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It is the oldest institute of western higher education in Japan. Its founder, Fukuzawa Yukichi, originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo.
The university has eleven campuses, primarily in Tokyo and Kanagawa. It has ten undergraduate faculties: Letters, Economics, Law, Business and Commerce, Medicine, Science and Technology, Policy Management, Environment and Information Studies, Nursing and Medical Care, and Pharmacy. There are fourteen graduate schools (listed below) and both on- and off-campus research institutes and facilities.
Its list of alumni and faculty includes three former prime ministers,[9] two astronauts,[9] six international honorary members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Wolf Prize winner. Keio University also produced the largest number of CEOs of companies listed in the first section of Tokyo Stock Exchange[9][10] and ranks 53rd (in the world) in top 100 Global Executives, according to Times Higher Education's "Alma Master Index 2017".[11]
Overview
The founder of Keio Fukuzawa Yukichi's statue on Hiyoshi campus.
Keio traces its history to 1858 when Fukuzawa Yukichi, who had studied the Western educational system at Brown University in the United States, started to teach Dutch while he was a guest of the Okudaira family. In 1868 he changed the name of the school to Keio Gijuku and devoted all his time to education. While Keio's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies, it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890, and became known as a leading institute in Japanese higher education. It was the first Japanese university to reach its 150th anniversary, celebrating this anniversary in 2008.
Keio has leading research centres. It has approximately 30 Research Centers located on its five main campuses and at other facilities for advanced research in Japan.[12] Keio University Research Institute at SFC (KRIS) has joined the MIT and the French INRIA in hosting the international W3C.[13]
Mission
In his speech at an alumni gathering on November 1, 1896, Fukuzawa stated the mission of Keio as follows:
Keio Gijuku shouldn't be satisfied with being just one educational institution. Its mission is expected to be a model of the nobility of intelligence and virtue, to make clear how it can be applied to its family, society, and nation, and to take an actual action of this statement. It expects all students to be leaders in society by the practice of this mission.
Those sentences were given to students as his will and considered as the simple expression of Keio's actual mission.[14]
Academic culture
Keio is known for being the first institution to introduce many modern education practices in Japan.
Keio is the earliest Japanese school that introduced an annual fixed course fee, designed by Fukuzawa.[note 3]
It initially introduced the culture of speech to Japan, which Japan had never had before. It built Japan's earliest speech house Mita Speech House in 1875 as well.[15]
Keio is regarded as Japan's first university to accept international students.[16] Keio accepted 2 Korean students in 1881 as its (and also Japan's) first international students. 60 Korean students entered in 1883 and 130 Korean students in 1895.
Keio put "Independence and self-respect (独立自尊, Dokuritsu Jison)" as a foundation of its education. This is meant to be physically and mentally independent, and respect yourself for keeping your virtue.[17] Independence and self-respect are also regarded as Fukuzawa's nature and essence of his education.[18]
Learning half and teaching half (半学半教, Hangaku Hankyo) is the other unique culture at Keio.[19] During the late Edo period and the early Meiji period, several private prep schools often used students as assistant teachers and it was called "Learning half and teaching half". Keio also had initially used this system. In the early period of such schools of Western studies, there had been many things to learn not only for students but also professors themselves. Hence there had been occasions when students who had learned in advance had taught other students and even professors. After the proper legal systems for education had been set up, those situations disappeared. However, Fukuzawa thought the essence of academia was and is a continuous learning process, and that more knowledge provided more learning opportunities. Keio respects his thought and established the rule "Rules in Keio Gijuku (慶應義塾社中之約束, Keio Gijuku Shachu no Yakusoku)", which states that there shouldn't be any hierarchy between teachers and learners and that all of the people in Keio Gijuku are in the same company. For this reason, there is still a culture at Keio that all professors and lecturers are officially called with the honorific of "Kun" but never "Teacher" or "Professor".[20][21]
Collaboration in a company (社中の協力, Shachu no Kyoryoku) is also a uniqueness of Keio.[22] Fukuzawa stated in 1879 that the Keio's success today is because of the collaboration in its company, and "Collaboration in a company" originally came from this article. People in Keio often think that all of the people related to Keio (e.g. professors, students, alumni and their family members) are part of their company, thus they should try to help each other like brothers and sisters. This culture has been often seen especially in the alumni organization called Mita-Kai.[23]
Keio University (慶應義塾大学, Keiō Gijuku Daigaku) was established in 1858 as a School of Western studies located in one of the mansion houses in Tsukiji by the founder Fukuzawa Yukichi.[24] Its root is considered as the Han school for Kokugaku studies named Shinshu Kan established in 1796.[25] Keio changed its name to "Keio Gijuku" in 1868, which came from the era name "Keio"[26] and "Gijuku" as the translation of Private school.[27] It moved to the current location in 1871, established the Medical school in 1873, and the official university department with Economics, Law and Literacy study in 1890.[28]
Year
University Development
1858
Establishment of Keio Gijuku
1879
Keio rejected an offer to become a national university.[29] Instead of that, it became a vocational school funded by daimyōs including Shimazu clan.
1890
Departments of Economics, Law, and Letters established
In 1886, Keio named Hiromoto Watanabe as the first chancellor of the Imperial University (University of Tokyo). He was the first chancellor of an officially authorized university in Japan. In 1899, Keio sent 6 students to study abroad. In the same year, it accepted three international students from India, Qing-dynasty China, and Thailand. Eight international students entered from Taiwan (which had technically been a territory of the Japanese Empire since 1895) in the following year. Keio was visited by Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore in 1916. In 1922, Keio was visited by Albert Einstein, who presented a special lecture on the theory of relativity.[30] In 1946, Keio began accepting female students. In 2006, a paper with a Keio undergraduate student as its first listed author was published in the research journal Science.[31][32] In 2008, Keio was visited by Prince Charles.
Presidents
Since the president system was established in 1881, Keio has had 20 presidents.[33]
In 2021, there are 33,469 students at Keio University, with 28,667 undergraduate students and 4,802 graduate students. Although two-thirds of the student body are males, this ratio highly depends on the major (56% of students are female in the Faculty of Letters, for instance. On the other hand, in the School of Medicine, three-quarters of students are men.).[5]
There are 1,908 international students on May 1, 2021, with 874 undergraduate students (3.1% of total undergraduate students (=28,667) ), 861 graduate students (18.0% of total graduate students (=4,802) ) and 173 other students.[34] China is the country which provides the most international students with 1,016, followed by South Korea (436), France (66), Taiwan (51), the United States (36), Indonesia (34), and Germany (29).[34]
Student life
Mita Sai
Societies
In Japanese universities, there are student societies called "circles". Although the exact number is not clear, there are over 410 circles in Keio.[35]
Festivals
Keio holds school festivals every year on each campus. The main festival is called "Mita Sai" and is usually held on the Mita campus in late November.[36] Mita Sai includes various academic and recreational activities and also serves as a research workshop for students on the Mita campus.[37] Approximately 200,000 people visit Mita Sai every year.[38]
The interest of Keio's students in baseball stretches back to the early years of the 20th century. In 1913, an American touring team of players from the New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox played an exhibition game against the Keio team.[39] In a 1932 exhibition game, the Keio team beat the University of Michigan team, which was then touring Japan.[40]
Keio's baseball team plays in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League (six prominent universities in the Tokyo area).
Association football
Keio University's association football (soccer) team is the most successful team in the history of the Emperor's Cup, although their last triumph was in 1956. They have won nine times, a number no professional team has ever achieved in the tournament.
The Kei-So baseball rivalry, which dates back more than a century, is especially famous because of its importance in Japanese baseball history. The most famous Kei-So baseball game, which was played on October 16, 1943, was made into a movie titled "The Last Game – the Final So-Kei Sen -" in 2008.
There are two Kei-So baseball games every year, and they are usually broadcast by NHK. There is no lecture on all campuses in Keio on the game day because of the students who want to watch this match. Kei-So baseball games were even visited by Japanese emperors in 1929, 1950 and 1994.
Keio University is one of the most prestigious universities in Japan. Times Higher Education estimates that Keio is in 351–400th place in general academic rankings among world universities.
In October 2016, six male students from Keio Advertisement Society, a long-standing student club famous for its organisation of the Miss Keio pageant contest, were investigated for gang rape during a club activity.[41] An out-of-court settlement was reached and the students were not prosecuted.[42] In May 2018, another three students were arrested for sexual assaults.[43]
In March 2017, a student tennis club was disbanded after a student died of alcohol poisoning during a club activity. Two other Keio students died due to over-drinking in 2012 and 2013.[44]
In June 2017, the school's election committee unconventionally selected Haseyama Akira, a legal history professor who only won second place at the general election among teachers and staff, to be the school's new president, breaking a 50-year convention.[45]
In late 2019, both the American football team and the cheerleading club suspended club activities for "inappropriate behaviours".[46][47]
In January 2020, it was reported that a former member of the school president's secretarial staff had installed a camera in a female toilet stall on the Mita campus, filming over a thousand videos over 3 months.[48][49]
Keio ranks 53rd in the world in the Times Higher Education's Alma Mater Index.[62] It ranks 34th globally in the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) and 3rd in Asia.[63] Keio is ranked at 58th of the Reuters Top 100 innovative universities worldwide.[64] British Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) company estimates that Keio is ranked the 192nd in QS World University Rankings 2017/18.[65] It is ranked the 45th in QS World University Ranking 2017/18 for Graduate Employability Ranking. In the Asian University Ranking (2015), Quacquarelli Symonds also ranked Keio as 37th in Asia.[65] The Academic Ranking of World Universities (2015), which is compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ranks Keio 151-175 in the world and 37 in Asia.[66] Keio, with Waseda University, is one of the prominent private universities within Japan. The difficulty level of entrance exams at Keio University is one of the highest among private universities in Japan.[67]
Research performance
According to Thomson Reuters, Keio is the 10th best research university in Japan, and it is the only private university within the Top 15.[50] In addition, Weekly Diamond reported that Keio has the 8th highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in COE Program, and it is also the only private university within Top 10.[68]The Asahi Shimbun summarized the number of academic papers in Japanese major legal journals by the university, and Keio was ranked 2nd during 2005–2009.[60] Accordingly, Keio is a prominent research university in Japan.
In economics, according to The Asahi Shimbun, Keio's been ranked 7th in Japan in the economic research ranking during 2005–2009.[69] More recently, Repec in January 2011 ranked Keio's Economic department as Japan's 6th best economic research university.[70] Keio has provided 3 presidents of Japanese Economic Association in its 42-year history, and this number is 5th largest.[71]
In addition, Nikkei Shimbun on 2004/2/16 surveyed about the research standards in Engineering studies based on Thomson Reuters, Grants in Aid for Scientific Research and questionnaires to heads of 93 leading Japanese Research Centers, and Keio was placed 8th (research planning ability 4th/informative ability of research outcome 3rd) in this ranking.[72]
Business
Keio ranks second in Japan, for the number of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies, according to Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities.[59] Keio is also ranked 1st in Japan for the number of alumni generally holding executive positions (when positions like COO, CFO, CIO etc. are included along with the CEO position) in listed companies of Japan, and this number per student (probability of becoming an executive) is also top.[73][74]
According to the Weekly Economist's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on 16 October 2006, graduates from Keio University have the 3rd best employment rate in 400 major companies, and the alumni's average salary is the 3rd best in Japan.[78][79]
Accounting
As an extension of Keio's strong business focus, for over 30 years, Keio graduates have been ranked first in Japan in the number of successful national CPA exam applicants.[12]
Medicine
Keio has been influential in Japanese medical societies as well. In fact, there have been 4 presidents of Japan Medical Association related to this university (2 Alumni and 2 professors).[note 4] This number is the 2nd largest among Japanese medical schools.[80] Keio is one of 2 Japanese universities which provided a president of World Medical Association.[81]
Law
Keio's law faculty is typically ranked among the best in all of Japan along with the University of Tokyo, University of Kyoto, Chuo University, and Hitotsubashi University. In 2010 and 2015, Keio University Law School ranked highest among all Japanese universities for the Bar Exam passage rate.[82] Furthermore, the number of Members of Parliament who graduated Keio has been 3rd in Japan.[69][83]
Popularity and selectivity
Keio is a popular university in Japan, often considered one of Japan's top two private universities alongside their rival, Waseda University. The number of applicants per place was 11.7 (48260/4098) in 2011 undergraduate admissions.[84] Its entrance difficulty is usually considered as the top with Waseda among 730 private universities.[note 5][note 6][note 7]
Nikkei BP has been publishing a ranking system called "Brand rankings of Japanese universities" every year, composed of the various indications related to the power of the brand, in which Keio was the top in 2014, and ranked second in 2015 and 2016 in Greater Tokyo Area.[85]Webometrics (2008) also ranks Keio University as 3rd in Japan, 11th in Asia, and 208th in the world for quantity and quality of web presence and link visibility.[86]
In a unique ranking, TBS ranked Japanese universities by the questionnaire "Which university student do you want to have as your boyfriend?" to 300 girls in Shibuya, and Keio was ranked 1st in this ranking.[note 8]
Evaluation from Business World
The university ranking of the ratio of "president and chief executive officer of listed company" in Japan
3rd[87] out of all the 744[88] universities which existed as of 2006
Source
2006 Survey[87] by Weekly Diamond 〈ja〉 on the ranking of the universities which produced the high ratio of the graduates who hold the position of "president and chief executive officer of listed company" to all the graduates of each university
The university ranking according to the ratio of the number of officers & managers produced by each university to the number of graduates
26th[89] out of all the 778[90] universities which existed as of 2010
Source
2010 Survey by Weekly Economist 〈ja〉 on the ranking of universities according to the ratio of the number of the officers & managers produced by each university to the number of graduates
The university ranking according to the order of the evaluation by Personnel Departments of Leading Companies in Japan
According to Keio's financial report, there was an operating revenue of 197 billion yen in 2010.[95] The top three largest incomes were from "tuition and fees", "medical care" and "capital gain", with 49 billion yen, 48 billion yen and 21 billion yen respectively. The number of endowments in 2010 was about 5 billion yen. Keio is known for having one of the largest financial endowments of any Japanese university.[96]
On the other hand, the top 3 largest expenses in 2010 were "Compensation and benefits", "Education & Research" and "Investment", with 65 billion yen, 52 billion yen and 33 billion yen respectively. The total asset value in 2010 was about 364 billion yen with an increase of 5 billion yen. In addition, the total amount of assets under management was approximately 109 billion yen in 2010, composed mainly of cash, deposits with banks and marketable securities.[95]
The university tuition fee system in Japan is different from other countries and very complicated. In most Japanese universities, more payments are required in the first year, such as "entrance fees", and less in subsequent years. There are several types of fees (some of which must be paid only once and some of which must be paid once or twice every year) and the so-called "course fee" is officially only one of those fees.
At Keio University, tuition fees vary and depend on the course. Social Science & Humanity studies have the lowest fees at approximately 1,110,000 yen per year, and the School of Medicine is the most expensive fee at about 3,610,000 yen per year.[97] The tuition fees for the various graduate schools are much less than those for undergraduate studies, e.g. 690,000 yen per year for Social Science & Humanities and 1,313,000 yen per year for School of Medicine.[98]
Although it is acceptable to pay twice with half in spring and half in autumn, the "entrance fee" must be paid before enrollment. The entrance fee for undergraduate study is 200,000 yen and the one for graduate study is 310,000 yen.[97][98]
Many students receive additional financial support. For example, in 2008, there were 9,764 students (about 30% of all students) who used either scholarships or loans.[99] Additionally, Keio funds over 3,000 students who receive, on average, scholarships of 300,000 yen.[99]
Organization
New South building on Mita Campus
Jukukankyoku on Mita Campus
Mita speech house on Mita Campus
Hiyoshi Campus
Yagami Campus
Kitasato Memorial Medical Library on Shinanomachi campus
3rd Building on Shiba Kyoritsu campus
Faculties
Keio has ten undergraduate faculties, which cover a wide range of academic fields, with each operating independently and offering broad educational and research activities. The faculties, with a planned annual number of enrolled first-year students in parentheses, are:
In addition to the ten undergraduate faculties listed above, Keio has fourteen graduate schools. Many professors are associated with both an undergraduate faculty and a graduate school.
Keio's Media Centers, with combined holdings of over 4.58 million books and publications, are one of the largest academic information storehouses in the country.[100]
Keio University Hospital is one of the largest and most well-known general hospitals in Japan,[citation needed] the number of surgeries for carcinoma uteri in 2007 was top and the one for lung cancer was third among all university hospitals.[101] and is also a famous teaching hospital. The number of trainee doctors who selected Keio as their first choice training hospital was 30 (33rd) among all Japanese teaching hospitals in 2010.[102] Established in 1920, it has over 1,000 beds, a leading laboratory, and research and medical information divisions.[12]
Some of the prominent Keio alumni include Japanese Prime Ministers Junichiro Koizumi (2001–2006), Ryutaro Hashimoto (1996–1998), and Tsuyoshi Inukai (1931–1932). Dozens of other alumni have been cabinet members and governors in the post-war period.[103] Its alumni include 230 CEOs of major companies and 97 CEOs of foreign-affiliated companies (both highest in Japan).[12] Keio has over 320,000 alumni in 866 alumni associations.[12][104]
Toshiko Hamayotsu, Minister for Global Environmental Issues and Director-General of Environment Agency of Government of Japan (1994).[105]
Kenji Kosaka, Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Law, 1968)
Jirō Kawasaki, Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare (Business and Commerce, 1971)
Andrew Thomson, Minister for Sport and Tourism and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Sydney 2000 Games in the Australian Government 1997 – 1998
Hiroshi Nakai, Chairman of the National Commission on Public Safety, Minister of State for Disaster Management and the Abduction Issue (Economics, 1969)
Genichi Kato (professor), Nominated for Nobel Prize, Member of Japan Academy[119]
Shinzo Koizumi (politics, 1910), Member of Japan Academy, best known as the educator of His Majesty the Emperor Emeritus at the age of the prince. Received an honorary doctorate from Columbia University[120][121]
Keisuke Suzuki (professor), Member of Japan Academy[122]
Hideyuki Okano (medicine, 1983), the first in the world to produce transgenic marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with germline transmission.[149] Besides, he is to conduct the world's first clinical test in which artificially derived stem cells will be used to treat patients with spinal cord injuries.[150]
Masayoshi Tomizuka, professor in Control Theory in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, and director of Mechanical Systems Control Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. He holds the Cheryl and John Neerhout, Jr., Distinguished Professorship Chair, and has supervised more than 90 PhD students to completion, many of which have become professors in universities in the USA, Taiwan, etc., prestigious for the research in the field of Mechanical Engineering. (B.S. and M.S. degrees, Mechanical Engineering, 1968 and 1970)
Tatsuji Nomura (medicine, 1945), a pioneer in the development of laboratory animals with the aim of assuring the reproducibility of experimental results in medical research. Medal of Honor With Purple Ribbon from Japanese Government(1984).[163]
Kohei Itoh (physicist), Successfully generated and detected quantum entanglement between electron spin and nuclear spin in phosphorus impurities added to silicon with Dr John Morton at Oxford University. This is the world's first successful generation. (Science and Technology)[167]
Yasuhiro Koike, Developed the High-bandwidth graded-index plastic optical fibre.[168] He is thought as one of the Nobel Prize candidates in Physics in terms of the achievement of plastic optical fibre. (Sci. and Tech)[169][170]
Masaru Tomita, Established the metabolomics analysis by using the CE-MS. (Environment and Information Studies)
Eitaro Noro, Marxian Economist. The Author of "History of the Development of Japanese Capitalism"(1930) (Native:「日本資本主義発達史講座」), Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo[171]
Yoshio Taniguchi (Engineering, 1960), member of Japan Art Academy. Architect best known for his redesign of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City which was reopened on November 20, 2004, [175]
Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson, Computer architect, visionary, and contrarian (PhD, Media and Governance, 2002)
Yuichi Motai, professor of Virginia Commonwealth University (Computer Engineering), NSF Career Award (2011)
Wataru Kamimura, professional shogi player (the first university graduate to become a shogi professional) (Science and Technology / mathematical sciences, 2013)
The only copy of the Gutenberg Bible held outside Europe or North America is the first volume of the Hubay 45 copy at Keio University. It was purchased by the university in 1996 from Maruzen booksellers, who originally purchased the copy at auction in 1987 for US$5.4 million.[181][182]
The Humanities Media Interface Project (HUMI) at Keio University is known for its high-quality digital images of Gutenberg Bibles and other rare books.[181] Under the direction of Professor Toshiyuki Takamiya, the HUMI team has made digital reproductions of eleven sets of the bible in nine institutions, including in 2000, both full-text facsimiles held in the collection of the British Library.[183]
^excluding master course students as students in "Doctorate (prior)"
^In 2021, research students and auditors were not recruited due to the global epidemic of COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease).
^In the Edo period, private schools normally collected money or properties with Noshi irregularly from students, but those fees highly depended on each student's economic circumstances. Fukuzawa thought such an unstable financial system prevented the modernization of educational institutions as well as professors' professionalism. Then he designed a rudimentary management system for the school's finances.[1]Archived 2010-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
^Japanese journalist Kiyoshi Shimano ranks its entrance difficulty as SA (most selective/out of 10 scales) in Japan. 危ない大学・消える大学 2012年版 (in Japanese). YELL books. 2011. ASIN4753930181.
^"Keio Logos". Keio University. Archived from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2021-10-29. Today, the phrase "the pen is mightier than the sword" also stands as the motto of Keio
^"慶應義塾の目的" [Purpose of Keio University] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
^Before the Meiji Period, Japanese people had thought the oral statement is not reliable enough for decision-making, thus every time people had needed to state their opinions on paper when they had needed to decide something. Fukuzawa thought this culture would seriously prevent the introduction of the modern parliamentary regime and the fair court system. Then he developed the art of speech by the arrangement of Western speech. [2]Archived 2016-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
^"留学生受け入れのはじめ" [Beginning of accepting international students] (in Japanese). Keio University. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
^"Dokuritsujison" (in Japanese). Keio University. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^In fact, this phrase was also used for his Dharma name, which is a given name when people are dead, representing their nature.
^"Hangaku Hankyo" (in Japanese). Keio University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^Japanese people usually use "Kun" only between friends. This is normally considered to be an informal expression and is not used by professors.
^Keio officially uses the honorific of "Teacher" or "Professor" only when referring to Fukuzawa himself.
^Although Shinshu Kan did not have a direct relation to Keio, Many people who studied or managed there were involved with Keio later. In fact, all students from Nakatsu Domain moved to Keio when it was closed.
^Although Keio had been already involved in higher education, it had not had a university system before 1890. It was authorized as a university by the Japanese government in 1920.
^ At the beginning of Meiji period, there was an ethical sense that Samurai should not work for more than one master. Keio was established by the fund of Tokugawa shogunate, so it was hard to work for the new government in this sense. Fukuzawa in fact criticized severely Kaishū Katsu and Takeaki Enomoto who worked for both Tokugawa and the new government (see Fukuzawa Yukichi). His strict viewpoint prevented Keio to set up a political department and kept many Keio graduate away from politics for a long time. It is also one of the clear differences from Waseda which has been positively involved in politics for a long time.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). ecommons.cornell.edu. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2022.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Miller, J. Scott (John Scott) (2010). The A to Z of modern Japanese literature and theater. Miller, J. Scott (John Scott). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-1-4617-3188-7. OCLC828424705.
^Pearson, David (2006). Bowman, J (ed.). British Librarianship and Information Work 1991-2000: Rare book librarianship and historical bibliography. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 178. ISBN978-0-7546-4779-9.
