After 2015, when the right-wing populist Law and Justice (PiS) party won the Polish parliamentary election, TVP progressively aligned with the speaking points of the PiS government. In the run-up to the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, TVP was designated as a "propaganda arm" of PiS by European media[4] and as "a factory of hate" by the Polish opposition.[6] However, after the electoral victory of the opposition party the Civic Platform in 2023, a newly-appointed Minister of Culture began a restructuring of the broadcaster and its news segment. On December 27, 2023, the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, due to the President's veto on the financing of the company, placed it in liquidation.[7]
Timeline of Polish TV service
TVP headquarters at 17 Jana Pawła Woronicza Street, Warsaw, Poland[8]
1935: The PIT (Państwowy Instytut Telekomunikacyjny - National Telecommunications Institute) starts working together with Polish Radio on establishing the first television service.
1937: Completion of the first black-and-white broadcasting station.
1938: Experimental channel launched, regular programming scheduled for 1941.
2022: TVP ABC 2 [pl] is founded, replacing TVP eSzkoła.
2023: TVP Info is suspended for a few days and the news operation restructured (break from 20 to 29 December 2023).[14][15]. TVP3 is on hiatus from 20 to 26 December 2023. TVP Parlament is on hiatus from 20 December 2023 to 8 January 2024. TVP World is on hiatus from 20 December 2023 to 11 March 2024.
History
Pre-war period
The forerunner of television in Poland should be Jan Szczepanik, called the "Polish Edison", who in 1897 patented at the British Patent Office (British patent no. 5031).[16] as the "telectroscope" defined as an "apparatus for reproducing images at a distance using electricity".[17]
In 1929, Stefan Manczarski constructed a mechanical television apparatus based on two synchronously rotating Nipkow disks, on the transmitting and receiving sides. The television signal was transmitted via an electric cable. The device only transmitted a still image. Stefan Manczarski called his invention "a method of television transmission of images via wire and radio."
Experiments were also conducted by a team of scientists and engineers in 1931 at the Polish Radio station in Katowice. Transmitting and receiving equipment according to the JL Baird system using a Nipkow shield. Both mechanical television transmitting and receiving devices were driven by one common engine, ensuring full synchronization of both units. The signal was transmitted by cable within one laboratory. The experimental work was led by Eng. Twardawa.[18]
Only later, work on launching a television station in Poland began in 1935 in Warsaw at the State Telecommunications Institute and Polish Radio. In 1937, an experimental television station began operating on the sixteenth floor of the Prudential skyscraper. Władysław Cetner became the station manager.
Equipment analyzing the image at the PR Experimental Television Station from 1939 in Warsaw
In 1937, an audio transmitter was installed, and at the beginning of 1938, a video transmitter. Moreover, in 1938, a 16-meter-high tower structure was built on the roof of the "skyscraper", as it was called, on which a tubular mast for an 11-meter-high transmitting antenna was mounted. The antenna was located 87 m above the ground, which ensured reception of the video signal at a distance of 20 km and audio signal 30 km from the transmitting antenna. Test television broadcasts took place on October 5, 1938 and August 26, 1939 in Warsaw with the participation of Mieczysław Fogg.[19]
It was a mechanical television station broadcasting under the 120-line standard. It carried, among others: a telecine film "Barbara Radziwiłłówna" with Jadwiga Smosarska in the main role, and at that time work on 343-line electronic television was in progress. The development of research on television, which was very advanced (the launch of a permanent service was expected in 1940), was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II.
Post-war period
Kazimierz Rudzki presents a "Leningrad" brand television receiver
Work on Polish Television was resumed in 1947. Work at the National Telecommunications Institute (later the Institute of Telecommunications) was carried out under the supervision of Janusz Groszkowski and Lesław Kędzierski. On December 15, 1951, the exhibition "Radio in the fight for peace and progress" was opened, during which trial television broadcasts with the participation of artists were shown, the daily broadcast of the television program lasted until January 20, 1952.[20] In 1952 a studio was established at the Ratuszowa 11 street in Warsaw, and the first television program team was established.[19] The first program was broadcast on October 25, 1952 at 7:00 p.m. (on the eve of the Sejm elections). Then, a 30-minute montage of artistic forms with the participation of Marta Nowosad, Jerzy Michotek, Witold Gruca and Jan Mroziński was broadcast from the Institute of Telecommunications, which was received on 24 Leningrad receivers located in clubs and community centers. The first announcer was Maria Rosa-Krzyżanowska.[21] Subsequent broadcasts took place on November 15, 1952 (excerpts of Lalka with Nina Andrycz in the main role were shown) and December 5, 1952 (excerpts of The King and the Actor from the Chamber Theater in Warsaw).[22]
Three months later - on January 23, 1953 - a regular broadcast of the Polish television program was initiated (half an hour once a week).[19] On July 22, 1954, the Experimental Television Center was launched with its own journalistic team.[23] The program was broadcast from the former bank building at Plac Powstańców Warszawy 7,[23] specially rebuilt and enlarged after war damage to meet the needs of the newly established institution. The center's program was initially broadcast once a week on Fridays, from April 1, 1955 - twice (on Tuesdays and Fridays), from November 1, 1955 - three days a week (on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays),[23] and from January 1, 1956 - four days a week (additionally on Sundays). Exceptionally, daily broadcasts took place during the broadcast of the Peace Races and the 5th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1955.[20]
On April 30, 1956, the Warsaw Television Center (Warszawski Ośrodek Telewizyjny)[24] was opened, which provided access to TV programs to a larger group of viewers. WOT broadcast five days a week. On May 1, 1956, the Television Transmission Center began operation with a transmitting station located in the Palace of Culture and Science and an antenna on the top of the spire at a height of 227m. The station's range was approximately 55 km.
The real beginning of Polish Television was the creation of the Television Program Team at the Polish Radio on August 1, 1958. Two years later (December 2, 1960), the "Polish Radio and Television" Committee was established. From then on, Polish Radio and TVP had equal status. The first head of the Radio Committee (a position equivalent to a minister) was Włodzimierz Sokorski (the heads of the radio and television departments had the rank of deputy ministers). On February 1, 1961, the daily broadcast of the television program began. At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, seven TVP regional centers were established (with their own studios) in:
On July 18, 1969, the Radio and Television Center in Warsaw was opened at Woronicza Street.[25] Large financial outlays were incurred to create it, and the technicians also managed to assemble high-class television equipment.[19]
Two-channel period
The first ground satellite communication station in Poland
On October 2, 1970, the second national television network was officially launched . From the beginning of its existence, TVP2 focused mainly on cultural and entertainment programs (including Studio 2).
The opening of Poland to the West - characteristic of Gierek's era - allowed Polish television to have access to modern technologies from the free world. The first result of the cooperation was the broadcasting of the first color program on July 22, 1971, using the FrenchSECAM system - it was an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's monodrama On the Harm of Tobacco Smoking.[26] Over time, it was the standard adopted in all countries (except Romania) of the Eastern Bloc. Initially, the program was broadcast in color once a week, from December 6, 1971, the proceedings of the PZPR congress were broadcast every day in color[27] (the first cyclical color broadcasts in Europe were broadcast in 1967), but due to the lack of receivers and their high cost, color television was not available to most Polish television viewers at that time.
In 1972, after Maciej Szczepański took over the position of president of TVP, approximately 12,000 people lost their jobs at the corporation.[28]
On November 1, 1975, the first terrestrial satellite communication station in Poland was put into operation in Psary-Kąty (Świętokrzyskie Mountains), which significantly expanded TVP's broadcasting capabilities.
After a long break in the creation of new television centers, on January 12, 1985, a local television branch in Lublin was established, TVP3 Lublin. On January 1, 1989, Telegazeta was established, the first teletext service in Poland.
Democracy
Grażyna Torbicka, longtime TVP presenter
The socio-political changes at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s also resulted in television reform. In 1987, TVP lost its monopoly on broadcasting television in Poland, when the first private Polish television station, "Ursynat", was established in the Ursynów district of Warsaw.[29] In 1989, another station, Sky Orunia, was established, broadcasting in Gdańsk until 1996,[30] and on February 6, 1990, PTV Echo was established, broadcasting in Wrocław and the surrounding area until March 8, 1995,[31][32] and then on December 5, 1992 Polsat started broadcasting,[33] which on October 5, 1993 received a license for terrestrial broadcasting in Poland[34] from the National Broadcasting Council and on January 27, 1994 a license for nationwide commercial television.[35] In the early 1990s, it was decided to completely switch from the SECAM system to the PAL system, in which the two national TVP networks adopted it (later TVP Polonia and TVP the regional stations also switched to this system). On January 1, 1993, together with Polish Radio, TVP became a member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). At the same time, since the 1990s, many TVP presenters and journalists began to leave public television, moving to commercial television (including Polsat and TVN).
After 1989, TVP news programs were accused of being subject to political influence depending on who was in power in Poland, as well as being biased and lacking objectivity.[36] In 1997, the first theme channel of public television was launched - Tylko Muzyka, but it ended broadcasting a year later due to formal and legal reasons. In 1998, the official website of Telewizja Polska was created - www.tvp.pl.[37] In 2004, the first edition of the New Year's Eve musical show organized by TVP took place under the name Sylwester z Gwiazdami (New Year's Eve With the Stars). On April 24, 2005, another theme channel - TVP Kultura - started broadcasting. In the following years, Telewizja Polska launched further theme channels (November 18, 2006 - TVP Sport; May 3, 2007 - TVP Historia; October 6, 2007 - TVP Info; which replaced TVP3; December 6, 2010 - TVP Seriale; April 15, 2013 - TVP Rozrywka; 1 September 2013 – TVP Regionalna; February 15, 2014 – TVP ABC[38]). In 2008, Telewizja Polska started broadcasting in HD quality, and on August 6 of the same year, TVP HD started broadcasting . On June 16, 2011, the first online theme channel was launched - TVP Parliament . On June 1, 2012, two nationwide networks, TVP1 and TVP2, started broadcasting in HD quality. Polish Television was working on introducing 3D images to its channels.[39] As part of digital terrestrial television and the offers of selected cable and satellite operators, it enables the use of hybrid television using the TVP Hybrid Platform.[40][41] There were already plans to launch further channels, TVP Nauka, TVP 4K and TVP Muzyka.[42]
Since 1993, the legal status of the broadcaster has been defined by the Broadcasting Act, according to which Telewizja Polska is obliged to implement "a public mission ... by offering ... various programmes and other services in the field of information, journalism, culture, entertainment, education and sport, characterized by pluralism, impartiality, balance and independence as well as innovation, high quality and integrity of the message."[43]
In 2018, Telewizja Polska started broadcasting, as one of the three largest television stations, in 4K quality under the name TVP 4K.[44] On September 17, 2019, the TVP Wilno channel intended for Poles living in Lithuania began broadcasting.[45] In March 2020, the decision to close educational institutions due to the pandemic, Telewizja Polska initiated the "Szkoła z TVP" project in cooperation with the Ministry of National Education.[46] On November 19, 2020, the TVP Dokument channel began broadcasting,[47] on March 8, 2021 - TVP Kobieta,[48] and in 2022 - TVP Nauka.[49]
On 19 December 2023, the Sejm passed a resolution on "restoring the legal order and the impartiality and integrity of the public media and the Polish Press Agency" with 244 votes in favor. There were 84 votes against and 16 abstentions.[50] The following day, Minister of CultureBartłomiej Sienkiewicz dismissed the authorities of public media.[51] 20 December also saw the termination of TVP Info, TVP 3, and TVP World's programming, with the associated broadcasts being instead switched to those of other TVP stations. News programming that would normally air on TVP 1 (Teleexpress, Wiadomości) and TVP 2 (Panorama) was instead replaced by standby sequences of the stations' respective logos.[52][53][54][55]
On 21 December 2023, at 19:30, TVP broadcast its first evening news bulletin by the new team of journalists, under the title 19.30.[56]
International cooperation
In 2012, TVP signed an agreement with the BBC, under which they will work together on film and television productions.[57][needs update]
The French-German TV liberal arts network ARTE cancelled a 15-year cooperation with TVP,[58] when it learned in February 2009 that TVP's general director, Piotr Farfał, was a member of the League of Polish Families, which opposed Arte's "philosophy based on intercultural exchange"[59] and "the party that TVP's chairman is presently connected with does not share European values".[60] It was again cancelled in January 2016 after an amendment of the media law in Poland, which caused fears of a lack of pluralism and independence of TVP.[61]
Viewership
In September 2020, TVP's "Wiadomości" was the most popular news program in Poland, with an average of 2.66 million viewers a day.[62]
In February 2021, TVP's "Wiadomości" was second most popular news program in Poland, with an average of 2.41 million viewers a day.[63]
Logo history
TVP's first logo used from 1952 to 1956
TVP's second logo used from 1956 to 1963
TVP's third logo used from 1963 to 1976
TVP's fourth logo used from 1976 to 1992.
TVP's fifth logo used from 1992 to 2003.
TVP's sixth logo used from 2003
Another variant of TVP's sixth logo used from 2003
TVP1: mostly information, current affairs, movies, dramas, religious, sports, documentaries, theatres ang game shows. Broadcasts 23.5 hours per day. Full HD introduced 1 June 2012.
TVP2: mostly morning show, late evening analitycs, entertainments, movies, comedy, soap operas, series, stand-up comedy, culture, sports and game shows. Broadcasts 23.5 hours per day. Full HD introduced 1 June 2012.
TVP3: region-focused channel, which airs local programmes (regional slots broadcasts 6,5 hours per day), and acts as the umbrella label for local stations including:
TVP Info: news channel. Broadcasts 24 hours per day. Full HD introduced 30 September 2016.
TVP Parlament: Internet-channel, broadcasts of parliamentary sessions and state events. Available on own portal (tvpparlament.pl/transmisje), and two channels (Sejm and Senat) in TVP GO mobile app and streaming service TVP VOD.
TVP Sport: sport channel. Broadcasts 24 hours per day. Full HD introduced 12 January 2014.
tvpsport.pl: Internet-channel, broadcasts of sporting events not included in the linear TV-channel schedule. Available on own portal (sport.tvp.pl/transmisje), mobile or smart-TV apps and TVP GO HbbTV app.
TVP HD: the best productions of TVP. Broadcasts 23,5 hours per day. Start broadcast in Full HD from 6 August 2008. Pay channel (available in pay package TVP VOD+). Unofficially announced plans to transfer these channels to free-to-air broadcasting.
TVP ABC: Children's channel. Broadcasts 19 hours per day. Full HD introduced 28 March 2022.
Alfa TVP [pl]: teenager's channel broadcasts 18 hours per day. Start broadcast in Full HD from 20 December 2022.
TVP ABC 2 [pl]: pre-school channel broadcasts 19 hours per day (available in HbbTV).
TVP Kultura: high-brow culture channel. Broadcasts 22–23 hours per day. Full HD introduced 23 October 2019.
TVP Kultura 2 [pl]: high-brow culture channel. Broadcasts 20-21 hours per day (available in HbbTV in Poland and DVB-T in South-East Lithuania).
TVP Historia: focusing on history. Broadcasts 19-19,5 hours per day. Full HD introduced 27 February 2023.
TVP Historia 2 [pl]: focusing on history. Broadcasts 21 hours per day (available in HbbTV in Poland and DVB-T in Lithuania and South-East Lithuania).
TVP Dokument: documentary movies channel. Broadcasts 23 hours per day. Start broadcast in Full HD from 19 November 2020.[77]
TVP Nauka [pl]: focusing on science and nature. Broadcasts 20,5 hours per day. Start broadcast in Full HD from 3 October 2022.
TVP Rozrywka: focusing on entertainment. Broadcasts 23 hours per day. Full HD introduced 23 February 2022.
TVP Seriale [pl]: focusing on series. Broadcasts 23,5 hours per day. Full HD introduced 27 February 2023. Pay channel (available in pay package TVP VOD+). Unofficially announced plans to transfer these channels to free-to-air broadcasting.
TVP Kobieta [pl]: focusing on programmes aimed at women. Broadcasts 21-22 hours per day. Start broadcast in Full HD from 8 March 2021.[78][79]
International channels
TVP Polonia – Polish-language channel presenting news and programming for the Polish diaspora (the so-called Polonia) in worldwide and retransmits selected TVP programming. Full HD introduced 1 September 2020.
Belsat – channel in the Belarusian language presenting news and subject-specific programming for the people in Belarus. Broadcasts 20–21 hours per day, included international TV-programm "Vot Tak"[80] and rebroadcasting of the Ukrainian TV-marathon "United News". Available on DTT in Lithuania (DVB-T) and Poland (HEVC DVB-T2). Full HD introduced on 17 February 2022.[81]
Vot Tak - television and multimedia platfom for Russian-language audience, with priority on audience in Russia. Includes website (vot-tak.tv), social networks (including YouTube and Telegram) and television programs ("Vot Tak" on Belsat, "Vot Tak.Kratko" on Belsat and TVP World, "Khod mysli" (Train of thought) on Belsat, "Vecherniy shpil" (Evening spire) on Belsat).
TVP Wilno [pl] – channel presenting news and programming for the Polish-speaking minority in the Vilnius region of Lithuania, available in DVB-T in this country. Broadcasts 22–23 hours per day. Full HD introduced 10 September 2021.
TVP World – English-language channel with a focus on news from the CEE region for international audience.[82][83] The broadcast schedule includes weekdays news bulletins in Russian ("Vot Tak. Kratko")[84] and German.[85][86] Available on DTT in HbbTV (United Kingdom and Poland), HEVC DVB-T2 (Poland) and DVB-T (Estonia and Lithuania).[87] Start broadcast in Full HD from 18 November 2021.
Streaming platforms
TVP VOD: the main streaming service with linear TV-channels (all TVP channels, Belsat and streams from TVP Parlament (Sejm and Senat)), content library and premium content for paid subscribers (pay packages TVP VOD+, Strefa ABO and Filmy na życzenie). After the restart in October 2022, premieres produced specifically for this service began to appear. The list of linear TV-channels disappeared after the restart, but return to service on 1 June 2023. Available on own portal (vod.tvp.pl) and any apps and devices.
TVP GO: broadcast of linear TV-channels (Included Belsat and streams from TVP Parlament (Sejm and Senat), except TVP HD and TVP Seriale) and content library. Available on HbbTV and mobile apps.
Before 2015, the PiS (then opposition) often criticized TVP of siding with government (PO-PSL)[90][91][92] or even compared it to communist propaganda[93] In 2015, the government passed a law allowing it to directly appoint the head of TVP.[94] Since then, TVP has displayed bias towards the Law and Justice (PiS) party (then government), and was compared by critics with propaganda of the former Communist regime.[95][96][97] TVP has also faced criticism for its portrayal of LGBT people, the political opposition, Jews, and other groups as a shadowy conspiracy seeking to undermine Poland.[98][99] In 2018, The Economist stated: "the [TVP] anchors... praise PiS slavishly while branding its critics treacherous crypto-communists.[100]
In July 2016 Politico.eu criticized it for strong pro-government bias.[101]
In 2017, TVP triggered a hate campaign against Polsat journalist Dorota Bawolek, following a question the Bawolek asked to the European Commission in Brussels regarding a controversial judicial reform in Poland.[102] The hate campaign resulted in death threats against the journalist. The European Commission expressed its condemnation of the online hate campaign caused by TVP[103] and the Strasbourg-based Council of Europe issued an alert to the Polish authorities in respect of the hate campaign against Bawolek.[104]
The press freedom organization Reporters Without Borders wrote in its 2019 assessment of Polish press freedom that "many blamed state-owned TV broadcaster TVP's 'hate propaganda' for Gdansk mayor Pawel Adamowicz's murder in January 2019.".[105] Ahead of the 2019 European parliament elections, TVP ran 105 segments of the election of which 68 of 69 focused on the ruling party were positive and all 33 about the opposition were negative, according to a study by the Society of Journalists.[96] Polish political scientist and anti-racism activist Rafał Pankowski stated, "I am old enough to remember Communist-controlled television in the 1980s, and I can safely say that what we have now is cruder, more primitive, and more aggressive than anything that was broadcast at that time."[96] This contrasts with the testimonies that killer of Pawel Adamowicz was reading Gazeta Wyborcza, Dziennik Bałtycki, Polityka and Wprost[106] and watched TVN,[107] and Polsat but not TVP[108]
TVP was heavily criticized in the run-up to the 2020 Polish presidential election, being described as the "mouthpiece" of the government[109] and as "peddl[ing] government hate speech" by the organization Reporters Without Borders.[110] The state television broadcast a segment of Wiadomości called Trzaskowski spełni żydowskie żądania? ("Will Trzaskowski meet Jewish demands?") regarding the Civic Platform candidate Rafał Trzaskowski. A complaint was made by the American Jewish Committee, Union of Jewish Religious Communities, the Chief Rabbi of Poland, to the Polish Media Ethics Council [pl] regarding antisemitism in the program. The Council concluded not only were anti-semitic statements made in the show, it did not uphold journalistic standards: Wiadomości "turned into an instrument of propaganda of one of the candidates in this election".[111][112][113][114][115][116]
In 2020, the station was ordered to retract a documentary, Inwazja, released just before the 2019 elections. Comparing the LGBT movement unfavorably to the Swedish Deluge and Communism, the documentary claimed that there is an "LGBT invasion" of Poland and that LGBT organizations have the goal of legalizing pedophilia. It was found to defame the Campaign Against Homophobia organization. Ombudsman Adam Bodnar stated, "The material not only reproduces stereotypes and heightens social hatred towards LGBT people, but also manipulates facts."[117][118][96][119] Following the change of government in the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, a TVP host formally apologized to the LGBT community for attacks broadcast against them.[120]
According to Timothy Garton Ash, "the broadcaster has descended into the paranoid world of the far right, where spotless, heroic, perpetually misunderstood Poles are being conspired against by dark, international German-Jewish-LGBT-plutocratic forces meeting secretly in Swiss chateaux."[98] TVP president Jacek Kurski rejected the contention that the organization violated broadcasting law,[121][122] and conservative media commentator and former TVP employee Jacek Kurski says the station "deserves recognition" for its "consistent promotion of patriotism and pro-state thinking".[123][124]
^As a main programme of local branches - on 1 September 2013 it began broadcasting as standalone news channel without local programmes which have moved to TVP Regionalna (later TVP3) on that day.
^"PO, PSL, RP: Niech TVP puści "Anatomię upadku". Ale film National Geographic też" [PO, PSL, RP: Let TVP play "Anatomy of Fall". But so is the National Geographic movie] (in Polish). 27 January 2013. Jeżeli TVP chce pokazać NG, to musi pokazać też drugi. Powinny się pojawić w przestrzeni publicznej równorzędnie, wtedy będziemy mieli do czynienia z telewizją publiczną - mówił. - Jeżeli telewizja przekazuje jedną wersję, mamy do czynienia z telewizją rządową. A to, niestety, staje się normą - dodał. [If TVP wants to show NG, it must also show the other one. They should appear equally in the public space, then we will deal with public television - he said. If the television broadcasts one version, it is government television. And this, unfortunately, is becoming the norm - he added.]
^"PiS idzie na wojnę z TVP" [PiS goes to war with TVP] (in Polish). Telewizja publiczna przeszła wczoraj samą siebie. Będziemy pisać protesty, bo przypomniały się najgorsze czasy. 'Dziennik Telewizyjny' był wczoraj zamiast 'Wiadomości'. Widocznie poszła dyrektywa ze strony PO i stąd jednoznaczny przekaz. - Adam Hofman [Public television surpassed itself yesterday. We will write protests, because we remembered the worst times. It was 'Dziennik Telewizyjny' yesterday instead of the Wiadomości. Apparently, the directive have followed from the PO and hence a clear message. - Adam Hofman]
^Połońska, Eva (2019). "Watchdog, Lapdog, or Attack Dog? Public Service Media and the Law and Justice Government in Poland". Public Service Broadcasting and Media Systems in Troubled European Democracies. Springer International Publishing. pp. 227–255. ISBN978-3-030-02710-0.
"A Leaderless Struggle for Democracy". Freedom House. Poland's legislative elections laid bare the extent to which the ruling Law and Justice party had politically captured the state media, whose taxpayer-funded broadcasts leading up to the voting amounted to partisan propaganda.
"Poland". RSF. Reporters without borders. Retrieved 27 September 2020. Partisan discourse and hate speech are still the rule within state-owned media, which have been transformed into government propaganda mouthpieces. Their new directors tolerate neither opposition nor neutrality from employees and fire those who refuse to comply.
OSCE2020 presidential election final report (Archived 30 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine): "The public broadcaster (TVP) failed in its legal duty to provide impartial coverage, which could offset the editorial bias of the private media. Instead, TVP acted as a campaign vehicle for the incumbent."
Żuk 2020. "The election campaign before the next election won by PiS in October 2019 showed particularly clearly how public media became the property of the ruling party and practiced propaganda typical of authoritarian states instead of public debate."
Kalan, Dariusz (18 January 2021). "Poland's PiS-poor media". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 18 January 2021. Over the last few years, Poland's public television broadcaster TVP and radio broadcasters have been put squarely under PiS control – and even insiders admit they have been transformed into hardline government mouthpieces. This unprecedented move has been condemned by various international organisations, including the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Reporters Without Borders, and the Council of Europe, which called TVP "a propaganda channel for the ruling party".
^Żuk, Piotr (2020). "One Leader, One Party, One Truth: Public Television Under the Rule of the Populist Right in Poland in the Pre-Election Period in 2019". Javnost - the Public. 27 (3): 287–307. doi:10.1080/13183222.2020.1794413. S2CID221980008.
^"Oglądał "Fakty", czytał... "Wyborczą". Kolejny współosadzony ujawnia zwyczaje mordercy prezydenta Gdańska" [Oglądał "Fakty", czytał... "Wyborczą". Kolejny współosadzony ujawnia zwyczaje mordercy prezydenta Gdańska] (in Polish). "Oglądaliśmy czasem wiadomości. Ale jeśli już, to przeważnie na Polsacie i TVN. Na pewno nie oglądaliśmy ich wtedy w TVP" - mówił "Profesor", który ze Stefanem W. spotkał się w "kryminale" w Malborku. ["We watched the news from time to time. But if anything, it was mostly on Polsat and TVN. We certainly did not watch them on TVP then" - said "Professor", who met Stefan W. in the Malbork jail.]
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