Inter-Services Intelligence
Insignia of the ISI
Intelligence agency overview
Formed1 January 1948; 74 years ago (1948-01-01)
HeadquartersAabpara, Islamabad, Pakistan[1]
33°42′14.3″N 73°04′47.0″E / 33.703972°N 73.079722°E / 33.703972; 73.079722
Annual budgetClassified
Intelligence agency executive
Child Intelligence agency

The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI; Urdu: بین الخدماتی سراغرسانی) is the premier intelligence agency of Pakistan, operationally responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing information relevant for national security from around the world. As one of the principal members of the Pakistani intelligence community, the ISI reports to its director-general and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the government of Pakistan.

The ISI consists primarily of serving military officers drawn on secondment from the three service branches of the Pakistan armed forces such as army, navy and air force, hence the name "Inter-Services". However, the agency also recruits many civilians. Since 1971, the agency has been headed formally by a serving three-star general of the army appointed by the prime minister on the recommendation of the Chief of Army Staff, who recommends three officers for that position. As of 2021, the ISI is currently headed by Lieutenant General Nadeem Anjum[2], the ISI director general reports directly to both the prime minister and the army chief.

The agency gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s, when it supported the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War in the erstwhile Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. During that war, the ISI worked in close coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States and the Secret Intelligence Service of the UK to run Operation Cyclone — a program to train and fund the mujahideen with support from China, Israel,[3][4][5] and Saudi Arabia and other Muslim nations.[6][7][8]

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ISI with funding from Saudi Arabia and the United States of America provided strategic support and intelligence to the Afghan Taliban against the Northern Alliance during the Afghan Civil War in the 1990s.[9][10][11]

History

The Inter-Services Intelligence was created in 1948 following the first Kashmir war, which had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between the army, air force, navy, Intelligence Bureau (IB) and Military Intelligence (MI).[12] The ISI was structured to be operated by officers from the three main military services and to specialize in the collection, analysis, and assessment of external military and non-military intelligence.[12] The ISI was the brainchild of the former British Indian Army major general Sir Robert Cawthome, then Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army and selected Colonel Shahid Hamid to set up the agency. Initially, the ISI had no role in the collection of internal intelligence, except for the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Pakistan Administered Kashmir.[12]

Naval Commander Syed Mohammad Ahsan, who was tenuring as deputy director of Naval Intelligence, played a pivotal role in formulating the procedures of the ISI, undertook and managed the recruitment and expansion of the ISI. Following the 1958 coup d'état, all national intelligence agencies came under the direct control of the president and Chief Martial Law Administrator. The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, came to mean the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security.[13]

After Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq had seized power on 5 July 1977 and became the Chief Martial Law Administrator, the ISI was expanded to collecting intelligence on the Pakistan Communist Party and Pakistan Peoples Party.[14] The Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI's covert operations. A special Afghanistan section (called the SS Directorate) was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. A number of officers from the ISI's Covert Action Division received training in the United States, and "many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen."[15] In September 2001, Pervez Musharraf appointed a new Director General for ISI, Lieutenant General Ehsan ul Haq[16] who was replaced later by the Lieutenant General Shuja Pasha.[17]

Many analysts (mainly Indian and American) believe that ISI provides support to militant groups, though according to other analysts, these allegations remain unsubstantiated with evidence.[18][19]

The ISI has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks across India including terrorism in Kashmir, the July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings,[20] the 2001 Indian Parliament attack,[21] the 2006 Varanasi bombings, the August 2007 Hyderabad bombings,[22] and the November 2008 Mumbai attacks.[23][24]

The ISI is also accused of supporting Taliban forces[25] and recruiting and training mujahideen[26] to fight in Afghanistan[27] and Kashmir. Based on communication intercepts, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on 7 July 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.[28]

The Pakistani intelligence agency, the ISI, is believed to be aiding these organisations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including India, Russia, China, Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom and other members of NATO.[29][30] Satellite imagery from the FBI[31] suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country as part of the going Kashmir Dispute, Pakistan is alleged to be backing separatist militias[32] Many nonpartisan sources believe that officials within Pakistan's military and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sympathise with and aid Islamic terrorists, saying that the "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed".[33]

General Javed Nasir confessed to assisting the besieged Bosnian Muslims, despite a UN arms embargo supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.[34] National Intelligence Directorate (NID) was formed in 2014 to pool and share intelligence gathered by over 30 of Pakistan's intelligence agencies to combat terrorism in Pakistan effectively.[35]

Organization

Further information: Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence

A director general, who is traditionally a serving lieutenant general in the Pakistan Army,[citation needed] heads the ISI.[36] Three deputy director generals, who are serving two-star military officers, report directly to the director general with each deputy heading three wings respectively:[37]

The wing is particularly significant because the port at Gwadar is slated to be a linchpin for the major trade corridor linking northwestern China to the Persian Gulf.[38]

Military officers of the armed forces as well as civilian officers from the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), Pakistan Customs, police and judiciary make up ISI's general staff.. They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance the ISI's professional competence. Experienced army officers who perform well are given repeated extensions in their service.[citation needed] According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants or assets.[39]

Departments

Responsible for paramilitary and covert operations as well as special activities.[citation needed] Its roles are akin to Special Activities Division of CIA and a handful of officers are trained by the CIA's SAD and active since the 1960s.[40]
Coordinates all the other departments in the ISI.[39] Intelligence and information gathered from the other departments are sent to JIX which prepares and processes the information and from which prepares reports which are presented.
Responsible for gathering anti-state intelligence and fake drugs, fake currency and TTP.[39]
Focused on foreign intelligence agencies.
exclusively responsible for the Jammu and Kashmir region and Northern Areas.[39]
responsible for espionage, including offensive intelligence operations, in other countries.[39]
operates intelligence collections along the India-Pakistan border.[39] The JSIB is the ELINT, COMINT, and SIGINT directorate that is charged to divert the attacks from the foreign non-communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.[39]
deals with development of science and technology to advance the Pakistan intelligence gathering. The directorate is charged to take steps against the electronic warfare attacks in Pakistan.[39] Without any exception, officers from this divisions are reported to be engineer officers and military scientists who deal with the military promotion of science and technology.[39] There are also separate explosives and a chemical and biological warfare sections.[39]
Comprises officers from Special services group [SSG]. It monitors the terrorist groups activities that operate against the state of Pakistan. The SS Directorate is comparable to that of The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Clandestine Service (NCS), and responsible for special operations against terrorists.
Monitored the financial funding of the right-wing political science sphere against the left-wing political science circles. This department was involved in providing funds to the anti-left wing forces during the general elections of 1965, 1977, 1985, 1988, and 1990.[41] The department is now inactive since March 2012 with the new Director General taking the operational charge of the ISI.[42]

Directors-General

Main article: Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence

According to Syed Irfan Raza, Director-General of ISI is among the most powerful posts in Pakistan.[36] For example, according to Mohammad Sohail, shares at the Pakistan Stock Exchange went down in October 2021 over concerns regarding the appointment of the Inter-Services Intelligence chief. The benchmark KSE-100 index fell 1.51%.[43][44][45] According to retired air marshal Shahzad Chaudhry, three to four names are provided by the Chief of Army Staff, and the prime minister selects the Director-General from that list.[46] The ISI chief serves for two to three years.[46] According to Ansar Abbasi, before 2021, the appointment process of the Director-General followed no formal protocol other than verbal discussion between the prime minister and the head of the army.[47]

Syed Shahid Hamid was the first head of the ISI. Hamid is said to have supported Field Marshal Ayub Khan's rise to power.[48] After his retirement, Hamid helped President Zia Ul Haq.[49]

Director-General Start of term End of term
1 Syed Shahid Hamid 1948 1950
2 Robert Cawthome 1950 1959
3 Riaz Hussain 1959 1966
4 Mohammad Akbar Khan 1966 1971
5 Ghulam Jilani Khan 1971 1977
6 Muhammad Riaz 1977 1979
7 Akhtar Abdur Rahman 21 June 1979 29 March 1987
8 Hameed Gul March 1987 May 1989
9 Shamsur Rahman Kallu May 1989 August 1990
10 Asad Durrani August 1990 March 1992
11 Javed Nasir March 1992 May 1993
12 Javed Ashraf Qazi May 1993 October 1995
13 Naseem Rana October 1995 October 1998
14 Ziauddin Butt October 1998 October 1999
15 Mahmud Ahmed October 1999 October 2001
16 Ehsan ul Haq October 2001 October 2004
17 Ashfaq Parvez Kayani 3 October 2004 8 October 2007
18 Nadeem Taj October 2007 October 2008
19 Ahmad Shuja Pasha October 2008 19 March 2012
20 Zaheerul Islam 19 March 2012 6 November 2014
21 Rizwan Akhtar 7 November 2014 11 December 2016
22 Naveed Mukhtar 11 December 2016 1 October 2018
23 Asim Munir 10 October 2018 16 June 2019
24 Faiz Hameed 17 June 2019 19 November 2021
25 Nadeem Anjum 20 November 2021 Present

Insubordination controversies

Pakistan's army has ruled Pakistan for more than half of its history and has been always unwilling to see its influence being compromised by any civilian leaders.[50] In the 1990s, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto appointed retired army officer Shamsur Rahman Kallu as Director-General, but army leaders refused to cooperate with Kallu, as he had refused to engage in martial-law duties under the previous dictator. In October 1998, Ziauddin Butt was chosen as Director-General. Though Butt was not the preferred choice of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, he grew close with Sharif, and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf took over important ISI files. During a military coup a year later, Musharraf arrested Butt, who had been promoted to Chief of Army Staff by Sharif.[51][48][52]

On October 6, 2016, the English daily Dawn published a report about an government meeting allegedly arranged by Sharif. The article detailed a presentation by Foreign Secretary Aizaz Chaudhry about international pressure to crack down on Pakistan's extremist segments such as Masood Azhar, the Jaish-i-Mohmmad, Hafiz Saeed, the Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Haqqani network. According to Ghazi Salahuddin of The News International, controversy ensued after the October meeting and the Dawn report, which lingered until May 2016.[53][54] During the October 2016 meeting, Punjab chief minister Shahbaz Sharif allegedly revealed that, whenever action had been taken against certain extremist groups by civilian authorities, the security agency had worked secretly to free the arrested parties.[53][54] According to Salahuddin Ghazi, information minister Pervaiz Rashid lost his portfolio over the Dawn news leak, and a government notification was released about the civilian government's decision after the meeting. On April 29, 2017, the Director-General released a tweet that said: "Notification on Dawn Leak is incomplete and not in line with recommendations by the Inquiry Board. Notification is rejected." Ghazi states that a meeting was eventually held between the prime minister and the Chief of Army Staff, and a press conference was held to announce the decision to withdraw the tweet.[54]

2021 disagreement over appointment of ISI Chief

The mainstream media of Pakistan gave news about ongoing (October 2021) constitutional rift between civil and armed wings over appointment of D.G. post, only after ministers spoke on the matter.[55][56] In the first week, October 6, 2021 the Pakistan's military's media affairs wing announced replacement of Faiz Hameed being replaced by Nadeem Anjum.[57] After 2 days , it first came to knowledge from social media that the federal government Pakistan was yet to issue any formal notification for the appointment of the new DG ISI.[55] Rumors got credence further when Gen Faiz attended the National Security Committee meeting instead of expected to be new DG ISI.[55][56]

A week later on 13 October 2021 Information Minister Fawad Chaudhry informed media that the process of a fresh appointment of DG ISI is still underway and that the selection is Prime Minister Imran Khan's prerogative. He also noted that the Army chief and the Prime Minister are in agreement about following correct procedures of appointment according to the Constitution.

Malik Dogar later said in a talk show that PM Imran Khan wanted General Faiz to continue as DG ISI for some more months taking in to consideration the expertise of General Faiz on the situation in Afghanistan. Dogar further stated that during the cabinet meeting, the prime minister stressed that, if the army is a respected institution then the PM Office is also respected one.[58][59][36]

Headquarters

The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan's capital, Islamabad. The complex consists of various low-rise buildings separated by lawns and fountains. The entrance to the complex is next to a private hospital. Declan Walsh of The Guardian said that the entrance is "suitably discreet: no sign, just a plainclothes officer packing a pistol who directs visitors through a chicane of barriers, soldiers and sniffer dogs".[1] Walsh said that the complex "resembles a well-funded private university" and that the buildings are "neatly tended," the lawns are "smooth," and the fountains are "tinkling." He described the central building, which houses the director general's office on the top floor, as "a modern structure with a round, echoing lobby".[1]

Recruitment and training

Both civilians and members of the armed forces can join the ISI. For civilians, recruitment is advertised and is jointly handled by the Federal Public Services Commission (FPSC) and civilian ISI agents are considered employees of the Ministry of Defence. The FPSC conducts various examinations testing the candidate's knowledge of current affairs, English and various analytical abilities. Based on the results, the FPSC shortlists the candidates and sends the list to the ISI who conduct the initial background checks. Selected candidates are then invited for an interview which is conducted by a joint committee comprising both ISI and FPSC officials. The selected persons are then sent to the Defence Services Intelligence Academy (DSIA) for six months of training. Later, these officers are transferred to different sections for open source information where they serve for five years. After five years of basic service, officers are entrusted with sensitive jobs and declared the core team of ISI.[60]

Major operations

Functions

ISI obtains information critical to Pakistan's strategic interests. Both overt and covert means are adopted.[12]
Data is sifted through, classified as appropriate, and filed with the assistance of the computer network in ISI's headquarters in Islamabad.[12]
The primary mission of ISI includes aggressive intelligence which comprises espionage, psychological warfare, subversion, sabotage.[12]
ISI has a dedicated section which spies against enemy's intelligence collection.[12]

Methods

Diplomatic missions provide an ideal cover and ISI centres in a target country are generally located on embassy premises.[12]
ISI operatives find good covers in multinational organisations. Non-governmental organisations and cultural programmes are also popular screens to shield ISI activities.[12]
International media centres can easily absorb ISI operatives and provide freedom of movement.[12]
ISI maintains active collaboration with other secret services in various countries. Its contacts with Saudi Arabian Intelligence Services, Chinese Intelligence, the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) have been well known.[citation needed]
ISI has been active in obtaining information and operating through third countries like Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Iran, Turkey and China.[citation needed]

By country

Afghanistan

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan
ISI is believed to have had access to Osama bin Laden in the past.[61][62] ISI played a central role in the U.S.-backed guerrilla war to oust the Soviet Army from Afghanistan in the 1980s. That Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-backed effort flooded Pakistan with weapons and with Afghan, Pakistani and Arab "mujahideen". The CIA relied on the ISI to train fighters, distribute arms, and channel money. The ISI trained about 83,000 Afghan mujahideen between 1983 and 1997, and dispatched them to Afghanistan.[citation needed] B. Raman, former Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) officer now an Indian think-tank, of South Asia Analysis Group, claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan to turn Soviet troops into heroin addicts and thus greatly reduce their fighting potential.[63] The factions that were backed by the ISI were Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami, and the forces fighting for Jalaluddin Haqqani.
Worrying that among the large influx of Afghan refugees who had come into Pakistan because the Soviet–Afghan War were members of KHAD (Afghan Intelligence), the ISI successfully convinced Mansoor Ahmed,who was the chargé d'affaires of the Afghan Embassy in Islamabad, to turn his back on the Soviet backed Afghan government. He and his family were secretly escorted out of their residence and given safe passage on a London-bound British Airways flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan. The Soviet and Afghan diplomats tried unsuccessfully to find the family.[64]
According to Peter Tomsen, the United States Special Envoy to Afghanistan, neighboring Pakistan had tried to install Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in power in Afghanistan against the opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990.[65] In October 1990, the ISI had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital Kabul, then still under communist rule, with possible Pakistani troop renforcements.[65] This unilateral ISI-Hekmatyar plan came although the thirty most important mujahideen commanders had agreed to hold a conference inclusive of all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy.[65] The United States finally put pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan, which was subsequently called off until 1992.[65]
The Taliban regime is widely accepted[by whom?] to have been supported by the ISI and Pakistani military from 1994 to 2001, which Pakistan officially denied during that time. Then-Pakistani president, Pervez Musharraf, now admits to supporting the Taliban until 9/11.[66] According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban.[67] Following the 9/11 attack on the United States by Al-Qaeda, Pakistan says it felt it necessary to cooperate with the US. Others,[who?] however, maintain Pakistan continues to support the Afghan Taliban, which Pakistan rejects.
Terrorists attacked the Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad in 2007. According to Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, individuals arrested by the Afghan government stated that the ISI was behind the attack and had given them ₹120,000 for the operation.[68]
American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas.[69] In October 2009, Davood Moradian, a senior policy adviser to foreign minister Rangeen Dadfar Spanta, said the British and American governments were fully aware of the ISI's role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad. He claimed that the Afghan government had given British and American intelligence agents evidence that proved ISI involvement in bombings.[70]
A new report by the London School of Economics (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete evidence yet that the ISI is providing funding, training and sanctuary to the Taliban insurgency on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author, Matt Waldman, spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised. Some of those interviewed suggested that the organisation even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the Quetta Shura.[71][72][73] A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as "malicious".[74][75][76] General David Petraeus, commander of the US Central Command, refused to endorse this report in a US congressional hearing and suggested that any contacts between ISI and extremists are for legitimate intelligence purposes; in his words, "you have to have contact with bad guys to get intelligence on bad guys".[77]

Bosnia

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia
The ISI was involved in supplying arms to the Bosnian mujahideen in Bosnia-Herzegovina to prevent a total genocide of Muslims at the hands of the Serbs.[78]

India

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India

Indian intelligence agencies have claimed they have proof of ISI involvement with the Naxalites. A classified report accessed by the newspaper Asian Age said "the ISI in particular wants Naxals to cause large-scale damage to infrastructure projects and industrial units operating in the interior parts of the country where ISI's own terror network is non-existent".[79]

The 1965 war in Kashmir provoked a major crisis in intelligence. When the war began, there was a complete collapse of the operations of all the intelligence agencies. They were apparently unable to locate an Indian armored division because of their preoccupation with political affairs. Ayub Khan set up a committee headed by General Yahya Khan to examine the agencies' workings.[80]
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and ISI worked in tandem with the Nixon Administration in assisting the Khalistan movement in Punjab.[81]
The PAF Field Intelligence Unit at their base in Karachi in July 1980 captured an Indian agent.[citation needed] He was interrogated and revealed that a large network of Indian spies was functioning in Karachi. The agent claimed that these spies, in addition to espionage, had also assassinated a few armed personnel.[citation needed] He also said the leader of the spy ring was being headed by the food and beverages manager at the Intercontinental Hotel in Karachi and a number of serving Air Force officers and ratings were on his payroll. The ISI decided to question the manager to see who he was in contact with, but then-president of Pakistan, Zia-ul Haq, intervened and wanted the manager and anyone else involved in the case arrested immediately. It was later proven that the manager was completely innocent.[64]
Ilam Din, also known as Ilmo, was an infamous Indian spy working from Pakistan. He had eluded capture many times but on 23 March at 3:00 a.m., Ilmo and two other Indian spies were apprehended by Pakistani Rangers as they were illegally crossing into Pakistan from India. Their mission was to spy and report back on the new military equipment that Pakistan would be showing in their annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade. After being thoroughly interrogated, ISI forced Ilmo to send false information to his R&AW handlers in India. This process continued and many more Indian spies in Pakistan, such as Roop Lal, were flushed out.[64]
ISI uncovered a secret deal in which Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi granted naval base facilities to the USSR in Vizag and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the alleged attachment of KGB advisers to then-Lieutenant General Sunderji who was the commander of Operation Blue Star in the Golden Temple in Amritsar in June 1984.[81]
ISI failed to perform a proper background check on the British company which supplied the Pakistan Army with its Arctic-weather gear. When Pakistan attempted to secure the top of the Siachen Glacier in 1984, it placed a large order for Arctic-weather gear with the same company that also supplied the Indian Army with its gear. Indians were easily alerted to the large Pakistani purchase and deduced that this large purchase could be used to equip troops to capture the glacier.[82] India quickly mounted a military operation (Operation Meghdoot) and captured entire glacier.
ISI implemented Operation Tupac, a three part action plan for covertly supporting Kashmiri militants in their fight against Indian authorities in Kashmir, initiated by President Zia Ul Haq in 1988 [83] After the success of Operation Tupac, support of Kashmiri militants became Pakistan's state policy.[84] ISI is widely believed to train and support militancy in the Kashmir region.[85][86][87]
In February 2014 (disclosed in March 2015), the then-Indian chief of army staff General Bikram Singh issued orders to deploy troops along the borders with Pakistan in the Rajasthan and Jammu-Kashmir regions, but ISI got the information in a few hours and in reaction Pakistan Army deployed its troops near the Indian borders which alarmed Indian authorities.[88][89][90]<[91]
Home Minister Balochistan, Pakistan, Sarfraz Bugti revealed on 26 March 2016 that a serving Indian Naval officer, Kulbhushan Yadav, working for the Indian spy agency RAW was arrested in Balochistan, by the ISI.[92]

Pakistan

The ISI was accused of being involved in the Mehran bank scandal dubbed "Mehrangate", where top ISI and Army brass were allegedly given large sums of money by Yunus Habib (the owner of the Mehran Bank) to deposit ISI's foreign exchange reserves in his bank.[93]

ISI became aware of a plot to assassinate the president of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq, and then launch a bloody coup to depose the current government and install an Islamic government in its place. The attempted assassination and coup were to occur on 23 March 1980 during the annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade. The masterminds behind the coup were high-ranking military and intelligence officers and were led by Major General Tajammal Hussain Malik, his son, Captain Naveed and his nephew Major Riaz, a former military intelligence officer. ISI decided against arresting the men outright because they did not know how deep the conspiracy went; instead, they kept the men under strict surveillance. As the date of the annual parade approached, ISI was satisfied that it had identified the major players in the conspiracy and arrested the men along with quite a few high-ranking military officers.[64]
ISI's Internal Political Division has been accused by various members of the Pakistan People's Party of assassinating Shahnawaz Bhutto, one Benazir Bhutto's two brothers, by poisoning in the French Riviera in the middle of 1985. This was an attempt to intimidate her into not returning to Pakistan to direct the movement against Zia's military government, but no proof has been found implicating the ISI.[81]
ISI failed to prevent the KHAD/KGB terror campaign in Pakistan in 1987, which led to the deaths of about 324 Pakistanis in separate terror incidents.[94]
ISI failed to prevent the mysterious assassination of the president of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq, in the crash of his C-130 Hercules aircraft near Bahawalpur which was possibly orchestrated by the KGB and KHAD and most likely supported by the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)[95]
The ISI has been deeply involved in domestic politics of Pakistan since the late 1950s. The 1990 elections, for example, were widely believed to have been rigged by the ISI in favor of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) party, a conglomerate of nine mainly rightist parties by the ISI under Lt. General Hameed Gul, to ensure the defeat of Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in the polls.[96]
ISI engaged with the Pakistan armed forces in the War in North-West Pakistan against Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, and so far is reported to have lost 78 ISI personnel,[97] most notably Khalid Khawaja and Colonel Imam.
Rangzieb Ahmed brought a civil claim against MI5 for suggesting Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency arrest him in 2006 and colluded in torturing him by submitting questions which were put to him under torture in Pakistan.[98]
ISI arrested five Pakistanis who worked as informants for the CIA passing information that led to the death of Osama bin Laden in the raid's wake.[99] However, among them in particular, the US was trying to seek the release of Dr. Shakil Afridi,[100][101] who ran a fake vaccination campaign that provided critical intelligence for the raid on the Bin Laden compound.[102] However, the Pakistani government and military establishment refused to release Dr. Afridi, who has since been serving a 33-year prison sentence.[103]

Libya

ISI decided to spy on the residence of Colonel Hussain Imam Mabruk, who was a Military Attaché to the Embassy of Libya in Islamabad after he had made some inflammatory statements about the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq. The spying paid off. He was seen talking with two Pakistani gentlemen who entered and left the compound suspiciously. The ISI monitored the two men, who were later identified as Pakistani exiles who hated the current military regime and were Bhutto loyalists. They had received terrorist training in Libya and were ready to embark on a terrorist campaign in Pakistan to force the Army to step down from power. All members of the conspiracy were apprehended before any damage could be done.[64]
In 1981, a Libyan Security company called Al Murtaza Associates sent recruiters to Pakistan to entice former soldiers and servicemen for high paying security jobs in Libya. In reality, Libya was recruiting mercenaries to fight with Chad and Egypt, as it had border disputes with both nations. ISI became aware of the plot and the whole scheme was stopped.[64] (See also CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities#Southwest Asia, Operation Cyclone, Badaber Uprising.)

Iran

After the failure of Operation Eagle Claw, U.S. media outlets such as Newsweek and Time reported that CIA agents stationed in Tehran had obtained information regarding the location of the hostages, in-house information from a Pakistani cook who used to work for the U.S. Embassy. ISI successfully gathered evidence and intercepted communication documents and showed it to the Iranian Chief of J-2, which cleared the cook.[citation needed]
A notable gangster of the Lyari Gang War, Uzair Baloch, who also holds Iranian nationality,[104] was arrested in an intelligence-based operation by Sindh Rangers. In his hand-written confession, Baloch states that officials of Iran's Ministry of Intelligence officials offered him an all-expenses-paid residence in Tehran in exchange for providing sensitive information about the Pakistan Army's operations in Karachi. He says that the offer came through a third-party while he was staying in Iran's port city of Chabahar.[105]

Iraq

After ISIS's defeat in Mosul, Iraqi envoy to Pakistan, Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim, held a press conference where he expressed his government's appreciation for Pakistan's help during the fight against the terrorist organization. He especially praised the intelligence-sharing of ISI and expressed interest in continuing the intelligence cooperation between the two countries.[106]

France

ISI discovered a surveillance mission at the Kahuta Research Laboratories nuclear complex on 26 June 1979 by the French Ambassador to Pakistan, Le Gourrierec and his First Secretary, Jean Forlot. Both were arrested and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated. Documents intercepted later showed that the two were recruited by the CIA.[64]

Soviet Union and post-Soviet states

ISI had placed a mole in the Soviet Union's embassy in Islamabad. They reported that the Third Secretary in the Soviet Embassy was after information regarding to the Karakoram Highway and was getting it from a middle-level employee, a Mr. Ejaz, of the Northern Motor Transport Company. ISI contacted Ejaz who then confessed that a few months before a Soviet diplomat approached him and threatened his family unless he divulged sensitive information about the highway such as the alignment of the road, the location of bridges, the number of Chinese personnel working on the Highway. Instead of confronting the Soviet diplomat, the ISI gave him false information. This continued until the Soviet diplomat was satisfied that Ejaz had no further information and dropped him as a source.[64]
Major General Sultan Habib who was an operative of the ISI's Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous department successfully procured nuclear material while being posted as the Defence Attaché in the Pakistani Embassy in Moscow from 1991 to 1993 and concurrently obtained other materials from Central Asian Republics, Poland and the former Czechoslovakia. After Moscow, Major General Habib then coordinated shipping missiles from North Korea and the training of Pakistani experts in missile production. These two acts greatly enhanced Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and their missile delivery systems.[107]

United Kingdom

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom

United States

Main article: Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States
ISI successfully intercepted two American private-sector weapons dealers during the Soviet-Afghan war of the 1980s. One American diplomat, whose name has not been de-classified, lived in the F-7/4 sector of Islamabad and was spotted by an ISI agent in a seedy part of Rawalpindi, drawing attention because of his automobile's diplomatic plates. He was bugged and subsequently trailed and found to be in contact with various tribal groups supplying them with weapons for their fight with the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. The second American weapons dealer was Eugene Clegg, a teacher in the American International School. One American International School employee and under cover agent, at Mr. Naeem, was arrested while waiting to clear a shipment from Islamabad customs. All of them were put out of business.[64]
During the 2000s, the ISI is suspicious about the CIA's attempted penetration of Pakistan nuclear assets and intelligence gathering in the Pakistani lawless tribal areas. Based on these suspicions, it is speculated that the ISI pursued a counter-intelligence program against CIA operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan.[108] ISI former DG Ashfaq Parvez Kayani is also reported to have said, the "real aim of U.S. [war] strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan".[109]
In the aftermath of a shooting involving American CIA agent Raymond Davis, the ISI had become more alert and suspicious about the CIA's spy network in Pakistan, which had disrupted ISI-CIA cooperation.[110] At least 30 suspected covert American operatives have suspended their activities in Pakistan and 12 have reportedly left the country.[111]
A Chinese woman believed to be an ISI agent, who headed the Chinese unit of a US manufacturer, was charged with illegally exporting high-performance coatings for Pakistan's nuclear power plants. Xun Wang, a former managing director of PPG Paints Trading in Shanghai, a Chinese subsidiary of United States-based PPG Industries, Inc., was indicted on a charge of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and related offences. Wang is accused of conspiring to export and re-export, and exporting and re-exporting specially designed, high-performance epoxy coatings to the Chashma 2 Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan via a third-party distributor in People's Republic of China.[112]
Alleged ISI operative Mohammed Tasleem (although the Pakistani government never confirmed this), an attache in the New York consulate, was found by the FBI in 2010 to be issuing threats against Pakistanis living in the United States, to prevent them from speaking openly about Pakistan's government. US officials and scholars say the ISI has a systematic campaign to threaten those who speak critically of the Pakistan military.[113]

Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured

Ramzi Yousef, one of the planners of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Bojinka plot. Pakistani intelligence, and the Department of State – U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) Special Agents, captured Yousef in Islamabad, Pakistan. On 7 February 1995, they raided room number 16 in the Su-Casa Guest House in Islamabad and captured Yousef before he could move to Peshawar.[114]
In November 2001, Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, a Libyan paramilitary trainer for Al-Qaeda, attempted to flee Afghanistan following the collapse of the Taliban, precipitating the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan. He was captured by Pakistani forces.[115]
Sheikh Omar Saeed, a British-born terrorist of Pakistani descent, was arrested by Pakistani police on 12 February 2002, in Lahore, in conjunction with the Pearl kidnapping. Pearl had been kidnapped, had his throat slit, and then beheaded. Sheikh Omar Saeed was named the chief suspect.[116] Sheikh told the Pakistani court, however, that he had surrendered to the ISI a week earlier.[117]
Abu Zubaydah, an Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for hatching multiple terrorist plots including sending Ahmed Ressam to blow up the Los Angeles airport in 2000.[118] He was captured on 28 March 2002, by ISI, CIA and FBI agents after they had raided several safe houses in Faisalabad, Pakistan.[119][120][121][122]
Ramzi bin al-Shibh, an Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for planning the 9/11 terrorist attacks as well as the attack in 2000 on USS Cole bombing and the 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing in Tunisia.[123] On 11 September 2002, the ISI captured Ramzi bin al-Shibh during a raid in Karachi.[124]
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks as well as other significant terrorist plots over the last twenty years, including the World Trade Center 1993 bombings, the Operation Bojinka plot, an aborted 2002 attack on the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles, the Bali nightclub bombings, the failed bombing of American Airlines Flight 63, the Millennium Plot, and the murder of Daniel Pearl. On 1 March 2003, the ISI captured him in a joint raid with the CIA's Special Activities Division paramilitary operatives and the Diplomatic Security Service Special Agents in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.[125]
Pakistani intelligence agencies and security forces arrested Abu Faraj Farj al-Liby, mastermind of two failed attempts on President Pervez Musharraf's life, in May 2005.[126]
Senior aid to Baitullah Mehsud captured by ISI in August 2009.
The Taliban's deputy commander, Abdul Ghani Baradar, was captured by Pakistani intelligence forces in or near Karachi, Pakistan, in early 2010.[127]

Reception

Critics of the ISI say that it has become a state within a state and not accountable enough. Some analysts say that this is because intelligence agencies around the world remain secretive. Critics argue the institution should be more accountable to the president or the prime minister.[128] After discovering it, the Pakistani Government disbanded the ISI 'Political Wing' in 2008.[129]

U.S. government

During the Cold War, the ISI and the CIA worked together to send spy planes over the Soviet Union.[130] The ISI and CIA also worked closely during the Soviet–Afghan War supporting groups such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami and Jalaluddin Haqqani, leader of the Haqqani network.[131]

Some report the ISI and CIA stepped up cooperation in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks to kill and capture senior Al Qaeda leaders such as Sheikh Younis Al Mauritan and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the planner of the 9/11 attacks who was residing in Pakistan. Pakistan claims that, in total, around 100 top level al-Qaeda leaders/operators were killed/arrested by ISI.[132] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Pakistan is paying a "big price for supporting the U.S. war against terror groups. ... I think it is important to note that as they have made these adjustments in their own assessment of their national interests, they're paying a big price for it."[133]

Other senior international officials, however, maintain that senior Al Qaeda leaders such as Osama bin Laden have been hidden by the ISI in major settled areas of Pakistan with the full knowledge of the Pakistani military leadership.[134] A December 2011 analysis report by the Jamestown Foundation came to the conclusion that

In spite of denials by the Pakistani military, evidence is emerging that elements within the Pakistani military harbored Osama bin Laden with the knowledge of former army chief General Pervez Musharraf and possibly former Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani. Former Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt (a.k.a. General Ziauddin Khawaja) revealed at a conference on Pakistani-U.S. relations in October 2011 that according to his knowledge the then former Director-General of Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (2004–2008), Brigadier Ijaz Shah (retd.), had kept Osama bin Laden in an Intelligence Bureau safe house in Abbottabad.[135]

Pakistani General Ziauddin Butt said Bin Laden had been hidden in Abbottabad by the ISI "with the full knowledge" of Pervez Musharraf[135] but later denied making any such statement, saying his words were altered by the media, he said: "It is the hobby of the Western media to distort the facts for their own purposes."[136] U.S. military officials have increasingly said they do not notify Pakistani officials before conducting operations against the Afghan Taliban or Al Qaeda, because they fear Pakistani officials may tip them off.[137] International officials have accused the ISI of continuing to support and even lead the Taliban today in the War in Afghanistan (2001–present). As Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mike Mullen stated:

The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity ... Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers. ... For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government ... is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency.[138]

The Associated Press reported that "the president said Mullen's statement 'expressed frustration' over the insurgent safe havens in Pakistan. But Obama said 'the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that relationship is.' Obama added that whether Pakistan's ties with the Haqqani network are active or passive, Pakistan has to deal with it."[139][140]

The Guantanamo Bay files leak, however, showed that the US authorities unofficially consider the ISI a terrorist organization equally dangerous as Al Qaeda and the Taliban, and many allegations of it supporting terrorist activities have been made.[141][142]

In 2017, General Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused the ISI of having ties to terror groups.[143] In a Senate hearing, Dunford told members of the U.S. Senate: "It is clear to me that the ISI has connections with terrorist groups."[144]

Indian government

India has accused the ISI of plotting the Mumbai terror attack in March 1993[145] and November 2008.[citation needed] According to the United States diplomatic cables leak the ISI had previously shared intelligence information with Israel regarding possible terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites in India in late 2008.[146] ISI is also accused of supporting pro independence militias in Jammu and Kashmir[147] while Pakistan denies all such claims,[148][149][150] or says it gives them moral support only.[151]

Controversies

The ISI has long been accused of using designated terrorist groups and militants to conduct proxy wars against its neighbors.[152][153][154] According to Grant Holt and David H. Gray, "The agency specializes in utilizing terrorist organizations as proxies for Pakistani foreign policy, covert action abroad, and controlling domestic politics."[155] James Forest says, "There has been increasing proof from counter-terrorism organizations that militants and the Taliban continue to receive assistance from the ISI, as well as the establishment of camps to train terrorists on Pakistani territory."[156] All external operations are carried out under the supervision of the ISI's S Wing.[157] The agency is divided into eight divisions.[158] Joint Intelligence/North(JIN) is responsible for conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and Afghanistan.[159] The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) provides support with communications to groups in Jammu and Kashmir.[159] According to Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, both former members of the National Security Council, the ISI acted as a "kind of terrorist conveyor belt" radicalizing young men in the Madrassas in Pakistan and delivering them to training camps affiliated with or run by Al-Qaeda and from there moving them into Jammu and Kashmir to launch attacks.[160]

Support for militants

From the 1990s, the ISI began courting the Jihadists who had emerged from the conflict against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and by 2000 the majority of militant groups operating in Kashmir were based in Pakistan or were pro Pakistan. These groups are used to conduct a low-intensity conflict against India.[161] According to Stephen P. Cohen and John Wilson, the ISI's aid to and creation of designated terrorist groups and religious extremist groups is well documented.[162][163] The ISI have been accused of having close ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba who carried out the attacks in Mumbai in 2008.[164] The ISI have also given aid to Hizbul Mujahideen.[165] Terrorism expert Gus Martin has said, "The ISI has a long history of supporting designated terrorist groups and pro-Independence groups operating in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir which fight against Indian interests."[151][166] The ISI also helped with the founding of the group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[167]

Hizbul Mujahideen

The group, Hizbul Mujahideen, was created as the Kashmiri branch of Jamaat-i-Islami.[168] It has been reported that JI founded Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) who are advocates for the independence of Kashmir.[169] The failure of 1987 elections in Kashmir, and afterwards the arrest of Muhammad Yusuf, a.k.a. Syed Salahuddin, led to the events that created armed struggle in the valley.

Al-Badr

There have been three incarnations of the group Al-Badr. According to Peter Tomsen, the ISI in conjunction with Jamaat-e-Islami formed the first Al-Badr, who resisted the Indian trained influx of Mukti Bahini in Bangladesh in the 1970s.[170][171]

Al-Qaeda

Main articles: Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992) and Soviet–Afghan War

The ISI supported Al-Qaeda during the war along with the CIA against the Soviet government, through the Taliban, and it is believed by some that there is still contact between Al-Qaeda and the ISI.[172] An assessment by British Intelligence in 2000 into Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them.[173] In 2002, it was alleged that when the Egyptian investigators tracked down Al-Qaeda member Ahmed Said Khadr in Pakistan, the Egyptian authorities informed Pakistani authorities of his location. However, the Afghan Taliban at night came in a car and took Khadir along with them to Afghanistan. The next day, Pakistani authorities claimed they were unable to capture Khadir.[174] The leak in 2012 of e-mails from Stratfor claimed papers captured during all the compounds during the raid in Abbotabad on Osama bin Laden's compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular contact with the ISI.[175]

However, Al-Qaeda has repeatedly labelled ISI their enemy. Al-Qaeda claimed the Pakistani military and intelligence are their main targets in Pakistan.[176] In 2019, Ayman al-Zawahari in a video message labelled ISI and the Pakistani military a "puppet" of the United States.[177][178]

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen were founded in the 1980s by the ISI to fight against Indian interests.[179]

Jammu and Kashmir

in 1984, under the orders of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the ISI prepared a plan for a rebellion, which was to be set in motion in 1991.[180]

Haqqani network

The ISI have close links to the Haqqani network[181] and contribute heavily to their funding.[182] It is widely believed the suicide attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul in 2008 was planned with the help of the ISI.[183] A report in 2008 from the US director of National Intelligence stated the ISI provides intelligence and funding to help with attacks against the International Security Assistance Force, the Afghan government and Indian targets.[184] However, on 5 November 2014, Lt. Gen. Joseph Anderson, a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, said in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan that the Haqqani network is now "fractured" like the Taliban. "They are fractured. They are fractured like the Taliban is. That's based pretty much on the Pakistan's operations in North Waziristan this entire summer-fall," he said, acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan's military offensive in North Waziristan. "That has very much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an attack in Kabul," Anderson added.[185]

Attacks on journalists

Amnesty International published a document concerning the investigation of ISI over the murder of Saleem Shahzad.[186]

Equipment

Losses

Since Pakistan launched war on Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and other jihadist groups, the country's armed forces, intelligence services (particularly the ISI), military industrial complexes, paramilitary forces and police forces have come under intense attacks. The ISI has played a major role in targeting these groups, therefore it has faced retaliatory strikes as well. As of 2011, more than 300 ISI officials have been killed.[187] Below are some major incidents when attempts were made to target the ISI.

See also

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Walsh, Declan (12 May 2011). "Whose side is Pakistan's ISI really on?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  2. ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1653379
  3. ^ "Relations with Israel: Interesting suggestions start pouring in for Pakistani govt". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  4. ^ "How Pakistan's President Zia collaborated with Israel's Mossad to defeat Soviet forces in Afghanistan". WION. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  5. ^ "How Israel-Pakistan Relations Could Be Established By The End Of 2020?". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  6. ^ Pear, Robert (18 April 1988). "Arming Afghan Guerrillas: A Huge Effort Led by U.S. (Published 1988)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  7. ^ "We created Islamic extremism: Those blaming Islam for ISIS would have supported Osama bin Laden in the '80s". Salon. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  8. ^ "9/11 convict: Osama Bin Laden a 'useful idiot' of the CIA". Middle East Monitor. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2018.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ Matt Waldman (June 2010). "The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents" (PDF). Crisis States Working Papers. Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science (series no.2, no. 18): 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2011. In the 1980s the ISI was instrumental in supporting seven Sunni Muslim mujahideen groups in their jihad against the Soviets and was the principal conduit of covert US and Saudi funding. It subsequently played a pivotal role in the emergence of the Taliban (Coll 2005:292) and Pakistan provided significant political, financial, military and logistical support to the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan (1996–2001)(Rashid 2001).
  11. ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Group. pp. 289–297. ISBN 9781594200076. Yet ISI's ambition was greater than its purse. Pakistan's army suffered from acute money problems during 1995. The army commanded the lion's share of Pakistan's budget, but with American aid cut over the nuclear issue, there was not much to go around. ... As it had during the 1980s, ISI needed Saudi intelligence, and it needed wealthy Islamist patrons from the Persian Gulf. ... The Pakistanis were advertising the Taliban to the Saudis as an important new force on the Afghan scene. ... The scale of Saudi payments and subsidies to Pakistan's army and intelligence service during the mid-1990s has never been disclosed. Judging by the practices of the previous decade, direct transfers and oil price subsidies to Pakistan's military probably amounted in some years to at least several hundred million dollars. This bilateral support helped ISI build up its proxy jihad forces in both Kashmir and Afghanistan.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
  13. ^ Frederic, Grare (6 March 2009). "Reforming the Intelligence Agencies in Pakistan's Transitional Democracy". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  14. ^ rakshak, Bharat. "ISI". Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
  15. ^ Pakistan Intelligence & Security Activities & Operations Handbook. USA International Business Publications. 2009. p. 41. ISBN 978-1438737218.
  16. ^ Kiessling, Hein (2016). Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1849045179.
  17. ^ "Gilani dismisses reports of extension to ISI chief". ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  18. ^ "Steve Coll: "Zawahiri's record suggests he will struggle"". Frontline. PBS. 2 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  19. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H.; Vira, Varun (7 June 2011), Pakistan: Violence vs. Stability — A National Net Assessment, Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp. 183–184, archived from the original on 22 January 2017, retrieved 18 October 2016
  20. ^ "Pakistan 'role in Mumbai attacks'". 30 September 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  21. ^ "Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India - December 13, 2001". 17 December 2001. Archived from the original on 17 December 2001. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  22. ^ John, Wilson. "Hyderabad blasts: The ISI hand". Rediff. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  23. ^ "U.S. official: Indian attack has Pakistani ties". NBC News. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  24. ^ Syed, Baqir Sajjad (6 December 2008). "Rice tells Pakistan to act 'or US will'". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  25. ^ "Pakistan's shadowy secret service". 9 October 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  26. ^ "Telegraph | News | Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid". 11 October 2006. Archived from the original on 11 October 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  27. ^ Gall, Carlotta (21 January 2007). "At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  28. ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Schmitt, Eric (1 August 2008). "Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  29. ^ "Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (a.k.a. Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) - Council on Foreign Relations". 5 June 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  30. ^ "Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba". 3 May 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  31. ^ "DNA - World - FBI identifies terror camp in Pakistan through satellite pictures - Daily News & Analysis". 10 March 2007. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  32. ^ "Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan". 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Terrorism Havens: Pakistan - Council on Foreign Relations". 18 July 2006. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  34. ^ Abbas, Hassan (2015). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-317-46328-3. Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles which turned the tide in favor of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership, the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.
  35. ^ "Intelligence: Pakistan Tries A DNI". strategypage.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  36. ^ a b c Raza, Syed Irfan (14 October 2021). "Crisis lingers as govt yet to notify new ISI chief". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  37. ^ Shuja Nawaz. "Focusing the Spy Glass on Pakistan's ISI" Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Huffington Post, 2 October 2008
  38. ^ Pawar, B.S. "Demystifying the Isi" (PDF). claws.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pike, John (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  40. ^ Raman, B. (2002). Intelligence : past, present & future. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 8170622220. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  41. ^ ISI funded political parties Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved on 24 August 2012.
  42. ^ Political wing in ISI Archived 3 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Awamipolitics.com (1 April 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  43. ^ "Pakistan stocks end in red on Wednesday amid ISI chief appointment controversy". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  44. ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (14 October 2021). "Stocks tumble 661 points on political noise". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  45. ^ Editorial (15 October 2021). "Confusion galore". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 15 October 2021. Editorial quote:"With the markets constantly in flux over the past few days, the people of the country wonder whether their fates are in fact linked to the signing of a summary or notification"((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ a b Chaudhry, Urooj Imran | Sana (13 October 2021). "What is the process of appointing Pakistan's spymaster?". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  47. ^ Abbasi, Ansar (15 October 2021). "An undiscussed angle of mess surrounding DG ISI's appointment". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 15 October 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ a b Shaffer, Ryan (2 February 2017). "Faith, unity, discipline: the Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan, by Hein G. Kiessling, Noida, India, Harper Collins , 2016, , ISBN 9351777960". Journal of Intelligence History. 16 (2). doi:10.1080/16161262.2017.1286447. ISSN 1616-1262. S2CID 164905274.
  49. ^ "Obituary: Maj-Gen Syed Shahid Hamid". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  50. ^ "Pakistan's PM approves appointment of new spy chief". The Independent. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  51. ^ "Is this the first time there has been a conflict between the government and military?". BBC World service (BBC URDU ) (in Urdu). 16 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  52. ^ Noor, Arifa (19 October 2021). "Past, present, forever". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  53. ^ a b Almeida, Cyril (6 October 2016). "Exclusive: Act against militants or face international isolation, civilians tell military". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  54. ^ a b c Salahuddin, Ghazi (17 October 2021). "Living dangerously – again". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 17 October 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ^ a b c Shehzad, Rizwan (13 October 2021). "Govt confirms 'stalemate' in DG ISI's appointment". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 13 October 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. ^ a b "Aye-Yes-Aye: Imran Khan, Gen Bajwa Bicker Over New ISI Chief as Charges of 'Favouritism, Meddling' Fly". News18. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  57. ^ Chaudhry, Dawn com | Fahad (6 October 2021). "In military shuffle, Lt Gen Nadeem Anjum replaces Lt Gen Faiz Hameed as top spymaster". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  58. ^ Raza, Dawn com | Syed Irfan (13 October 2021). "Consultation between PM, COAS over DG ISI completed, new appointment process underway: Fawad". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  59. ^ Raza, Syed Irfan (13 October 2021). "PM wants current ISI chief to continue for some time: PTI". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  60. ^ "How to Join isi Pakistan". soldiers.pk. 11 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  61. ^ West, Julian (23 September 2001). "Pakistan's 'godfathers of the Taliban' hold the key to hunt for bin Laden". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  62. ^ Coll, S. (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin.
  63. ^ Raman, B. "Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)". Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brigadier Syed A. I. Tirmazi (1985). Profiles of Intelligence. Combined Printers. Library of Congress Catalogue No. 95-930455.
  65. ^ a b c d Tomsen, Peter (2011). The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers. Public Affairs Press. pp. 405–408. ISBN 978-1-58648-763-8. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  66. ^ "Pakistan's support of the taliban". Human Rights Watch. 2000. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  67. ^ Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan wars. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-230-21313-5.
  68. ^ PTI (12 May 2011). "ISI behind plot to target Indian Consulate". reddif.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  69. ^ Taintor, David (7 October 2014). "Panetta explains why US didn't alert Pakistan of bin Laden raid". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  70. ^ Nelson, Dean (15 October 2009). "Pakistan's ISI still supporting the Taliban, say Afghans – Pakistan's intelligence agency is directing Taliban attacks on Western targets in Afghanistan, Davood Moradian, a senior government official has claimed". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  71. ^ "Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency 'supports' Taliban". BBC News. 13 June 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  72. ^ "Pakistan puppet masters guide the Taliban killers" Archived 12 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ Burch, Jonathon (13 June 2010). "Report slams Pakistan for meddling in Afghanistan". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  74. ^ the CNN Wire Staff (14 June 2010). "New report on Pakistan connections with Taliban dismissed by military". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  75. ^ "Pakistan Denies Supporting Taliban". Rferl.org. 14 June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  76. ^ "Pakistan's intelligence agency said to support Taliban"
  77. ^ Iqbal, Anwar (19 June 2010). "Ties with bad guys help get bad guys: Gen Petraeus". Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  78. ^ Hussain, Zahid (2008), Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, Columbia University Press, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-231-14225-0, archived from the original on 10 April 2017, retrieved 19 October 2016
  79. ^ Sharma, Rajnish (1 March 2012). "Intel reveals ISI-Naxal link". Asian Age. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
  80. ^ "Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence(ISI)". acsa2000.net. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  81. ^ a b c Raman, B. (1 August 2001). "Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)". South Asia Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 12 April 2006.
  82. ^ McGirk, Tim; Adiga, Aravind (4 May 2005). "War at the Top of the World". Time. p. 2. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014.
  83. ^ Juan Cole, Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge? Archived 23 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Salon, 12 December 2008, Retrieved 16 October 2016
  84. ^ "Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants'". BBC News. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  85. ^ "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI] – Pakistan Intelligence Agencies". Fas.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  86. ^ "Key quotes from the document". BBC News. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  87. ^ Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants' Archived 28 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 3 March 2010
  88. ^ "'Indian troop deployment plan leaked to Pakistan last year'". pakistantoday.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  89. ^ "Exclusive: Indian Army movement plans leaked to ISI last year". India Today. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  90. ^ "Indian troop deployment plan leaked to ISI within hours". thenews.com. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  91. ^ "Revealed: Indian Army plans were leaked to Pakistan's ISI in 2014". indiatvnews.com. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  92. ^ "'RAW officer' arrested in Balochistan". The Express Tribune. 24 March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  93. ^ Ghazali, Abdus Sattar. "ISLAMIC PAKISTAN: ILLUSIONS & REALITY". ghazali.net. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
  94. ^ Kaplan, Soldiers of God, p.12
  95. ^ Shabie Iqbal. "Did the KGB kill Zia? – The Express Tribune Blog". Blogs.tribune.com.pk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  96. ^ Pike, John. "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI]". fas.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
  97. ^ Khan, Iftikhar A (11 May 2011). "ISI sought formal accord on ties with CIA". dawncom. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  98. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (27 October 2020). "MI5 Colluded in Pakistan's torture of British terrorist, court hears". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  99. ^ Schmitt, Eric (14 June 2011). "Pakistan Arrests C.I.A. Informants in Bin Laden Raid". New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  100. ^ "US congress pushes for Dr Shakil Afridi's release". Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  101. ^ Iqbal, Anwar (2 May 2016). "US to use further cuts to get Dr Afridi out". Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  102. ^ "Pakistan accuses 'CIA-doctor' of treason". Al Jazeera English. 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
  103. ^ Marszal, Andrew (2 May 2016). "Doctor who helped CIA track bin Laden still languishes in Pakistan jail". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  104. ^ Arfeen, Syed. "Deeper and darker: A Pakistani gangster's Iran connection". Geo News. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  105. ^ Ayub, Imran (13 April 2017). "Uzair admitted to espionage a year ago, reveal documents". Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  106. ^ Sajjad, Baqir (15 July 2017). "Pakistan helped Iraq in defeating IS, says Iraqi envoy". Dawn. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  107. ^ Raman, B. "Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)". Archived from the original on 12 April 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
  108. ^ "Pakistan | CIA and ISI locked in aggressive spy battles". Dawn. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  109. ^ Karen DeYoung (31 January 2011). "New estimates put Pakistan's nuclear arsenal at more than 100". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  110. ^ Baqir Sajjad Syed (6 March 2011). "ISI redefining terms of engagement with CIA". Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  111. ^ Kharal, Asad (25 February 2011). "After Davis' arrest, US operatives leaving Pakistan". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  112. ^ US district court: Chinese woman indicted on Pakistan exports – The Express Tribune Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (10 July 2011). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  113. ^ Mark Mazzetti, Eric Schmitt & Charlie Savage (23 July 2011). "Pakistan Spies on Its Diaspora, Spreading Fear". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  114. ^ Benjamin, Daniel & Steven Simon. The Age of Sacred Terror, 2002
  115. ^ Risen, James. State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration, 2006
  116. ^ CNN Transcript "Suspected Mastermind of Pearl Killing Arrested". CNN. 7 February 2001. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2006. 12 February 2002.
  117. ^ Wright, Abi. Committee to Protect Journalists, May 2006. "Heading into Danger". Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
  118. ^ "Transcript: Bin Laden determined to Strike in US CNN.com, Saturday April 10, 2004". CNN. 10 April 2004. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  119. ^ Andy Worthington The Guantanamo Files, Pluto Press, 2007
  120. ^ Tim McGirk (8 April 2002). "Anatomy of a Raid". Time. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  121. ^ Burns, John F. (14 April 2002). "John Burns, A NATION CHALLENGED: THE FUGITIVES, In Pakistan's Interior, A Troubling Victory in Hunt for Al Qaeda New York Times, April 14, 2002". The New York Times. New York City; Pakistan; Faisalabad (Pakistan); Washington (Dc). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  122. ^ "Anti-terror raids yield bonanza for U.S. intelligence". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. 2 April 2002. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  123. ^ "Ramzi bin al-Shibh: al-Qaeda suspect". BBC. 14 September 2002. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  124. ^ Shahzad, Syed Saleem (30 October 2002). "A chilling inheritance of terror". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2002.((cite news)): CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  125. ^ Shane, Scott (22 June 2008). "Inside a 9/11 Mastermind's Interrogation". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  126. ^ "Factbox: Major al Qaeda militants killed or captured". Reuters. 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  127. ^ "Taliban commander Mullah Baradar 'seized in Pakistan'". BBC News. 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  128. ^ Chazan, David (9 January 2002). "Profile: Pakistan's military intelligence agency". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 November 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2006.
  129. ^ "ISI closes its political wing". Dawn. 23 November 2008. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  130. ^ Crash of US U-2 Spy Plane Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Southasiaanalysis.org. Retrieved on 24 August 2012.
  131. ^ Neamatollah Nojumi (2002). The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave.
  132. ^ Pakistan's anti-terror success Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Thenews.com.pk. Retrieved on 24 August 2012.
  133. ^ [1] Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  134. ^ Boone, Jon (5 May 2011). "Osama Bin Laden death: Afghanistan 'had Abbottabad lead four years ago'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  135. ^ a b Jamal, Arrif (22 December 2011). "Former Pakistan Army Chief Reveals Intelligence Bureau Harbored Bin Laden in Abbottabad". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. 9, no. 47. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  136. ^ Ashraf Javed (16 February 2012). "Ijaz Shah to sue Ziauddin Butt". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  137. ^ "Kissinger: 'Almost Impossible' That Pakistan Didn't Know Bin Laden Was Hiding in the Region". Fox News. 5 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  138. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (22 September 2011). "Admiral Mullen: Pakistani ISI sponsoring Haqqani attacks". The Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2011. During a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing today, Admiral Michael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, highlighted the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence Agency's role in sponsoring the Haqqani Network—including attacks on American forces in Afghanistan. 'The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity,' Mullen said in his written testimony. 'Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers.' Mullen continued: 'For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government and is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency—is responsible for the September 13th attacks against the U.S. Embassy in Kabul.'
  139. ^ Obama won't back Mullen's claim on Pakistan Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. NDTV.com (1 October 2011). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  140. ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. 22 September 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  141. ^ "Rediff News: For the US, ISI is a terrorist organisation". 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  142. ^ Burke, Jason (25 April 2011). "Guantánamo Bay files: Pakistan's ISI spy service listed as terrorist group". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  143. ^ "General Dunford: Pakistan intelligence has links to 'terrorists' Archived 23 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Al-Jazeera. 4 October 2017.
  144. ^ "Mattis says will try to work with Pakistan 'one more time' Archived 23 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Reuters. 3 October 2017.
  145. ^ Black Friday: the true story of the Bombay bomb blasts, S. Hussain Zaidi, Penguin Books, 2002, p. 30
  146. ^ WikiLeaks: Pakistan shared intelligence with Israel post 26/11 Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. daily.bhaskar.com (2 December 2010). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  147. ^ Burke, Jason (18 October 2010). "Pakistan intelligence services 'aided Mumbai terror attacks'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  148. ^ "Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks". The Independent. London. 31 January 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  149. ^ Khan, Zarar (1 December 2008). "Pakistan Denies Government Involvement In Mumbai Attacks". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  150. ^ King, Laura (7 January 2009). "Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  151. ^ a b Martin, Gus (2009). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues (Third ed.). Sage Publishing. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4129-7059-4. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  152. ^ Bajoria, Jayshree; Eben Kaplan (4 May 2011). "The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations". Council on Foreign Relations.
  153. ^ Laruelle, Marlène; Sébastien Peyrouse (2011). Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies. Ashgate Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4094-0985-4.
  154. ^ Hussain, Zahid (2008). Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle With Militant Islam. Columbia University Press. p. VII. ISBN 978-0-231-14225-0.
  155. ^ Holt, Grant; David H. Gray (Winter 2011). "A Pakistani Fifth Column? The Pakistani Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate's Sponsorship of Terrorism". Global Security Studies. 2 (1): 56.
  156. ^ Forest, James J. F. (2007). Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century: International Perspectives. Praeger Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-275-99034-3.
  157. ^ McGrath, Kevin (2011). Confronting Al Qaeda: New Strategies to Combat Terrorism. Naval Institute Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-59114-503-5.
  158. ^ Grare, Frédéric (2009). Reforming the Intelligence Agencies in Pakistan's Transitional Democracy. Carnegie Endowment. p. 15.
  159. ^ a b Camp, Dick (2011). Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, 2001–2002. Zenith. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-7603-4111-7.
  160. ^ Caldwell, Dan; Robert Williams (2011). Seeking Security in an Insecure World (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1-4422-0803-2.
  161. ^ Zahab, Mariam Abou (2011). Aparna Rao; Michael Bollig; Monika Bock (eds.). The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence (Reprint ed.). Berghahn Books. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-85745-141-5.
  162. ^ Cohen, Stephen P. (2011). The Future of Pakistan. Brookings Institution. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8157-2180-2.
  163. ^ Wilson, John (2005). Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia Countering the Financing of Terrorism. Pearson plc. p. 80. ISBN 978-8129709981.
  164. ^ Green, M. Christian (2011). Religion and Human Rights. Chapter 21: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973345-3.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location (link)
  165. ^ Sisk, Timothy D. (2008). International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-415-47705-5.
  166. ^ Palmer, Monte (2007). At the Heart of Terror: Islam, Jihadists, and America's War on Terrorism. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7425-3603-6.
  167. ^ Wilson, John (2005). Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia Countering the Financing of Terrorism. Pearson. p. 84. ISBN 978-8129709981.
  168. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2008). Global Rebellion Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda (1st ed.). University of California Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-520-25554-8.
  169. ^ "Hizb-ul-Mujahideen". Institute For Conflict Management. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  170. ^ Tomsen, Peter (2011). Wars of Afghanistan. Public Affairs. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-58648-763-8.
  171. ^ Schmid, Alex (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. Routledge. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-415-41157-8.
  172. ^ Aubrey, Stefan M. (2004). The New Dimension of International Terrorism. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. p. 253. ISBN 978-3-7281-2949-9.
  173. ^ Atkins, Stephen E (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 540. ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9.
  174. ^ McGirk, Tim (29 April 2002). "Rogues No More?". Time. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  175. ^ McElroy, Damien (27 February 2012). "Stratfor: Osama bin Laden 'was in routine contact with Pakistan's spy agency'". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  176. ^ "Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent threatens to wage war against Pak". The Week (India). 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019.
  177. ^ "Al Qaeda releases maiden video on Kashmir; issues threats to army, govt". The Economic Times. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  178. ^ "Al-Qaeda releases its first video on Kashmir". The Hindu. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  179. ^ O. Riedel, Bruce (2011). Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad. Brookings Institution. p. Preface. ISBN 978-0-8157-0557-4.
  180. ^ Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1.
  181. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H.; Adam Mausner; David Kasten (2009). Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces. Center for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN 978-0-89206-566-0.
  182. ^ Shanty, Frank (2011). The Nexus: International Terrorism and Drug Trafficking from Afghanistan (1st ed.). Praeger. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-313-38521-6.
  183. ^ Williams, Brian Glyn (2011). Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8122-4403-8.
  184. ^ Aid, Matthew M. (3 January 2012), Intel Wars: The Secret History of the Fight Against Terror, Bloomsbury USA, p. 113, ISBN 978-1-60819-481-0, archived from the original on 10 April 2017, retrieved 19 October 2016
  185. ^ "Operation Zarb-i-Azb disrupted Haqqani network: US general". Dawn. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  186. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Pakistan must investigate Inter-Services Intelligence over attacks against journalists". Refworld. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  187. ^ Taliban links, ISPR denies (27 October 2011). "Pakistan military denies BBC report on Taliban links". Dawn. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  188. ^ "11 Adiala Jail detainees are hardcore". The News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  189. ^ "Terrorists attack Lahore ISI office". The Nation. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  190. ^ "Huge blast rocks Pakistani city". BBC News. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  191. ^ "13 killed, 60 injured in Peshawar suicide attack: Terrorists strike ISI". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  192. ^ "TTP claims responsibility: ISI building targeted in Multan; 8 die". Dawn News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  193. ^ "Faisalabad carnage: Car bomb kills 25, injures over 100". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  194. ^ "Three ISI officials killed in FR Bannu Attack". The News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  195. ^ "Suicide bombers target ISI compound in Sukkur". dawn.com. 24 July 2013.

General bibliography

Further reading

External links

Inter-Services Intelligence
National intelligence agencies
Intelligence services and agencies of Pakistan
Pakistan Armed Forces
Authority control
Categories