This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2022)
World map of income inequality Gini coefficients by country. Based on World Bank data ranging from 1992 to 2020.[1]
  •   Above 50%
  •   Between 45% and 50%
  •   Between 40% and 45%
  •   Between 35% and 40%
  •   Between 30% and 35%
  •   Below 30%
  •   No data

This is a list of countries or dependencies by income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 1 corresponds with perfect inequality (where one person has all the income—and everyone else has no income).

Income distribution can vary greatly from wealth distribution in a country (see List of countries by wealth inequality). Income from black market economic activity is not included and is the subject of current economic research.[2][3]

UN, World Bank and CIA list – income ratios and Gini indices

[edit]
Row numbers are static. Other columns are sortable. This allows ranking of any column.

Key:

R/P 10%
The ratio of the average income of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%.
R/P 20%
The ratio of the average income of the richest 20% to the poorest 20%.
Gini
Gini index, a quantified representation of a nation's Lorenz curve. A Gini index of 0% expresses perfect equality, while index of 100% expresses maximal inequality.
UN
Data from the United Nations Development Programme.
CIA
Data from the Central Intelligence Agency's The World Factbook.
Country Subregion Region UN R/P CIA R/P[4] World Bank Gini[5][6]
10%[4] 20%[7] 10% Year % Year
 Albania Southern Europe Europe 7.2 4.2 7.2 2004 29.4 2020
 Algeria Northern Africa Africa 9.6 4.0 9.6 1995 27.6 2011
 Angola Middle Africa Africa 9.0 51.3 2018
 Argentina South America Americas 31.6 8.8 35.0 2007 40.7 2022
 Armenia Western Asia Asia 8.0 5.0 25.8 2004 27.9 2022
 Australia Australia, New Zealand Oceania 12.5 6.3 12.7 1994 34.3 2018
 Austria Western Europe Europe 6.9 4.9 6.8 2004 30.7 2021
 Azerbaijan Western Asia Asia 9.7 9.5 2001 26.6 2005
 Bangladesh Southern Asia Asia 7.5 4.8 7.5 2000 33.4 2022
 Belarus Eastern Europe Europe 6.9 3.6 6.9 2002 24.4 2020
 Belgium Western Europe Europe 8.2 4.2 8.3 2000 26.6 2021
 Belize Central America Americas 28.8 19.9 2013 53.3 1999
 Benin Western Africa Africa 9.4 16.3 9.4 2003 34.4 2021
 Bhutan Southern Asia Asia 6.6 28.5 2022
 Bolivia South America Americas 93.9 11.8 157.3 2002 40.9 2021
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Southern Europe Europe 5.4 5.4 5.5 2001 33.0 2011
 Botswana Southern Africa Africa 43.0 15.0 53.3 2015
 Brazil South America Americas 16.5 21.1 16.3 2013 52.0 2022
 Bulgaria Eastern Europe Europe 7.0 7.3 8.8 2005 39.0 2021
 Burkina Faso Western Africa Africa 11.6 5.3 11.5 2003 37.4 2021
 Burundi Eastern Africa Africa 19.3 6.7 19.3 1998 37.5 2020
 Cambodia South-eastern Asia Asia 12.2 12.0 2004 36 2013
 Cameroon Middle Africa Africa 15.7 11.5 15.4 2001 42.2 2021
 Canada Northern America Americas 9.4 6.2 9.5 2000 31.7 2019
 Cape Verde Western Africa Africa 10.7 42.4 2015
 Central African Republic Middle Africa Africa 69.2 18.5 68.1 1993 43.0 2021
 Chad Middle Africa Africa 10.0 37.4 2022
 Chile South America Americas 26.2 11.2 32.1 2003 43.0 2022
 China Eastern Asia Asia 21.6 10.2 21.8 2004 37.1 2020
 Colombia South America Americas 60.4 13.4 56.3 2008 54.8 2022
 Comoros Eastern Africa Africa 11.2 45.3 2014
 DR Congo Middle Africa Africa 8.8 44.7 2020
 Congo Middle Africa Africa 12.8 48.9 2011
 Costa Rica Central America Americas 23.4 12.3 37.3 2003 47.2 2022
 Ivory Coast Western Africa Africa 16.6 8.4 17.0 2002 35.3 2021
 Croatia Southern Europe Europe 7.3 5.3 7.2 2003 28.9 2021
 Cyprus Western Asia Asia 5.3 31.3 2021
 Czech Republic Eastern Europe Europe 5.2 3.7 5.2 1996 26.2 2021
 Denmark Northern Europe Europe 8.1 4.0 12.0 2000 28.3 2021
 Djibouti Eastern Africa Africa 8.8 41.6 2017
 Dominican Republic Caribbean Americas 25.3 10.5 18.8 2012 37.0 2022
 Ecuador South America Americas 35.2 10.7 17.5 2006 45.5 2022
 Egypt Northern Africa Africa 8.0 4.6 8.0 2000 31.9 2019
 El Salvador Central America Americas 38.6 7.0 55.4 2002 38.8 2022
 Estonia Northern Europe Europe 10.8 5.4 11.0 2003 31.8 2021
 Eswatini Southern Africa Africa 25.1 14.2 25.4 2001 54.6 2016
 Ethiopia Eastern Africa Africa 6.6 7.1 6.5 2000 35.0 2015
 European Union Europe 8.6 2015 30.6 2012
 Faroe Islands Northern Europe Europe 22.71 2018
 Fiji Melanesia Oceania 6.0 30.7 2019
 Finland Northern Europe Europe 5.6 3.9 5.7 2000 27.7 2021
 France Western Europe Europe 9.1 5.2 8.3 2004 31.5 2021
 Gabon Middle Africa Africa 7.4 38.0 2017
 Gambia Western Africa Africa 20.2 5.9 20.6 1998 38.8 2020
 Georgia Western Asia Asia 15.4 7.1 15.2 2003 34.2 2021
 Germany Western Europe Europe 6.9 5.1 6.9 2000 31.7 2019
 Ghana Western Africa Africa 14.1 10.3 13.7 1999 43.5 2016
 Greece Southern Europe Europe 10.2 7.1 10.4 2000 32.9 2021
 Guatemala Central America Americas 33.9 11.9 48.2 2002 48.3 2014
 Guinea Western Africa Africa 10.5 5.5 21.6 2006 29.6 2018
 Guinea-Bissau Western Africa Africa 19.0 12.6 84.8 1991 33.4 2021
 Guyana South America Americas 26.0 1999 45.1 1998
 Haiti Caribbean Americas 54.4 8.6 68.1 2001 41.1 2012
 Honduras Central America Americas 59.4 17.1 35.2 2003 48.2 2019
 Hong Kong Eastern Asia Asia 17.8 53.9 2016
 Hungary Eastern Europe Europe 5.5 4.9 5.6 2002 29.2 2021
 Iceland Northern Europe Europe 4.0 26.1 2017
 India Southern Asia Asia 8.6 5.5 8.6 2004 32.8 2021
 Indonesia South-eastern Asia Asia 7.8 6.6 7.9 2002 38.3 2023
 Iran Southern Asia Asia 17.2 7.7 16.9 1998 34.8 2022
 Iraq Western Asia Asia 4.4 29.5 2012
 Ireland Northern Europe Europe 9.4 5.0 9.4 2000 30.1 2021
 Israel Western Asia Asia 13.4 8.5 11.8 2005 37.9 2021
 Italy Southern Europe Europe 11.6 7.0 11.7 2000 34.8 2021
 Jamaica Caribbean Americas 17.3 17.0 2004 40.2 2021
 Japan Eastern Asia Asia 4.5 5.4 4.5 1993 32.9 2013
 Jordan Western Asia Asia 11.3 5.2 11.3 2003 33.7 2010
 Kazakhstan Central Asia Asia 8.5 3.8 8.0 2004 29.2 2021
 Kenya Eastern Africa Africa 13.6 7.7 18.6 2000 38.7 2021
 South Korea Eastern Asia Asia 7.8 5.3 5.9 2011 31.4 2016
 Kosovo Eastern Europe Europe 29.0 2017
 Kyrgyzstan Central Asia Asia 6.4 3.8 6.4 2003 28.8 2021
 Laos South-eastern Asia Asia 8.3 5.9 8.4 2002 38.8 2018
 Latvia Northern Europe Europe 11.6 5.8 11.6 2003 34.3 2021
 Lebanon Western Asia Asia 5.1 31.8 2011
 Lesotho Southern Africa Africa 39.8 20.8 48.2 2002 44.9 2017
 Liberia Western Africa Africa 12.8 5.9 35.3 2016
 Lithuania Northern Europe Europe 10.4 7.2 10.3 2003 36.7 2021
 Luxembourg Western Europe Europe 5.7 6.8 2000 32.7 2021
 Macau Eastern Asia Asia 36.0 2018
 North Macedonia Southern Europe Europe 12.5 7.3 12.3 2003 33.5 2019
 Madagascar Eastern Africa Africa 19.2 8.7 19.3 2001 42.6 2012
 Malawi Eastern Africa Africa 10.9 8.1 11.0 2004 38.5 2019
 Malaysia South-eastern Asia Asia 22.1 8.2 28.0 2003 40.7 2021
 Maldives Southern Asia Asia 7.0 29.3 2019
 Mali Western Africa Africa 12.5 5.2 12.6 2001 35.7 2021
 Malta Southern Europe Europe 4.5 31.4 2020
 Mauritania Western Africa Africa 12.0 5.4 11.8 2000 32.0 2019
 Mauritius Eastern Africa Africa 5.9 36.8 2017
 Mexico North America Americas 21.6 8.8 24.6 2004 43.5 2022
 Micronesia Micronesia Oceania 8.4 40.1 2013
 Moldova Eastern Europe Europe 8.2 3.6 8.3 2003 25.7 2021
 Mongolia Eastern Asia Asia 8.2 5.1 8.2 2002 31.4 2022
 Montenegro Southern Europe Europe 4.8 34.3 2021
 Morocco Northern Africa Africa 11.7 7.0 11.9 1999 39.5 2013
 Mozambique Eastern Africa Africa 18.8 14.2 18.8 2002 50.5 2019
 Myanmar South-eastern Asia Asia 6.3 11.6 1998 30.7 2017
 Namibia Southern Africa Africa 106.6 22.8 129.0 2003 59.1 2015
 Nepal Southern Asia Asia 15.8 5.0 15.6 2004 32.8 2010
 Netherlands Western Europe Europe 9.2 4.2 9.2 1999 25.7 2021
 New Zealand Australia, New Zealand Oceania 12.4 33.9 2019
 Nicaragua Central America Americas 31.0 10.2 15.4 2001 46.2 2014
 Niger Western Africa Africa 46.0 5.4 44.3 1995 32.9 2021
 Nigeria Western Africa Africa 17.8 9.1 17.5 2003 35.1 2018
 Norway Northern Europe Europe 6.1 4.1 6.0 2000 27.7 2019
 Pakistan Southern Asia Asia 6.5 4.8 6.6 2002 29.6 2018
 Panama Central America Americas 49.9 15.9 61.4 2003 48.9 2023
 Papua New Guinea Melanesia Oceania 23.8 9.3 23.8 1996 41.9 2009
 Paraguay South America Americas 38.8 11.7 65.9 2003 45.1 2022
 Peru South America Americas 26.1 10.3 31.5 2003 40.3 2022
 Philippines South-eastern Asia Asia 15.5 7.2 15.5 2003 40.7 2021
 Poland Eastern Europe Europe 8.8 4.6 8.7 2002 28.5 2021
 Portugal Southern Europe Europe 15.0 6.4 9.2 1995 34.6 2021
 Qatar Western Asia Asia 41.1 2007
 Romania Eastern Europe Europe 7.5 8.0 7.4 2003 33.9 2021
 Russia Eastern Europe Europe 12.7 6.6 12.8 2002 36.0 2020
 Rwanda Eastern Africa Africa 18.6 8.5 18.2 2000 43.7 2016
 São Tomé and Príncipe Middle Africa Africa 4.7 40.7 2017
 Saudi Arabia Western Asia Asia 45.9 2013
 Senegal Western Africa Africa 12.3 7.7 12.4 2001 36.2 2021
 Serbia Southern Europe Europe 4.2 33.1 2021
 Seychelles Eastern Africa Africa 9.8 32.1 2018
 Sierra Leone Western Africa Africa 87.2 5.4 87.2 1989 35.7 2018
 Singapore South-eastern Asia Asia 17.7 17.3 1998 45.9 2017
 Slovakia Eastern Europe Europe 6.7 4.1 6.7 1996 24.1 2021
 Slovenia Southern Europe Europe 5.9 3.7 5.9 1998 24.3 2021
 Somalia Eastern Africa Africa 36.8 2017
 South Africa Southern Africa Africa 33.1 28.4 31.9 2000 63.0 2014
 South Sudan Eastern Africa Africa 13.0 44.1 2016
 Spain Southern Europe Europe 10.3 7.3 10.2 2000 33.9 2021
 Sri Lanka Southern Asia Asia 11.1 6.8 36.1 2003 37.7 2019
 Saint Lucia Caribbean Americas 6.8 51.2 2016
 Sudan Northern Africa Africa 6.2 34.2 2014
 Suriname South America Americas 39.2 2022
 Sweden Northern Europe Europe 6.2 4.6 6.2 2000 29.8 2021
 Switzerland Western Europe Europe 9.0 5.2 8.9 2000 33.7 2020
 Syria Western Asia Asia 26.6 2022
 Taiwan Eastern Asia Asia 6.1 2002 34.1 2017
 Tajikistan Central Asia Asia 7.8 5.6 7.8 2003 34.0 2015
 Tanzania Eastern Africa Africa 9.2 6.2 9.3 2000 40.5 2018
 Thailand South-eastern Asia Asia 12.6 6.0 12.4 2002 34.9 2021
 East Timor South-eastern Asia Asia 4.1 28.7 2014
 Togo Western Africa Africa 9.7 37.9 2021
 Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Americas 12.9 40.3 1992
 Tunisia Northern Africa Africa 13.4 5.2 13.7 2000 33.7 2021
 Turkey Western Asia Asia 6.6 8.5 17.1 2003 44.4 2021
 Turkmenistan Central Asia Asia 12.3 12.2 1998 40.8 1998
 Uganda Eastern Africa Africa 16.6 8.2 16.4 2002 42.7 2019
 Ukraine Eastern Europe Europe 5.9 3.5 7.6 2006 25.6 2020
 United Arab Emirates Western Asia Asia 26.0 2018
 United Kingdom Northern Europe Europe 13.8 5.4 13.6 1999 32.4 2021
 United States Northern America Americas 18.5 9.4 14.0 2014 39.8 2021
 Uruguay South America Americas 11.8 7.8 17.9 2003 40.6 2022
 Uzbekistan Central Asia Asia 10.6 10.6 2003 31.2 2022
 Venezuela South America Americas 18.8 15.8 50.3 2003 44.8 2006
 Vietnam South-eastern Asia Asia 6.9 6.2 10.0 2004 36.1 2022
 Yemen Western Asia Asia 8.6 6.1 8.6 2003 36.7 2014
 Zambia Eastern Africa Africa 21.1 51.5 2022
 Zimbabwe Eastern Africa Africa 8.6 50.3 2019
 World 38.0 2007

EU27 countries

[edit]
Member state 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
 Austria 27.4 27.6 27.0 27.6 27.2 27.2 27.9 26.8 27.5 27.0 26.7 27.8 28.1
 Belgium 26.3 26.5 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.3 26.1 25.7 25.1 25.4 24.1 24.9 24.2
 Bulgaria 35.0 33.6 35.4 35.4 37.0 37.7 40.2 39.6 40.8 40.0 39.7 38.4 37.2
 Croatia 31.2 30.9 30.9 30.2 30.4 29.8 29.9 29.7 29.2 28.3 29.2 28.5 29.7
 Cyprus 29.2 31.0 32.4 34.8 33.6 32.1 30.8 29.1 31.1 29.3 29.4 29.4 29.6
 Czech Republic 25.2 24.9 24.6 25.1 25.0 25.1 24.5 24.0 24.0 24.2 24.9 24.8 24.4
 Denmark 26.6 26.5 26.8 27.7 27.4 27.7 27.6 27.8 27.5 27.3 27.0 27.7 28.2
 Estonia 31.9 32.5 32.9 35.6 34.8 32.7 31.6 30.6 30.5 30.5 30.6 31.9 31.8
 Finland 25.8 25.9 25.4 25.6 25.2 25.4 25.3 25.9 26.2 26.5 25.7 26.6 26.6
 France 30.8 30.5 30.1 29.2 29.2 29.3 28.8 28.5 29.2 29.2 29.3 29.8 29.7
 Germany 29.0 28.3 29.7 30.7 30.1 29.5 29.1 31.1 29.7 30.5 31.2 29.0 29.4
 Greece 33.5 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.2 34.3 33.4 32.3 31.0 31.4 32.4 31.4 31.8
 Hungary 26.9 27.2 28.3 28.6 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.7 28.0 28.0 27.6 27.4 29.0
 Ireland 29.8 30.4 30.7 31.1 29.7 29.6 30.6 28.9 28.3 28.3 26.6 26.9 27.4
 Italy 32.5 32.4 32.8 32.4 32.4 33.1 32.7 33.4 32.8 32.5 32.9 32.7 31.5
 Latvia 35.1 35.7 35.2 35.5 35.4 34.5 34.5 35.6 35.2 34.5 35.7 34.3 34.0
 Lithuania 33.0 32.0 34.6 35.0 37.9 37.0 37.6 36.9 35.4 35.1 35.4 36.2 35.7
 Luxembourg 27.2 28.0 30.4 28.7 28.5 29.6 29.2 31.3 32.3 31.2 29.6 29.1 30.6
 Malta 27.2 27.1 28.0 27.7 28.1 28.6 28.2 28.7 28.0 30.3 31.2 31.1 33.0
 Netherlands 25.8 25.4 25.1 26.2 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.4 26.8 28.2 26.4 26.3 26.4
 Poland 31.1 30.9 30.7 30.8 30.6 29.8 29.2 27.8 28.5 27.2 26.8 26.3 27.0
 Portugal 34.2 34.5 34.2 34.5 34.0 33.9 33.5 32.1 31.9 31.2 33.0 32.0 33.7
 Romania 33.5 34.0 34.6 35.0 37.4 34.7 33.1 35.1 34.8 33.8 34.3 32.0 31.0
 Slovakia 25.7 25.3 24.2 26.1 23.7 24.3 23.2 20.9 22.8 20.9 21.8 21.2 21.6
 Slovenia 23.8 23.7 24.4 25.0 24.5 24.4 23.7 23.4 23.9 23.5 23.0 23.1 23.4
 Spain 34.0 34.2 33.7 34.7 34.6 34.5 34.1 33.2 33.0 32.1 33.0 32.0 31.5
 Sweden 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.9 26.7 27.6 28.0 27.0 27.6 26.9 26.8 27.6 29.5
 European Union 30.5 30.4 30.6 30.9 30.8 30.6 30.3 30.4 30.2 30.0 30.2 29.6 29.6
Eurozone (EA19) 30.6 30.5 30.7 31.0 30.7 30.7 30.4 30.6 30.2 30.3 30.5 — —
 Serbia[n 1] — — 38.0 38.3 40.0 39.8 37.8 35.6 33.3 33.3 33.3 33.2 —
 Montenegro[n 2][8] — — 38.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.7 34.7 34.1 32.9 32.5 31.5 —

Note: Pink-coloured cells indicate a break in the time series. Blue-coloured cells indicate estimated values.

Source: Eurostat, “Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey”[9]

OECD countries

[edit]

Gini coefficient, before taxes and transfers

[edit]
Country Gini Year
 Australia 0.441 2020
 Austria 0.486 2019
 Belgium 0.489 2019
 Canada 0.438 2020
 Chile 0.495 2017
 Costa Rica 0.551 2021
 Czech Republic 0.432 2019
 Denmark 0.445 2019
 Estonia 0.465 2019
 Finland 0.516 2020
 France 0.519 2019
 Germany 0.497 2019
 Greece 0.525 2019
 Hungary 0.463 2019
 Iceland 0.369 2017
 Ireland 0.520 2018
 Israel 0.449 2019
 Italy 0.511 2018
 Japan 0.570 2021
 Latvia 0.483 2020
 Lithuania 0.495 2019
 Luxembourg 0.490 2019
 Mexico 0.435 2020
 Netherlands 0.453 2020
 New Zealand 0.454 2020
 Norway 0.436 2020
 Poland 0.452 2018
 Portugal 0.511 2019
 Slovakia 0.383 2019
 Slovenia 0.444 2019
 South Korea 0.405 2020
 Spain 0.491 2019
 Sweden 0.433 2020
 Switzerland 0.402 2019
 Turkey 0.502 2019
 United Kingdom 0.507 2020
 United States 0.517 2021

Source:[10][11]

Gini coefficient, after taxes and transfers

[edit]
Country Gini Year
 Australia 0.318 2020
 Austria 0.274 2019
 Belgium 0.262 2019
 Canada 0.280 2020
 Chile 0.460 2017
 Costa Rica 0.487 2021
 Czech Republic 0.248 2019
 Denmark 0.268 2019
 Estonia 0.305 2019
 Finland 0.265 2020
 France 0.292 2019
 Germany 0.296 2019
 Greece 0.308 2019
 Hungary 0.286 2019
 Iceland 0.250 2017
 Ireland 0.292 2018
 Israel 0.342 2019
 Italy 0.330 2018
 Japan 0.381 2021
 Latvia 0.355 2020
 Lithuania 0.357 2019
 Luxembourg 0.305 2019
 Mexico 0.420 2020
 Netherlands 0.304 2020
 New Zealand 0.320 2020
 Norway 0.263 2020
 Poland 0.281 2018
 Portugal 0.310 2019
 Slovakia 0.222 2019
 Slovenia 0.246 2019
 South Korea 0.331 2020
 Spain 0.320 2019
 Sweden 0.276 2020
 Switzerland 0.316 2019
 Turkey 0.415 2019
 United Kingdom 0.355 2020
 United States 0.375 2021

Source:[12][13]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Serbia is a negotiating candidate to the EU.
  2. ^ Montenegro is a negotiating candidate to the EU.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Gini index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  2. ^ Underground economy and income inequality: two connected aspects in the oncoming context of Italian federalism Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. By Iacopo Odoardi and Carmen Pagliari. Vol. 15 No. 1, 2011 Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Global & Local Economic Review.
  3. ^ The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003. December 2004. By Friedrich Schneider (University of Linz and IZA Bonn). Institute for the Study of Labor.
  4. ^ a b Monino, Jean-Louis; Sedkaoui, Soraya (2016-03-11). Data Development Mechanisms. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 43–72. doi:10.1002/9781119285199.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-28519-9. Retrieved 2021-06-26. ((cite book)): |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  6. ^ "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
  7. ^ "Human Development Reports". UNDP. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  8. ^ GINI Index for Montenegro (Report). 18 January 2018.
  9. ^ "Statistics | Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
  10. ^ "Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (market income, before taxes and transfers)
  11. ^ "Japan records its second-worst income disparity as society ages". asahi.com. The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved August 23, 2023. Measure: Gini (market income, before taxes and transfers)
  12. ^ "Income Distribution Database". OECD.org. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Measure: Gini (disposable income, post taxes and transfers)
  13. ^ "Japan records its second-worst income disparity as society ages". asahi.com. The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved August 23, 2023. Measure: Gini (market income, before taxes and transfers)

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Economic classification of countries
Three/Four-World Model
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Nominal
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Gross national income (GNI)
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Human development
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Net international
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