History
Pre-launch
After NHK and Nippon TV were launched in 1953, TV has become an important medium in Japan.[4]: 9–10 However, most of the programs that were aired at that time were vulgar which caused well-known critic Sōichi Ōya to mention in a TV program that TV made people in Japan as "total idiots"; those criticisms already gave birth to the idea of opening an education-focused TV station.[4]: 11 On February 17, 1956, the Ministry of Posts issued frequency allocations, and the Kanto Region obtained three licenses in total. Among the three, one of them is used by NHK Educational TV, while the other two were open for private bidding. Among those bidders are film production companies Toho and Toei Company, radio broadcasters Nippon Cultural Broadcasting and Nippon Broadcasting System, and educational publishing group Obunsha.[4]: 11–13 On July 4, 1957, the Ministry of Posts later decided to unify those applications into Tokyo Educational Television (as its tentative name) which was later obtained on July 8.[4]: 19–20
On October 10, 1957, Tokyo Educational Television held its first shareholders meeting and changed its company name to Nippon Educational Television Co., Ltd. (NET).[4]: 22 In November 1 of the same year, the broadcaster was later established.[4]: 24 After Fuji TV obtained their broadcast licenses, they set an official start date of broadcast on March 1, 1959. NET advanced their start date of broadcast a month earlier (February 1, 1959).[4]: 33 In Christmas Eve of 1958, NET began to have test signal transmissions.[4]: 33 On January 9 of the following year, their broadcast license was approved, and test signal transmissions continued every night throughout the month.[4]: 34
As Nippon Educational Television Corporation
At 9:55am on February 1, 1959, NET signed on, airing at least 6.5 hours of programming per day.[4]: 39 By April, this figure was extended to 10 hours.[4]: 42 With the launch of the Mainichi Broadcasting System and Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting on March 1, 1960, NET programming started airing on those mentioned broadcasters. Shortly after the start of broadcasts, NET broadcast their first live program, which is the wedding of Crown Prince (now Emperor Emeritus) Akihito and Empress Michiko held on April 10 of the same year.[4]: 49–50
At the time, its broadcasting license dictated that the network was required to devote at least 50% of its airtime to educational programming, and at least 30% of its airtime to children's educational programming.[5] However, the for-profit educational television model eventually proved to be a failure. In July 1959, average ratings of the network was less than 5%.[4]: 54
In 1960, NET began its transformation into a general-purpose television station.[5] It began to broadcast anime and foreign movies. So as not to run afoul of the educational TV license requirements, NET justified the airing of these programs under the pretext of "nurturing a child's emotional range" (子供の情操教育のため, Kodomo no jōsō kyōiku no tame) and "introduction of foreign cultures" (外国文化の紹介, Gaikoku bunka no shōkai).[5] In December 1960, NET also changed its common name from Nippon Educational Television to NET TV (NETテレビ).[4]: 64–65 The change also made its ratings to reach about 10% after 1963. Although it still ranks at the bottom rank of other rival broadcasters, it has greatly narrowed the gap between it and the other three.[4]: 57
Since April 1961, the station began adding nighttime programming.[4]: 66 Two years later, NET announced its arrival into the anime race with the Toei produced Wolf Boy Ken. The first of many Toei Animation productions, its premiere began a long line of animated cartoons and series that the station has aired until today.
In November 1963, NET joined forces with NHK General TV for the first live via satellite telecast in Japanese TV history.
Transition from educational programming to general programming
The switch to general programming also led to an infighting among the management. In contrast to the then-president of NET TV, Hiroshi Ogawa (from Toei), who was actively promoting entertainment programs, Yoshio Akao (from Obunsha) thought that too many entertainment programs were against the original purpose of the educational TV station and was strongly dissatisfied with the vulgar programs that filled NET TV's program schedule at that time.[6]: 61–62 In November 1964, Akao, together with shareholders other than Toei and Nikkei, Inc., succeeded in its major reorganization, forcing Ogawa to resign from the presidency.[6]: 61 Since then, Toei's influence in NET TV has been gradually replaced by Asahi Shimbun.[6]: 93 The following year, the Asahi Shimbun appointed to the post of station director Koshiji Miura (former Deputy Minister of Political Affairs).[6]: 86–92
In the 1960s, NET TV also started airing foreign films as part of its schedule.[4]: 67 The NET TV premiere of The Morning Show in 1964 created a trend for a news-talk format on daytime Japanese TV, causing other networks to follow suit, it was the first Japanese morning program in its format.[4]: 116 Hyōten, NET TV's drama in 1966, had a 42.7% ratings in its finale.[4]: 121 The success of the drama made the network to adjust its target audiences to single and married females.[4]: 127 Despite heavily focusing on entertainment programs, they continued to broadcast educational programs, albeit on a limited number of hours every morning.[4]: 77 In 1967, NET TV launched the Minkyokyo to strengthen the production of educational programs.[4]: 74–75, 132 In April 1967, they started to broadcast in color TV, and by 1969, all of its programs were broadcast in color.[4]: 134–135 After 1968, many regional broadcasters in Japan began to pop up. This led to the broadcaster launching the All-Nippon News Network on April 1, 1970, the country's 4th national network, with NET producing national news and other nationally produced programming for the regional channels that had joined the network.[4]: 161–163 With the continuous network expansion, NET TV shifted its focus on its target audience again, this time from females, to being family oriented similar to the US PBS.[4]: 169–170
But the best was yet to come. One year after ANN was launched, the ground-breaking series Kamen Rider, created by Shotaro Ishinomori and produced by Toei, made its national premiere in April 1971 on NET TV and the ANN network. This program ended the long-standing tokusatsu duopoly TBS Television and Fuji TV then had with the then hit Ultra Series franchise almost half a decade ago on TBS and the fact that since 1958, these two were the only Japanese TV stations to air tokusatsu productions so far, TBS the first and Fuji the second. With its hit premiere, a rivalry was beginning to start between the three, with TBS seeing NET's toku programming as a threat. Toei's decision to successfully pitch the series to NET was seen by its staff as revenge for the removal of Hiroshi Ogawa from the NET TV presidency in 1964.
As Asahi National Broadcasting Corporation
In November 1973, the Ministry of Posts revised its plans on how TV broadcasters would operate, which already includes abolishing education-focused TV broadcasting. Therefore, NET's transformation into a general-purpose television station was complete by that same month, when NET, along with educational channel "Tokyo Channel 12" (now TV Tokyo) in Tokyo applied and received a general purpose television station license.[4]: 200–201 On March of the following year, both ended their broadcasts of educational programming, completing the transition.[4]: 200–201 Japan's major newspapers are also sorting out their holdings in TV stations. Nikkei Newspaper transferred its ownership of NET TV to The Asahi Shimbun, making the latter the largest shareholder of NET TV.[4]: 204–205 On April 1, 1975, the ANN affiliation in the Kansai Region changed hands, from Mainichi Broadcasting System, Asahi Broadcasting Corporation assumed the network affiliation slot.[4]: 209–214 Days later, the channel debuted another Ishinomori creation, Himitsu Sentai Gorenger, yet another Toei production, and it would be a stunning success (this was the same month when Kamen Rider jumped ship to rival TBS with the season premiere of Kamen Rider Stronger, the franchise would return to what is now TV Asahi in 2000). The series marked the beginning of the Super Sentai franchise and established NET as a force to be reckoned with when it came to toku productions and anime.
On April 1, 1977, the corporate name of NET TV was changed to Asahi National Broadcasting Co., Ltd, with the name of its channel changed into TV Asahi.[4]: 240–241 This also symbolizes that the Asahi Shimbun has the right to operate TV Asahi both in name and in essence.[4]: 122–123 Since December 17, 1978, TV Asahi had been broadcasting programs with stereo audio.[4]: 267–268 The corporation also started entering into different ventures such as publishing in the late 70s to gain revenue other than advertising.[4]: 264–265
In 1977, thanks to his close relationship with Ivan Ivanovich, head of the Japanese Section of the International Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Koshiji Miura was able to meet with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and help TV Asahi obtain exclusive broadcasting rights for the 1980 Moscow Olympics in Japan. This was the first time that a private TV station in Japan was exclusively granted the broadcasting rights of the Olympic Games,[4]: 241–246 but this was controversial as rival broadcasters including NHK opposed the move.[4]: 302–303 Japan followed the Western countries in boycotting the 1980 Summer Olympics.[4]: 280–284 As a result, TV Asahi only aired high-profile Olympic events[4]: 284–287 and the broadcaster had significant loses in its revenue.[4]: 156
Roppongi HQ Redevelopment
As the broadcaster expands its business, its HQ was running out of space. Since its HQ was located in a residential area, it became difficult to expand its existing infrastructure.[4]: 316 TV Asahi collaborated with property development firm Mori Building Company to redevelop the Roppongi area. While the new HQ was under development, TV Asahi temporarily moved to the newly built studios in Ark Hills.[4]: 315–317 In 1985, the Ark Broadcasting Center was officially completed.[7]: 225 As Japan entered into the Economic bubble era, local residents around the Roppongi area had a negative perception towards the redevelopment of the said area, which resulted into delaying the redevelopment plan.[7]: 236–237 The old headquarters was demolished in 2000. Prior to the new headquarters being rebuilt on the site, offices of TV Asahi were located in multiple locations around Tokyo, including the studios in Ark Hills.[7]: 280–285
Pre-transition to TV Asahi Corporation
The launch of the evening news program "News Station" in 1985 helped TV Asahi establish its viewership advantage at 10pm on weekdays, strengthening its position in news programs.[7]: 228–229 In 1987, All-Nippon News Network had a total of 14 regional affiliated stations, much smaller than the other 3 networks (Japan News Network and Fuji News Network had 25 each & Nippon News Network had 27). However, affected by the economic bubble at that time, Kikuo Tashiro (then president of TV Asahi), announced that it wouldn't open more regional stations which resulted in protest from the existing stations. As a result, the decision was reverted and decided to open 10 more stations.[7]: 233 In response to the arrival of satellite TV, TV Asahi established TV Asahi Satellite Corporation in 1991.[7]: 237–238
After Iwate Asahi Television started broadcasting in 1996, the number of ANN stations reached 26, announcing that the broadcaster has already completed the establishment of its national network.[7]: 242 In June of the same year, media tycoon Rupert Murdoch and investor Masayoshi Son planned to buy a large stake of TV Asahi, jeopardizing the status of Asahi Shimbun as the major shareholder.[6]: 238–244 In this regard, Toshitada Nakae personally went to the US to meet Murdoch and asked not to increase his shareholding to TV Asahi.[6]: 246–248 By the following year, Asahi Shimbun purchased the shares of Asahi TV held by Murdoch and Son.[6]: 262 TV Asahi is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange since October 3, 2000.[7]: 252 Multiple changes happened since 2000 after TV Asahi had been staying in the same 4th place for 10 consecutive years in TV ratings.[7]: 62–63, 253 In April 2000, major changes in its schedules, such as starting its programs a few minutes before the top of the hour and improving its entertainment programming at late-night.[7]: 254 TV Asahi launched BS Asahi in December 2000, the satellite version of its main terrestrial channel.[7]: 259–260
Return to Roppongi and renaming to TV Asahi Corporation
On September 29, 2003, TV Asahi moved back its head office from its Ark Hills Studio to Roppongi Hills.[7]: 261 And on October 1 of the same year, the station was renamed TV Asahi Corporation, with the name presented as TV asahi on-screen.[7]: 260 As part of digital broadcasting, TV Asahi started to broadcast on digital TV, being designated to channel 5.[7]: 266–267 In 2004, TV Asahi's ratings reached 7.5% ranking third among the commercial broadcasters in the Kanto Region after a lapse of 32 years.[7]: 262 The ratings would further improve by the following year, ranking first in late-night TV ratings.[7]: 260 However, in 2008, affected by the global recession, TV Asahi recorded its first annual loss of revenue.[8]: 132 In 2009, Hiroshi Hayakawa became the president of the broadcaster, being the first president of TV Asahi who had been serving the broadcaster since its inauguration.[8]: 14 Between April and June 2012, TV Asahi won in the Triple Crown ratings for the first time with 12.3% in primetime, 12.7% in evening time, and 7.9% for whole day.[8]: 17
On May 10, 2011, TV Asahi launched its mascot "Go-chan" which was designed by Sanrio.[8]: 122–123
The transmission of international aquatics competitions, World Cup football matches, and creation of popular late-night TV programs contributed to a rise in ratings for TV Asahi, and lifted the TV station from its popularly ridiculed "perpetual fourth place" finish into second place, right behind Fuji TV, by 2005.
The station also launched its own mascot, Gō EX Panda (ゴーエクスパンダ, Gō Ekkusu Panda), also known as Gō-chan (ゴーちゃん。) Gō-chan is currently seen on TV Asahi's opening sign-on ID.
JP¥264,557 million (FY 2021)
¥267,928 million (2014)
