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((Short description|Wine making in Portugal))
((More citations needed|date=October 2017))
[[File:Rabelo Douro en–Porto.jpg|thumb|300px|The traditional [[rabelo boat]], used to transport Port Wine from the [[Douro, Subregion|Douro Valley]] to the cellars near the city of [[Porto]].]]
'''Portuguese wine''' was mostly introduced by the [[Romans (wine)|Romans]] and other ancient Mediterranean peoples who traded with local coastal populations, mainly in the South. In pre-Roman Gallaecia-Lusitania times, the native peoples only drank beer and were unfamiliar with wine production. [[Portugal]] started to export its [[wine]]s to Rome during the [[Lusitania|Roman Empire]]. Modern exports developed with trade to England after the [[Methuen Treaty]] in 1703. From this commerce a wide variety of wines started to be grown in [[Portugal]]. In 1758, one of the first wine-producing regions of the world, the ''[[Região Demarcada]] do Douro'' was created under the orientation of [[Marquis of Pombal]], in the [[Douro Valley]]. Portugal has two wine-producing regions protected by [[UNESCO]] as [[World Heritage]]: the [[Douro, Subregion|Douro Valley]] Wine Region (''Douro Vinhateiro'') and [[Pico Island]] Wine Region (''Ilha do Pico Vinhateira''). Portugal has a big variety of local kinds, producing a very wide variety of different wines with distinctive personality.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))

==History==
((Main|History of Portuguese wine|))
[[File:Tombstone of a Wine Maker, Museu de Évora - Apr 2011.jpg|left|thumb|''"cupa"'', Roman tombstones in the shape of wine barrels, were used in the 3rd century AD in [[Alentejo]], Museu de [[Évora]]]]

In southern Iberian Peninsula, some archeological finds attest that the consumption of wine occurred around the 7th to the 6th century B.C. and production started in the 5th to the 4th century B.C.<ref name="romanico">((cite web |title=O vinho na antiguidade clássica - Alguns apontamentos sobre Lousada |url=http://www.rotadoromanico.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Romanico_Mais%20Informacao/Revista%20OPPIDUM/O_vinho_na_antiguidade_classica_pp.69-85.pdf |access-date= May 24, 2017 |publisher=Oppidum |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914165453/http://www.rotadoromanico.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Romanico_Mais%20Informacao/Revista%20OPPIDUM/O_vinho_na_antiguidade_classica_pp.69-85.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2018 |url-status=dead))</ref> Romans did much to expand and promote viticulture in their settlements in the province of [[Lusitania]], most especially Portuguese [[Lisboa VR|Estremadura]] and the south of Portugal. In Northern Portugal, and according to the current knowledge, wine-making started with Roman rule. [[Strabo]] notices that the [[Castro culture|indigenous peoples in Northern Portugal]] mostly consumed ''zhytos'' (a form of beer) and wine was rarely produced or consumed; the wine, of low production, was immediately consumed in family banquets, all orderly sited and consuming by age and status, proving that wine was a fascination to them.<ref name="romanico"/> Wines were then produced across the territory for both local consumption as well as [[export]] to [[Rome]].<ref>J. Robinson (ed). ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'', Third Edition, pp. 536-540, Oxford University Press 2006 ((ISBN|0-19-860990-6)).</ref><ref name="academia.edu">((cite book |last=SILVA |first=A. J. M. |author-link= |date=2014 |title=(19) "Les vins au goût d'argile : anatomie d'une tradition plurimillénaire. Le cas d'étude portugais du vin de talha", 138e Congrès des Sociétés Historiques et Scientifiques : Se nourrir, pratiques et stratégies alimentaires (Rennes, 22–26 April 2013) |url=https://www.academia.edu/10205544 |location=Rennes |publisher=Éditions SHS |page= |format=pdf |isbn=))</ref>

During the [[Reconquista]] in the 12th and 13th centuries, with the populating (''povoamento'') of the conquered territories, areas due to religion the Arabs reduced wine production. During this period, some new varieties were added to the ancient ones, from [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] came the French varieties. And during the [[Portugal in the period of discoveries|period of discoveries]], [[Henry the Navigator]] brought to the newly discovered island of [[Madeira Island|Madeira]] the [[Moscatel]] and [[Malvasia]] from the [[Greek island|Greek Island]] of [[Crete]]. In the Reign of [[Carlos I of Portugal|King Carlos]], the ''Região Demarcada do Vinho Verde'' and the ''Região Demarcada do Dão'' among Colares, Carcavelos, Setúbal, and Madeira were created. In 1979, Bairrada was added and in 1980 the Algarve region ([[Lagoa (Algarve)|Lagoa]], [[Lagos]], [[Portimão]], and [[Tavira Municipality|Tavira]]) was finally demarcated. In 1998, the [[Alentejo]] region was demarked by the gathering several smaller demarked regions created in 1995.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))

==Grapes==
[[File:Vinhas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vineyards in Vinho Verde Demarcated Region in [[Minho Province|Minho]], [[Portugal]]]]
Portugal has a large array of native varietals, producing an abundant variety of different wines. The wide array of Portuguese grape varietals contributes as significantly as the soil and climate to wine differentiation, producing distinctive wines from the Northern regions to [[Madeira Islands]], and from [[Algarve]] to the [[Azores]]. In Portugal only some grape varietals or ''castas'' are authorized or endorsed in the Demarcated regions, such as:((Citation needed|date=September 2023))

* '''Vinhos Verdes''' - White castas [[Alvarinho]], [[Arinto|Arinto (Pedernã)]], [[Avesso]], [[Azal Tinto|Azal]], [[Batoca]], [[Loureira|Loureiro]], [[Trajadura]]; red castas [[Amaral (grape)|Amaral]], [[Borraçal]], [[Alvarelhão]], [[Espadeiro]], [[Padeiro]], [[Pedral]], [[Rabo de Anho]], [[Vinhão]].
* '''Porto'''/'''Douro''' - Red castas [[Touriga Nacional]], [[Tinta Amarela]], [[Tempranillo|Tinta Roriz]], [[Bastardo (grape)|Bastardo]], [[Periquita|Castelão]], [[Cornifesto]], [[Donzelinho Tinto]], [[Malvasia Preta]], [[Marufo]], [[Rufete (grape)|Rufete]], [[Tinta Barroca]], [[Tinta Francisca]], [[Tinto Cão]], [[Touriga Franca]]; white castas [[Arinto]], [[Cercial]], [[Donzelinho branco]], [[Folgazão]], [[Gouveio]], [[Malvasia Fina]], [[Moscatel Galego branco]], [[Rabigato]], [[Samarrinho]], [[Semillon]], [[Sercial]], [[Roupeiro]], [[Verdelho]], [[Viosinho]], [[Vital (grape)|Vital]].
* '''Dão''' - Red castas Touriga Nacional, [[Alfrocheiro]], Tinta Roriz, [[Jaen do Dão|Jaen]]; White castas [[Encruzado]], [[Bical (grape)|Bical]], [[Cercial]], Malvasia Fina, [[Verdelho]].
* '''Bairrada''' - Red casts [[Baga (grape)|Baga]], Alfrocheiro, Camarate, Castelão, Jaen, Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz; white castas [[Fernão Pires|Maria Gomes]], Arinto, Bical, Cercial, [[Rabo de Ovelha]], Verdelho.
* '''Bucelas''' - White castas Arinto, Sercial e Rabo de Ovelha.
* '''Colares''' - Red casta [[Ramisco]]; White casta Malvasia
* '''Carcavelos''' - Red castas Castelão and [[Preto Martinho]]; White castas	[[Galego Dourado]], [[Ratinho (grape)|Ratinho]], Arinto.
* '''Setúbal''' - Red casta [[Moscatel Roxo]]; white casta [[Moscatel de Setúbal]].
* '''Alentejo''' - Red castas Alfrocheiro, [[Aragonez]], Periquita1, [[Tinta Caiada]], Trincadeira, [[Alicante Bouschet]], [[Moreto]]; White castas [[Antão Vaz]], Arinto, Fernão Pires, Rabo de Ovelha, [[Roupeiro]]
* '''Algarve''' - Red castas [[Negra Mole]], Trincadeira, Alicante Bouschet, Aragonez, Periquita; White castas Arinto, Roupeiro, [[Manteúdo]], [[Moscatel Graúdo]], [[Perrum]], Rabo de Ovelha.
* '''Madeira''' - Red castas Bastardo, Tinta, Malvasia Cândida Roxa, Verdelho Tinto e Tinta Negra; white castas Sercial, Malvasia Fina (Boal), Malvasia Cândida, Folgasão (Terrantez), Verdelho.
* '''Tejo''' - Red castas [[Baga (grape)|Baga]], Camarate, [[Castelão (grape)|Castelão]], [[Trincadeira]], [[Tinta-Miúda]], [[Preto-Martinho]], [[Aragonez]], [[Touriga-Franca]], [[Touriga-Nacional]], [[Alfrocheiro]], [[Caladoc]], [[Esgana-Cão-Tinto]], [[Jaen do Dão|Jaen]], [[Petit Verdot]], [[Tinta-Barroca]], [[Tinta-Caiada]], [[Tinto-Cão]], [[Merlot]], [[Cabernet-Sauvignon]], [[Bastardo (grape)|Bastardo]], [[Pinot noir]], [[Alicante-Bouschet]], [[Grand noir]], [[Moreto]], [[Syrah]]; white castas [[Arinto]], [[Fernão Pires]], [[Rabo-de-Ovelha]], [[Tália]], [[Trincadeira-das-Pratas]], [[Vital (grape)|Vital]], [[Verdelho]], [[Tamarez]], [[Cerceal branco]], [[Alicante branco]], [[Chardonnay]], [[Malvasia-Rei]], [[Pinot blanc]], [[Sauvignon blanc|Sauvignon]], [[Alvarinho]], [[Moscatel-Graúdo]], [[Síria]], [[Viosinho]].

==Appellation system==
((Main|Denominação de Origem Controlada))

The ''appellation'' system of the Douro region was created nearly two hundred years before that of [[France]], in order to protect its superior wines from inferior ones. The quality and great variety of wines in Portugal are due to noble castas, [[microclimates (wine)|microclimates]], soils and proper technology.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))

Official designations:
* Quality Wine Produced in a Specific Region (QWPSR) or VQPRD - ''Vinho de Qualidade Produzido em Região Demarcada''
** These are the most protected wine and indicates a specific vineyard, such as Port Wine, Vinhos Verdes, and Alentejo Wines. These wines are labeled D.O.C. ('''''Denominação de Origem Controlada''''') which secures a superior quality.
* Wines that have more regulations placed upon them but are not in a DOC region fall under the category of '''''Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada''''' (IPR, Indication of Regulated Provenance)
* Regional Wine - '''''Vinho Regional''''' Carries with it a specific region within Portugal.
* Table Wines - '''''Vinho de Mesa''''' carries with it only the producer and the designation that it's from Portugal.

==Wine regions==
*[[Vinho Verde]]: This region is mainly in the [[Minho Province|Minho province]], and is in the extreme north-west of Portugal. There are six areas :

# Monção
# Lima
# Braga
# Penafiel
# Basto
# Amarante

Vinho Verde derived its name from the fact that the grapes used are 'green' meaning slightly under-ripe. Vinho Verde wines are now largely exported, and are the most exported Portuguese wines after the [[Port Wine]]. The most popular variety in Portugal and abroad are the white wines, but there are also red and more rarely rosé wines. A notable variety of Vinho Verde is [[Vinho Alvarinho]] which is a special variety of white Vinho Verde, the production of Alvarinho is restricted by EU law to a small sub-region of Monção, in the northern part of the Minho region in Portugal. It has more alcohol (11.5 to 13%) than the other varieties (8 to 11.5%).((Citation needed|date=September 2023))

*[[Vinho do Douro|Douro wine (Vinho do Douro)]] originates from the same region as port wines. In the past they were considered to be a bitter tasting wine. In order to prevent spoilage during the voyage from Portugal to England, the English decided to add a Portuguese wine brandy known as ''aguardente''. The first documented commercial transactions appearing in registries of export date as far back as 1679. Today's Douro table wines are enjoying growing favor in the world, maintaining many traits that are reminiscent of a port wine.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))
*[[Vinho do Dão|Dão wine]] is from the ''Região Demarcada do Dão'', a region demarcated in 1908, but already in 1390 some measures were taken to protect this wine. The Dão Wine is produced in a mountainous region with temperate climate, in the area of the [[Mondego River|Mondego]] and [[Rio Dão|Dão]] rivers in the northern region of central Portugal. These mountains protect the ''castas'' from [[maritime (wine)|maritime]] and [[continental influences (wine)|continental influences]].((Citation needed|date=September 2023))
*[[Vinho da Bairrada|Bairrada wine]], is produced in the ''Região Demarcada da Bairrada''. The name "Bairrada" comes from the Portuguese word "barro" meaning "clay", due to the clayey soils of the region. Although the region was classified in 1979, it is an ancient vineyard region. The vines grow exposed to the sun, favouring the further maturity of the grapes. The Baga ''casta'' is intensely used in the wines of the region. The Bairrada region produces table, white and red wines. Yet, it is notable for its [[sparkling wine|sparkling]] natural wine.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))
*[[Alentejo wine]] is produced from grapes planted in vast vineyards extending over rolling plains under the sun which shines on the grapes and ripens them for the production. Some producers of this region still do wine in great potteries as in Roman times.<ref name="academia.edu"/>
*[[Colares wine]] is type of wine produced in sandy soils outside Lisbon between the foothills of [[Sintra]] and [[Cabo da Roca|Roca Cape]]. Because of Lisbon's urban sprawl, the lands available for vineyards became so small, that the demands has always been higher than the production, making it one of the most expensive Portuguese wines.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))

=== Port ===
[[File:Port wine.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A glass of tawny port]]
[[File:Croft Port Wine Cellars.jpg|left|thumb|Port wine cellar]]
[[Port wine]] vines need to grow in [[schist]] rich soil and require a specific micro-climate. It is produced through a unique vinification method. The red varietals are the most common. The wine is produced in the beautiful landscape of the [[Douro Valley]] in Alto Douro region, a region that is classified as [[World Heritage]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Alto Douro Wine Region |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1046/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801053240/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1046 |archive-date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en))</ref> The wine is exported from the city of [[Porto]], thus acquiring the name ''Porto'' (or "Port" in English-speaking countries). There are several varieties of Port wine: some of the most popular are the Tawny, White, Ruby, and Late Bottled Vintage (L.B.V.). Wine cellars where port wine is stored to mature can be visited all year around in order to get information about the history of Port Wine and the Douro region.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/portugal-douro/index.html |title=The world's most stunning wine region?|first=Paul |last=Ames |date=2016-08-02 |website=CNN Travel |language=en |access-date=2019-09-09))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.oportoguide.pt/caves-do-vinho-do-porto/ |title=Caves do Vinho do Porto - AEVP |website=Oporto Guide |access-date=2019-09-09))</ref>

=== Moscatel ===
[[Moscatel]] is a liqueurous wine from the [[Setúbal Peninsula]]. Although the region has produced wines since the dawn of nationality, it was in 1797 that the wines of Setúbal were first mentioned. There is another variety of Moscatel wine, the "Moscatel de Favaios", in the ''Região Demarcada do Douro'', it is made from a different ''casta'', and the "Galego" (white), while Moscatel Roxo is made upon a ''casta'' with the same name as the wine.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Cave-wikip.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cellar in the Alentejo Demarcated Region|((Deletable image-caption|1=Wednesday, 29 July 2009|date=May 2012))]] -->

== Some Portuguese wine terms ==
[[File:Colheita vintage tawny.jpg|left|thumb|A colheita vintage tawny Port.]]
* '''Adega''': Winery
* '''Branco''': White
* '''Casta''': Grape variety
* '''Colheita''': Vintage year
* '''Doce''': Sweet
* '''Espumante''': Sparkling wine
* '''Garrafeira''': A reserva red wine aged at least two years in a barrel and one year in a bottle; a white wine aged at least six months in a barrel and six months in a bottle.
* '''Maduro''': Mature (in opposition to ''verde''). Mature wines are Portuguese wines produced in all regions except the ones produced in Vinho Verde region; due to this, the term "maduro" rarely appears on bottles.
* '''Quinta''': [[Vineyard]]
* '''Reserva''': Superior quality wine of a single vintage
* '''Seco''': Dry
* '''Tinto''': Red
* '''Verde''': Green (in opposition to ''maduro''). Wines produced in Vinho Verde region with a distinctive method.
* '''Vinho''': Wine

==Export==
Wine has been one of the most noted Portuguese exports. The country is the seventh largest exporter of the product worldwide, by value.((Citation needed|date=September 2023))

((Col-begin|width=80%))
((Col-2))
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Top ten wine exporting countries in 2005'''
! Rank
! style="width:140px;"|Country
! style="width:100px;"|1000 [[tonnes]]
|-
!1
|((flagicon|Italy)) [[Italian wine|Italy]] || style="text-align:center;"|1,552.10
|-
!2
|((flagicon|France)) [[French wine|France]] || style="text-align:center;"|1,367.86
|-
!3
|((flagicon|Spain)) [[Spanish wine|Spain]] || style="text-align:center;"|1,364.75
|-
!4
|((flagicon|Australia)) [[Australian wine|Australia]] || style="text-align:center;"|695.51
|-
!5
|((flagicon|Portugal)) '''Portugal''' || style="text-align:center;"|'''534.47'''
|-
!6
|((flagicon|Chile)) [[Chilean wine|Chile]] || style="text-align:center;"|422.42
|-
!7
|((flagicon|South Africa)) [[South African wine|South Africa]] || style="text-align:center;"|349.28
|-
!8
|((flagicon|United States)) [[American wine|United States]] || style="text-align:center;"|345.92
|-
!9
|((flagicon|Germany)) [[German wine|Germany]] || style="text-align:center;"|284.50
|-
!10
|((flagicon|Moldova)) [[Moldovan wine|Moldova]] || style="text-align:center;"|254.18
|- style="background:whitesmoke;"
!colspan=2|((noflag))World
| style="text-align:center;"|'''7,929.85'''
|}
((Col-2))
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 2005 Export market shares
! Rank
! style="width:140px;"|Country
! style="width:110px;"|Market share<br><small>(% of value in US$)</small>
|-
!1
|((flagicon|France)) [[French wine|France]] || style="text-align:center;"|34.01%
|-
!2
|((flagicon|Italy)) [[Italian wine|Italy]] || style="text-align:center;"|18.03%
|-
!3
|((flagicon|Australia)) [[Australian wine|Australia]] || style="text-align:center;"|10.24%
|-
!4
|((flagicon|Spain)) [[Spanish wine|Spain]] || style="text-align:center;"|9.18%
|-
!5
|((flagicon|Chile)) [[Chilean wine|Chile]] || style="text-align:center;"|4.13%
|-
!6
|((flagicon|Germany)) [[German wine|Germany]] || style="text-align:center;"|3.25%
|-
!7
|((flagicon|Portugal)) '''Portugal''' || style="text-align:center;"|'''3.17%'''
|-
!8
|((flagicon|United States)) [[American wine|United States]] || style="text-align:center;"|3.00%
|-
!9
|((flagicon|South Africa)) [[South African wine|South Africa]] || style="text-align:center;"|2.90%
|-
!10
|((flagicon|New Zealand)) [[New Zealand wine|New Zealand]] || style="text-align:center;"|1.61%
|}
((Col-end))

== See also ==

*[[Old World wine]]
*[[Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro]]
*[[Winemaking]]
*[[Agriculture in Portugal]]

==References==
((Reflist))

*

==External links==
* [http://www.viajesyvinos.com/Viajes_vinos_todoportugal_files_files.htm Vinos de Portugal Panoramica]
* [http://www.viniportugal.pt/ ViniPortugal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050325095256/http://www.ivv.min-agricultura.pt/ Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho] ((in lang|pt))
* [http://www.ivp.pt/index.asp?idioma=1& IVP]
* [http://www.cvrtejo.pt/ Tejo Wines]
((Portal bar|Wine|Portugal))((Wines))((Wine by country))
((Portugal topics))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Portuguese wine| ]]
[[Category:Portuguese drinks]]
[[Category:Wine by country]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Poland]]

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Economy of Portugal (edit)
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Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:In lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navboxes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/w (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_wine"