Manila Cathedral
Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
The Mother Church of the Philippines[a]
  • Ang Basilika Menor at Kalakhang Katedral ng Kalinis-linisang Paglilihi (Filipino)
  • Basílica Menor y Catedral Metropolitana de la Inmaculada Concepción (Spanish)
Main façade and bell tower of the cathedral
Main façade and bell tower in October 2023
Map
14°35′29″N 120°58′25″E / 14.59147°N 120.97356°E / 14.59147; 120.97356
LocationIntramuros, Manila
CountryPhilippines
Language(s)Filipino, English
DenominationCatholic
TraditionRoman Rite
WebsiteManila Cathedral
History
Former name(s)Church of Manila
Authorising papal bullFebruary 6, 1579; 445 years ago (1579-02-06)
Status
Founded1571; 453 years ago (1571)
Founder(s)Fray Juan de Vivero
DedicationImmaculate Conception
DedicatedDecember 10, 1958; 65 years ago (1958-12-10)[b]
ConsecratedDecember 7, 1958; 65 years ago (1958-12-07)[2]
Relics held
Events
Annual events
Past events
Past bishop(s)
Associated peopleMiguel López de Legazpi
Architecture
Functional statusActive
Heritage designationImportant Cultural Property
Designated2018
Previous cathedrals7
Architect(s)Fernando Ocampo
Architectural typeCathedral
StyleNeo-Romanesque
Years built
  • 1581 (dst. 1583)
  • 1592 (dst. 1600)
  • 1614 (dst. 1645)
  • 1654–1662 (demo. 1751)
  • 1760 (dst. 1852)
  • 1854–1858 (dst. 1863)
  • 1873–1879 (dst. 1945)
  • 1954–1958
GroundbreakingDecember 8, 1954; 69 years ago (1954-12-08)
CompletedDecember 8, 1958; 65 years ago (1958-12-08)
Construction cost₱120 million (renovation)[7]
Specifications
Capacity2,000[8]
Length84.4 m (277 ft)[9]
Width31.4 m (103 ft)[9]
Nave width11.9 m (39 ft)[9]
Width across transepts48.9 m (160 ft)[9]
Other dimensionsFaçade facing northwest
Number of floors2
Floor area3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft)[2]
Number of domes1
Number of towers1
Tower height55 meters (180 ft)[10]
MaterialsAdobe and cement
Bells23[11]
Administration
ProvinceManila
MetropolisManila
ArchdioceseManila
DeaneryNuestra Señora de Guia[12]
ParishImmaculate Conception
Clergy
ArchbishopCardinal Jose Advincula
RectorRolando Ramos Dela Cruz
Vicar(s)Vicente Gabriel San Jose Bautista
ChancellorIsidro T. Marinay[13]
Laity
Organist(s)Alejandro D. Consolacion II
Organ scholarRaphael Martin Yu Andaya
Logo of the Manila Cathedral

The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception,[c] which is commonly known as Manila Cathedral,[d] is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Manila. It is located in Intramuros, the historic walled city in Manila, Philippines, and is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the patron saint of the country.

The cathedral was originally constructed in 1571 as a parish church under the Archdiocese of Mexico until it became a separate diocese on February 6, 1579, upon the issuance of the papal bull Illius Fulti Præsido by Pope Gregory XIII.[14] The cathedral was damaged and destroyed several times since the original structure was built in 1581. The eighth and current cathedral building was completed in 1958.[2]

The basilica has merited a papal endorsement from Pope Gregory XIII, and three apostolic visits from Popes Paul VI, John Paul II and Francis. Pope John Paul II raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica through his Pontifical decree Quod Ipsum Manilensis on April 27, 1981.[15]

History

Church PHC historical marker

As a parish church (1571)

Secular priest, Fray Juan de Vivero, who had baptized Rajah Matanda and arrived in Manila Bay in 1566, established the "Church of Manila" established in 1571.[16] Archbishop of Mexico Alonso de Montúfar sent De Vivero, chaplain of the galleon San Gerónimo, to establish Christianity as the spiritual and religious administration in newly colonized Philippines. De Vivero later became vicar-general and the first ecclesiastical judge of Manila.[citation needed]

The Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi chose the church's location and placed it under the patronage of Santa Potenciana. The church's first parish priest was Fray Juan de Villanueva.[17] Juan de Vivaneta and Nicolas Riccio were pillars of the parish.[citation needed][further explanation needed]

First cathedral (1581–1583)

The church was elevated to a cathedral in 1579, coinciding with the canonical erection of the Diocese of Manila. In 1581, Domingo de Salazar, the first-ever bishop of Manila, constructed a new building made from nipa, wood and bamboo that was consecrated on December 21, 1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The building was destroyed by a fire that started during the funeral of Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in San Agustin Church and razed much of the city.[14]

Second cathedral (1592–1600)

The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. This cathedral had a central nave and two collateral naves. The building was nearly completed when Bishop Salazar left for Spain. He died on December 4, 1594, and never returned to Manila to become its first archbishop.[18]

In 1595, the Holy See gave the cathedral sacred relics from 155 martyrs, 20 popes, Saint Polycarp and Saint Potenciana, and these were taken to Manila. A side structure was built beside the main cathedral to house the relics. Governor-General Juan Niño de Tabora and his wife Doña Magdalena Saldivar y Medoza built another collateral structure to shelter subsequent relics.[18]

By 1597, the cathedral buildings were unfinished; it lacked a chapter hall, baptistry, bell tower, and cloister. On December 31, 1600, the cathedral was destroyed by an earthquake.[18]

Third cathedral (1614–1645)

Archbishop Miguel de Benavides initiated the reconstruction of the cathedral. After his death in 1605, the project was passed on to his successor Diego Vázquez de Mercado. By 1607, the cathedral was in such a poor state it was abandoned.[19] The third cathedral structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapel, was built in 1614, largely using donated funds from the fourth dean Don Francisco Gomez de Arellano. The seven chapels were built from donations given by the cathedral's patrons.[19] On August 1, 1621, an earthquake caused serious damage to the cathedral's structure. Between 1641 and 1645, the cathedral was reconstructed but it was destroyed by a series of earthquakes in November and December, 1645.[19]

Fourth cathedral (1671–1751)

Reconstruction of the cathedral started after the arrival of Miguel de Poblete Casasola, the eighth Archbishop of Manila. The cornerstone of the fourth structure was laid on April 20, 1654. By 1659, the cathedral was nearly completed; the naves were enclosed and some halls were completed. In 1662, the main altar was built out of molave wood. The cathedral, which was made of quarried stone, lime and gravel, was blessed on June 7, 1662.[20] In 1750, the Florentine friar Juan de Uguccioni added a media naranja ("half orange") dome to the crossing and introduced a transept to the structure.[21] Following several earthquakes and typhoons, the fourth cathedral was demolished in 1751.[22]

Fifth cathedral (1760–1852)

The fifth cathedral in 1792, by Fernando Brambila

Work of the fifth cathedral building started after the demolition of its predecessor. Uguccioni's designs brought major changes; the three-nave design was retained but the chapels were reduced. The fifth cathedral, which closely resembled the Church of the Gesù in Rome, was inaugurated on December 8, 1760,[22] since when there had been no modifications or alterations to the structure except for some minor repairs. The cathedral, particularly the dome structure, was repaired in 1839.[22] The cathedral survived the British occupation of Manila but underwent repairs. It was damaged by an earthquake on September 16, 1852.[22]

Sixth cathedral (1858–1863)

Bidding for the cathedral reconstruction was conducted in 1854 and the sixth structure was opened on March 31, 1858.[23] The building had a new Neoclassical façade, which was used for the seventh and eighth structures. The sixth cathedral replaced the Baroque façade of the fifth cathedral and the truncated or box-like cupola was replaced with a circular dome.[23]

On June 3, 1863, the sixth cathedral was damaged by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the Philippines. Many called for the building's demolition and clearing of the site. Architect Don Antonio Moraleda proposed to demolish and clear the ruins but the plan was put on hold in 1866. The plan was renewed in 1868, when architect Vicente Serrano y Salaverri was commissioned to inspect and undertake a study of the ruins. Serrano concluded the cathedral ruins must be demolished and this occurred in 1870.[23]

Seventh cathedral (1879–1945)

The seventh cathedral in 1880 prior to the earthquake which destroyed its belfry

The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1873 to 1879, and was consecrated on December 7, 1879. The cross atop the central dome is a reference point of astronomical longitudes of the archipelago. In 1880, another earthquake toppled the building's bell tower, which had survived the 1863 earthquake, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958.[24] During the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda y Villa opened the cathedral to Spanish soldiers who sought refuge. During the Philippine–American War, American soldiers converted the cathedral into a hospital for their wounded soldiers.[24]

The cathedral ruins after the war

In 1937, the International Eucharistic Congress was held in the Philippines; Manila Cathedral played a role in promoting eucharistic beliefs. A cathedral stamp and medal were unveiled to commemorate the event; these were made by the official manufacturer of medals for the Congress of the Philippines sculptor Críspulo Zamora.[25] In 1945, during the Battle of Manila, Japanese forces destroyed the seventh cathedral in a scorched-earth defense.[26]

Eighth cathedral (1958–present)

The eighth and present cathedral in January 2024
Marker identifying the first spot of the cornerstone of the eighth structure laid in 1954. It was unveiled on April 27, 2022, the 41st anniversary of the cathedral's declaration as a minor basilica.[27]

After the Second World War, archbishops Michael J. O'Doherty and Gabriel Reyes planned to transfer the seat of the Archdiocese of Manila to Mandaluyong. The plan was dropped when the cathedral was reconstructed under Cardinal Rufino Santos, under the supervision of Kapampangan architect Fernando Ocampo. The first cornerstone of the eighth cathedral was blessed and laid by Cardinal Fernando Quiroga Palacios, the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela and papal legate of Pope Pius XII, on December 8, 1954. The building was consecrated on December 7, 1958, and the high altar was consecrated on December 10 that year.[2]

Pope Paul VI made an apostolic visit and celebrated Mass in Manila Cathedral on November 27, 1970.[28] Pope John Paul II also celebrated Mass in the cathedral on February 17, 1981,[29] and issued a papal bull Quod Ipsum elevating the cathedral to a minor basilica through his own motu proprio on April 27, 1981.[15] In the same papal bull, John Paul II restated Paul VI's papal decree of June 6, 1968 should be eternally preserved and enforced to the merits and titles of the cathedral as its own basilica.[30][31]

The 50th anniversary of Manila cathedral's restoration was celebrated in 2008 with the second Manila Cathedral Pipe Organ Festival from December 2 to 10, which was organized by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines.[32] The cathedral's pipe organ, which was built by Dutch organ builder Pels & Zoon in 1958[33] and consists of 5,584 pipes,[34] is the largest church organ in Southeast Asia.[35]

In February 2011, the cathedral's bells were moved to the ground level to prevent the bell tower from collapsing as had earlier towers in past earthquakes. In January 2012, the bells were replaced with new ones that were cast by blacksmith Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling from Heidelberg, Germany, in 1958. According to the new marker installed by Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales, the newly installed bells are the largest bells that are in active use in the Philippines. Seven carillon bells weighing 17 metric tons (17 long tons) were permanently installed in the ground level of the belfry.[e]

In 2010, cracks were detected in some critical sections of Manila Cathedral, causing it to fail the standards of the National Structural Code of the Philippines. After Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle assumed his post as Archbishop of Manila in December 2011, one of his first decisions was to close the cathedral.[7] Following the 2012 Negros earthquake and structural concerns, the cathedral temporarily closed on February 7 for repairs, earthquake retrofitting and subsidence prevention.[36] During this time, Paco Church was designated as the pro-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Manila.[citation needed]

Restoration was expected to be completed in 2013 but the initial deadline was missed.[37] Nestor Cerbo stated renovations would be finished by March 25, 2014. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, large, flat-screen television screens, improved audio-video systems, and improved interior and exterior LED lights, were installed.[38] Restoration finished on the planned date and Manila Cathedral was reopened to the general public on April 9, 2014. Archbishop Cardinal Tagle presided a Holy Mass that was attended by President Benigno Aquino III.[39]


On January 16, 2015, Pope Francis celebrated his first Papal Mass in the country at Manila Cathedral as part of his apostolic visit to the Philippines.[40] The Mass was celebrated for the bishops, priests, and the clergy in Latin, English and Filipino.[citation needed]

In 2018, the 60th anniversary of Manila Cathedral's restoration was celebrated and Cardinal Tagle rededicated the altar on December 10 in accordance with the rites prescribed by the Second Vatican Council.[41]

Architecture and design

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Inscription on the tympanum of the main portal

Manila Cathedral's northwest façade, which is built in the Neo-Romanesque architecture style in a Latin cross (cruciform) layout, is a replica of the façade of the previous cathedral, along with statues of famous saints sculpted in Roman travertine stone. Several of the artworks inside the basilica were made by Italian artists. In the previous cathedral, the statues were originally made of molave wood. The statue of Rose of Lima was sculpted by Angelo Fattinanzi; Jacob, Andrew and Anthony the Abbot were sculpted by Livia Papini; and Francis Xavier and Polycarp were sculpted by Alcide Tico.[42] The tympanum above the central northwest doors bears the Latin inscription Tibi cordi tuo immaculato concredimus nos ac consecramus ("To thy Immaculate Heart, entrust us and consecrate us").[citation needed]

The papal arms were added in 1981 to signify the cathedral's status as a basilica.

Since Pope John Paul II's apostolic visit to the basilica in 1981, a medallion bearing the papal arms has been placed beneath the cross of the façade and at the crossing above the high altar. The scarlet galeros of Cardinals Rufino Santos and Jaime Sin are also suspended from the dome's ceiling. A copy of the statue of St. Peter's Basilica titled Saint Peter Enthroned is placed across a polychrome, life-sized statue of the Immaculate Conception.

The bronze baptismal font and angel-shaped holy water fonts were made by Publio Morbiducci. The prominent mosaic of Jude Thaddeus was made by Marcello Mazzoli. In 1964, Filipino artist Galo Ocampo mostly designed and made the cathedral's 134 modern stained glass windows.[43] Santos commissioned and funded the window set, which was a program of Marian themes.

The marble floors on the center aisle near the altar bears the coats of arms of four cardinal archbishops of Manila: Rufino Santos, Jaime Sin, Gaudencio Rosales, and Luis Antonio Tagle.

Cathedra

The cathedra or episcopal throne of the Archbishop of Manila was installed in 1958 during the postwar reconstruction. It is made of Mexican onyx and marble from Carrara, Italy, and was designed and made by the Istituto Internazionale d’Arte Liturgica in Rome.[44] The original cathedra bears the coat of arms of Rufino Santos before he was created a cardinal. His coat of arms and the Mexican onyx were covered by a stone until their restoration in 2021.[45]

The restored cathedra bears a carving of the coat of arms of Cardinal Jose Advincula, the present archbishop, imposed on top of white Indian marble.[44]

  • With the coat of arms of Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle before the 2021 restoration
    With the coat of arms of Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle before the 2021 restoration
  • Restored cathedra with the coat of arms of Cardinal Jose Advincula in April 2023
    Restored cathedra with the coat of arms of Cardinal Jose Advincula in April 2023

Patroness

A bronze life-sized polychrome statue of the Immaculate Conception located above the high altar.

Manila Cathedral is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of the Immaculate Conception, who is honored as the Principal Patroness of the Philippines. The 9-foot (2.7 m) bronze statue, which was designed by Italian sculptor Vincenzo Assenza (1915–1981), is located above the high altar.[46]

Prior to 1988, the bronze statue was painted gold, though the twelve star halo-aureola is made of gold.[47][48] Inscribed on the baldachin above the statue of the Immaculate Conception is the Latin antiphon Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in Te ("Thou art all-beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [spot] (of sin) is not in thee")[citation needed]

In 1581, Pope Gregory XIII in 1581 issued a papal bull consecrating the cathedral building to The Purest and Immaculate Conception of Mary.[14] Miguel López de Legazpi consecrated the City of Manila to Saint Potenciana. Pope Pius XII, on September 12, 1942, reiterated this patronage for the Filipino people to La Purísima Inmaculada Concepción through the papal bull Impositi Nobis, while Saint Rose of Lima and Saint Potenciana remained as the secondary patronesses of the Filipino people.[49] The same pope, through "Quidquid ad Dilatandum", reiterated this declaration of patronage on July 16, 1958, through the chancellor of apostolic briefs Gildo Brugnola, who signed and executed the decree.[50]

The cathedral celebrates its liturgical feast every December 8 as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.[citation needed]

Cathedral rectors

Burials and funerals

The cathedral crypt is the resting place for former Archbishops of Manila and other prelates, whose corpses are located underneath the church complex and accessible by a stairway to the right of the altar:[51]

Three former Presidents were permitted to lie in state under the cathedral dome:[citation needed]

President Aguinaldo was the first president to have a requiem mass said in the restored cathedral. Although he was a Freemason and was closely associated with the Aglipayan Church, his remains were taken to the cathedral and laid beneath the dome on February 14, 1964. Cardinal Rufino Santos officiated the requiem mass before the remains were taken to the Legislative Building for the state vigil.[53] President Garcia was the first layman to lie in state and have his Requiem Mass said at the cathedral; President Aquino was the third layperson and the first woman given this honour during her funeral. This broke with centuries of tradition that reserved the right of lying in state beneath the dome to Archbishops of Manila.[54]

Mosaic at the cathedral's Crypt Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows. The Latin text at the bottom, Vos omnes oui transitis per viam attendite et vidette si est dolor sicut dolor meus. (O all you who walk by on the road, pay attention and see: if there be any sorrow like my sorrow.), was taken from the Book of Lamentations 1:12.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ It is one of two claimants of the title of mother church in the country, the other being the Basilica del Santo Niño in Cebu City which was canonically declared the title by Pope Paul VI in 1965.[1]
  2. ^ Rededicated on December 10, 2018 (5 years ago) (2018-12-10).
  3. ^ Filipino: Basilika Menor at Kalakhang Katedral ng Kalinis-linisang Paglilihi; Spanish: Basílica Menor y Catedral Metropolitana de la Inmaculada Concepción
  4. ^ Filipino: Katedral ng Maynila; Spanish: Catedral de Manila
  5. ^ Official Stone Marker at the Manila Cathedral. Publicly installed by Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales, former Archbishop of Manila (2011). Located on the left side of the front door of the Basilica.

References

  1. ^ "Ut clarificetur, Litterae Apostlicae, Titulus ac privilegia Basilicae Minoris ecclesiae Sanctissimo Nomini Iesu Caebuae dicatae conferuntur, d. 1 m. Aprilis a. 1965, Paulus PP. VI". Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d "The Eighth Cathedral 1958 - Present". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  3. ^ Leonen, Julius N. (June 27, 2018). "Relics of canonized popes to go on display at Manila Cathedral". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  4. ^ Santos, Tina G. (June 17, 2019). "Manila Cathedral to display St. Paul VI relic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  5. ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (December 18, 2017). "Manila Cathedral receives vial of St. John Paul II's blood". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  6. ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (October 20, 2022). "Cathedral opens St. John Paul II's blood relic for veneration". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Uy, Jocelyn R. (April 10, 2014). "Tagle: We are all home, in the house of our God". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  8. ^ Francisco, Katerina (December 2, 2014). "Only 2,000 attendees for Pope Francis' Manila Cathedral Mass". Rappler. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d Measured using Google Earth.
  10. ^ Reyes, Maria Bernardita M. (2017). "TECHNICAL ASPECT OF ADOBE STONE RESTORATION OF THE HISTORIC MANILA CATHEDRAL". Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  11. ^ "Simple Blessing of 23 Complete Carillon Bells". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  12. ^ "Vicariate of Nuestra Senora de Guia". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  13. ^ Aquino, Leslie Ann (November 5, 2021). "New chancellor and vice-chancellor for the Archdiocese of Manila named". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  14. ^ a b c "The First Cathedral 1581 - 1583". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Quod Ipsum" (in Latin). April 27, 1981.
  16. ^ "History of the City". City of Manila. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  17. ^ "The Church before it became a Cathedral : 1571". Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  18. ^ a b c "The Second Cathedral 1591 - 1600". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c "The Third Cathedral 1614–1645". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  20. ^ "The Fourth Cathedral 1681 - 1751". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  21. ^ "Dome". Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. July 22, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  22. ^ a b c d "The Fifth Cathedral 1760 - 1852". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  23. ^ a b c "The Sixth Cathedral 1858–1863". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  24. ^ a b "The Seventh Cathedral 1879 - 1945". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  25. ^ "The Resilient Cathedral of Manila". The Philippines And Then Some. April 28, 2012. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013.
  26. ^ Scott, James M. (2018). Rampage MacArthur, Yamashita, and the Battle of Manila. New York: W.W.Norton and Company. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-393-24694-0.
  27. ^ "Exhibit marks Manila Cathedral's 41st anniversary as minor basilica". CBCP News. April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
  28. ^ "Mass in the Cathedral of Manila - Homily of the Holy Father Paul VI". November 27, 1970. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  29. ^ "Holy Mass in the Cathedral of Manila - Homily of His Holiness John Paul II". February 17, 1981. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  30. ^ "Acta Apostolicae Sedis – Commentarium Oficiale" (PDF). The Vatican Archives. 1968. pp. 536–539. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  31. ^ "Acta Apostolicae Sedis – Commentarium Oficiale – Ioannem Paulum Secundum, Papam. Decretum de Titulo Basilicae Minoris" (PDF). The Vatican Archives. 1990. pp. 436–440. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  32. ^ "Activities lined up for Manila Cathedral's 50th restoration anniversary". GMA News. April 29, 2008.
  33. ^ "Pipe Organ". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  34. ^ "Manila Cathedral - Basilica". Organographia Philipiniana. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019.
  35. ^ "Manila Cathedral Restores Pipe Organ On Silver Jubilee As Basilica". Union of Catholic Asian News. December 3, 2006. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  36. ^ Uy, Jocelyn R. (February 14, 2012). "Manila Cathedral to be closed for one year". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  37. ^ Saunar, Ivy (December 11, 2013). "Manila Cathedral still remains under repair". Solar News. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  38. ^ Aquino, Tricia (January 20, 2014). "Manila Cathedral to reopen in March". Interaksyon. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  39. ^ Takumi, Rie (April 9, 2014). "Manila Cathedral reopens after two years of reconstruction work". GMA News. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  40. ^ "Pope Francis in the Philippines: Dancing inmates and a Jeepney 'popemobile'". BBC News. January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  41. ^ Garcia, Patrick; Hermoso, Christina (December 6, 2018). "Rites set for Manila Cathedral's 60th anniversary". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  42. ^ "Statues". Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  43. ^ Ortiguero, Romsanne. "With more resilient foundation, Manila Cathedral is all set for Holy Week and Easter Masses". Interaksyon.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  44. ^ a b Patinio, Ferdinand (June 21, 2021). "Manila Cathedral all set to welcome new archbishop". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  45. ^ Sonnen, John Paul (April 8, 2021). "Cathedra of the Manila Cathedral Restored". Liturgical Arts Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  46. ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (April 29, 2021). "Immaculate Conception image at Manila Cathedral 'restored'". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  47. ^ Baldacchino Altar (1980s). Flickr. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  48. ^ Manila Cathedral Ordination. Flickr. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  49. ^ PP. Pius XII, Papam (September 12, 1942). "Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Impositi Nobis: Insularum Philippinarum Beatissima Virgo Maria Titulo Immaculata Conceptio Primaria Universalisque Patrona et Sanctae Virgines Pudentiana ac Rosa Limana Patronae Secundarias Declarantur" (PDF). The Vatican Archives (in Latin). pp. 336–337. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  50. ^ "Beata Maria Virgo Immaculata Eligitur Praecipua Apud Deum Patrona Pro Universo Vicariatu Castrensi Insularum Philippinarum" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis: Commentarium Officiale. III (in Latin). Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis: 32. 1959. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2024 – via The Holy See.
  51. ^ a b c d "Crypt". The Manila Cathedral. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  52. ^ Frialde, Mike (June 29, 2005). "Thousands bid farewell to Cardinal Sin". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  53. ^ "In Memoriam Emilio Aguinaldo". Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  54. ^ Quezon, Manolo (August 13, 2009). "Notes on the Aquino funeral". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.

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