | title = [[The Terror Timeline]] | year = 2004 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Williams | first = Eric D. | year = 2006 | title = 9/11 101: 101 Key Points that Everyone Should Know and Consider that Prove 9/11 Was an Inside Job | publisher = Booksurge Publishing | isbn = 978-1-4196-2428-5 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Wright | first = Lawrence | year = 2006 | title = The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 | publisher = Knopf | isbn = 978-0-375-41486-2 ))
* ((Cite book| last = Zwicker | first = Barrie | year = 2006 | title = Towers of Deception: The Media Cover-Up of 9/11 | publisher = New Society Publishers | isbn = 978-0-86571-573-8 | page = 416 ))
-->

== External links ==
((sisterlinks|d=Q22763|v=Was 9/11 an inside job?|n=no|c=category:9/11 conspiracy theories|b=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no|q=no))
;United States government sources
* [http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/index.htm 9/11 Commission Report]
* [http://wtc.nist.gov/ NIST and the World Trade Center]
** [https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_qa_082108.cfm Questions and Answers about the NIST WTC 7 Investigation]
** [http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201A.pdf Final NIST Report on the collapse of World Trade Center 7]
* [http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/08/20060828133846esnamfuak0.2676355.html#axzz3BlSxBn7d U.S. Department of State Article: The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories], August 28, 2006

;Engineering publications
* ((cite web
| last =Eagar
| first =Thomas
| title =Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation
| url =http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Eagar/Eagar-0112.html
))
* [http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a49/1227842/ Popular Mechanics: Debunking the 9/11 Myths.]

((911ct|state=expanded))
((Conspiracy theories))
((September 11))

[[Category:9/11 conspiracy theories| ]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the September 11 attacks|conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Criticism of the official accounts of the September 11 attacks|conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in the United States]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories involving aviation incidents]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories involving Israel]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories involving Muslims]]
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:False flag conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration controversies]]
[[Category:Military and warfare conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Urban legends]]

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]