Television in Poland was introduced on an experimental basis in 1937. It was state owned, and was interrupted by the Second World War in 1939. Television returned to Poland in 1952 and for several decades was controlled by the communist government. Colour television was introduced in Poland in 1971. Private television stations in Poland appeared around the time of the fall of communism, with PTV Echo (once a member of the local channels of Polonia 1) becoming the first private station in Poland (and in the former Eastern Bloc).
Terrestrial
Terrestrial television in Poland broadcasts using a digital DVB-T system. First test DVB-T emission was carried out in Warsaw on 9 November 2001. In April 2004, first DVB-T transmitter near Rzeszów started operation and local TVP division started to market set-top boxes allowing to receive it.
As of July 2016, there are about 250 DVB-T transmitters operating in Poland, broadcasting up to three multiplexes (except local stations),[1] all using MPEG-4 AVC compression. Majority of channels are available in HD across all the Poland after DVB-T2/HEVC switchover has finished in June 2022, while channels from MUX8 (Metro, Zoom TV, Nowa TV, WP and CTV9) are available only in SD, although Nowa TV broadcasts in HD in some local multiplexes.
Analog terrestrial transmissions were terminated in 2013.
First efforts to introduce DVB-T in Poland was made in 1997 in Gdańsk on initiative of TVP (Polish public television broadcaster).
In the spring of 2022, the terrestrial TV broadcasting standard was changed across the country to the newer and more effective DVB-T2/HEVC standard, where HEVC (or H.265) is a new standard for TV signal compression. Switching to the new DVB-T2/HEVC terrestrial TV broadcasting standard was carried out in the period from March to June 2022. However, the changes did not cover MUX3, which belongs as a whole to TVP. Decision by Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej [pl] requested by the Minister of Interior Affairs and Administration, argumented by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, allowed to delay the switch until the end of 2023.[2]
Allocation
At 2006 conference in Geneva known as GE06Poland received eight DVB-T multiplexes—seven at UHFfrequencies 470–862 MHz (channels 21–69) and one at VHF frequency 174–230 MHz (channels 6–12). Since some of these frequencies are currently used for analogPALterrestrial televisionbroadcasting, it is possible to run only two nationwide multiplexes (MUX1, MUX2) and one (MUX3) which covers part of country (58% of population). Introduction of all multiplexes will be possible after switching off analog broadcasting.
A government document entitled “Country digitalization schedule”, dated January 2009, set out plan for the digital broadcast switch-on to be made in three steps and analog broadcast switch-off in six steps.
First regular digital broadcast started on 30 September 2010. Analog broadcast switch-off started on 7 November 2012 and the transition to digital broadcasting finished on 23 July 2013.
The period of time between digital broadcast switch-on and analog broadcast switch-off will allow people time to buy new integrated Digital TVs or set-top boxes.
Current status
MUX1 covers 98.8% of population;
MUX2 covers more than 98.8% of population;
MUX3 covers 99.5% of population;
MUX6 covers more than 90% of population;
MUX8 covers 97.4% of population.
Analog shutdown
The shutdown of analog broadcast took place in 7 steps between 7 November 2012 and 23 July 2013.
Most operators of analog cable TV are planning to continue providing analog service in their networks for an unspecified period of time.
Additional government actions
The Polish government created Informative campaigns regarding analog broadcast switch-off in mass media. The government also requires electronic equipment sellers to inform buyers that MPEG-2 TVs and STBs are not compatible with the national standard which is currently DVB-T2 HEVC QAM256 .
The Polish government provides financial help for poor families and seniors to buy a TV - 250 PLN or STB – 100 PLN per household, totaling 475 million PLN.[3]
Technical information
Polish digital terrestrial television broadcast uses the basic parameters of a digital receiver defined in ETSI TS 101 154 for level 4.1 HDTV: 50 Hz HEVC HDTV 8-bit (resolutions 1920 x 1080 p50, 1280 x 720 p50) MPEG-2 Audio Layer 2 and E-AC -3 audios.
In the case of a TV receiver capable of displaying UHD, the DVB-T2 receiver also supports the format specified in ETSI TS 101 154 in point 5.14 HEVC HDR UHDTV IRD using HLG10 and HEVC HDR UHDTV IRD using PQ10, Main 10 Profile, Main Tier for UHDTV with resolution 3840 x 2160 and AC-4 audio.
Assignment of channels in multiplexes
Plan from January 2009 included three nationwide multiplexes with seven SDTV channels in each:
MUX1 – Free-to-air commercial channels (Polsat, TVN, TV4, TV Puls); after analog broadcast switch-off MUX3 covered the entire country population and public channels moved to it; there was competition for three freed channels;
MUX2 – open competition
MUX3 – Public channels; after analog switch-off MUX3 will cover all country population and public channels will be moved to it from MUX1; there will be competition for three freed channels in MUX1.
In January 2010 new plan on introducing DVB-T was presented. Assignment of multiplexes was changed:
MUX1 – public broadcaster channels (including TVP1, TVP2 and TVP Info)
MUX2 – Commercial free-to-air channels (Polsat, TVN, TV4, TV Puls) plus one additional from each broadcaster.
In June 2010 the final decision on the allocation of multiplexes was made:
MUX1 – four channels chosen in open competition (were selected: ATM Rozrywka, TTV, Eska TV and Polo TV) and temporary three public broadcaster channels (TVP1, TVP2, TVP Info); after analog broadcast switch-off (on July 23, 2013) and after covering MUX3 all country population, public channels have been deleted from MUX1; there was a contest for the remaining four freed channels (were selected: TV Trwam, TVP ABC, Stopklatka TV and Fokus TV);
MUX2 – four current terrestrial analog commercial free-to-air channels (Polsat, TVN, TV4, TV Puls) plus one additional from each broadcaster, currently: Super Polsat (previously Polsat Sport News), TVN7, TV6 and Puls 2;
In 1998, two DVB-S providers, Cyfra+ and Wizja TV started operation. In 2001, Wizja TV was merged into Cyfra+.
1999 saw the introduction of another platform, Polsat 2 Cyfrowy (later renamed to Polsat Cyfrowy, Cyfrowy Polsat and finally Polsat Box), owned by Polsat, a major Polish commercial TV network[citation needed]. These platforms become very popular, and today, there are no Polish channels available on analogue satellite (the last one, TVN, was switched off in 2008). However, most of the satellite broadcasts in Poland are in SDTV resolution.
On 12 October 2006, ITI launched the n platform with a few HD channels available, as well as—also new to Poland—video on demand functionality. Later, in December 2006, Cyfra+ also started HD broadcasts. Cyfrowy Polsat started HD broadcasts in second half of 2007.
On 21 March 2013, as part of deeper cooperation between Canal+ Group and ITI, Cyfra+ and N were merged into NC+.
Several TV channels, as well as video on demand, are available in Polish mobile telephony networks. There are no currently operating dedicated mobile TV transmitters.
TOP4 of Polish TV channels from 1997 by Nielsen Media ResearchAudience ratings of TV channels above 2% in Poland since 1997 by Nielsen Media Research (TVP Info in 1994-2007 as TVP3 Regionalna, TV4 in 1998-2000 as Nasza TV, TVN7 in 1996-2002 as RTL7)
Top 10 most watched TV broadcasts in Poland from 1998 according to Nielsen Media Research:[28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
Shares in the television entertainemntet with a this television-polish in the world market in Poland of selected broadcasters groups in 2016 by Nielsen Media Research
^The network of local TVP programmes has been known under different names: from 5th September 1994 to 2nd March 2002 as TVP Regionalna; from 3rd March 2002 to 5th October 2007 as TVP3; from 6th October 2007 to 31st August 2013 as TVP Info; from 1st September 2013 to 1st January 2016 again as TVP Regionalna; and since 2nd January 2016 again as TVP3.
^From 6th October 2007 to 31st August 2013 functioning as a network of local TVP programmes; and since 1st September 2013 functioning as a standalone news channel without regional programmes which have moved to TVP Regionalna (later TVP3) on that day.
