The Bantayog ng mga Bayani (lit.'Monument of Heroes'), sometimes simply referred to as the Bantayog, is a monument, museum, and historical research center in Quezon City, Philippines, which honors the martyrs and heroes of the struggle against the dictatorship of 10th President Ferdinand Marcos.[1][2]
History
Immediately following the People Power Revolution in 1986 that ousted President Ferdinand Marcos, Ruben Mallari, a Filipino-American medical doctor visiting the Philippines, proposed the creation of a memorial as a dedication to people who opposed the authoritarian rule of Marcos but didn't live past the People Power Revolution.[3]
The Bantayog ng mga Bayani Memorial Foundation was organized as a response to Mallari's suggestion, with Ledivina V. Cariño, former Dean of the University of the Philippines’ College of Public Administration aiding with the creation of a concept paper for the memorial.[3] The foundation soon established a Research and Documentation Committee for the purpose of verifying the nominees of the people who should be honored.[1]
From its inception, the Bantayog ng mga Bayani was designed to honor all of those who struggled against the 1972 martial law regime, regardless of their affiliations. As such, it has maintained a stance that is “uncompromising against Marcos and the Marcos dictatorship" while honoring all individuals who opposed it, regardless of their political colors or beliefs.[4]
The central element of the Bantayog memorial is the granite "Wall of Remembrance" on which are inscribed the names of the martyrs and heroes who were the victims of the abuses of the Marcos dictatorship.[3][5][6][7][8]
Individuals honored on the wall are nominated by victims' families, civic organization members, or the general public. These nominations are reviewed under a set of criteria by the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Memorial Foundation's Research and Documentation Committee, which makes recommendations to its executive committee for further review. The Foundation's Board of Trustees then gives the final approval.[3]
The initial intent had been to honor victims who had been martyred during the dictatorship period, but after extensive deliberations, the foundation decided to also honor people who advocated freedom, justice, and democracy during the Marcos administration who lived beyond the People Power Revolution.[3]
As of the Bantayog's latest honoring ceremony last November 30, 2023, a total of 332 names have been enshrined on the Wall of Remembrance.[9]
Ang Mamatay ng Dahil sa 'Yo: Heroes and Martyrs of the Filipino People in the Struggle Against Dictatorship 1972-1986 published in 2015 by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, features short biographies of the "heroes and martyrs of the... resistance against the martial law dictatorship."[10][11]
Inang Bayan Monument
Another prominent element of the memorial is the 35-foot "Inang Bayan" Monument, prominently located near the roadside frontage of the memorial so that it can be seen by vehicles along Quezon Avenue near its corner with EDSA.[12]
The monument depicts a woman reaching out to the sky for freedom, holding the body of a fallen young man. The woman is a metaphorical depiction of the Philippine "mother land" (inang bayan in Filipino), while the man represents self-sacrifice and heroism, alluding to the martys who gave their life for the freedom of the Philippine people.[13]
Three plaques on the monument's base contain the last stanza of Jose Rizal's "Mi Ultimo Adios" in English, Filipino, and the original Spanish.[14] The English plaque reads:
"I die just when I see the dawn break Through the gloom of night, to herald the day: And if color is lacking my blood thou shall take, Pour’d out at need for thy dear sake, To dye with its crimson the waking ray."[14]
Established in the mid-2000s, the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Museum occupies the second floor of the Sen. Jovito R. Salonga building just behind the Wall of Remembrance.[15] The wall features rallies organized at Plaza Miranda by the Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties (MCCCL) from 1971 to 1972, with the largest involving 50,000 people on September 21 protesting "Oplan Sagittarius", a plan by Marcos to declare martial law. Marcos would later sign martial law into declaration after his nervous reaction to the event a few hours earlier.[16]
Main collection
The main collection of the museum features objects associated with the recognized heroes and martyrs, as well as with the historical period of the Marcos dictatorship, and hopes to make the history of the period come alive for visitors by showing them that the horrors of martial law happened to real-life men and women.[17]
The museum primarily focuses on the years of Marcos' rule from 1965 to 1986, with a particular focus on events that took place after the 1972 declaration of Martial Law. But in order to provide historical context, it also briefly covers events that took place before Marcos' presidency in 1965 and in the period immediately after the EDSA Revolution, up to approximately 1987.[17]
Replica jail cell
One of the highlights of the Bantayog Museum's collection is a replica jail cell based on the memory of Martial Law victim Hilda Narciso,[18] a church worker who was arrested by Marcos' Martial Law forces, subjected to rape and torture,[19] and was held with 20 fellow detainees in a cell no bigger than two or three square meters.[20][21]
Diagram of resistance organizations
An often-overlooked display at the Bantayog Museum presents a diagram of various organizations who were involved in the resistance against the excesses of the Marcos dictatorship, ranging from conservative groups, including faith-based organizations such as the Negros Occidental Women Religious Association (NOWRA), and the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, and business organizations such as the Makati Business Club; to progressive organisations like the Kilusang Mayo Uno, and many groups in between.[22] While not a flashy display, academics have noted that the diagram is one of the most complete compilations of resistance groups to have been made public thus far.[22]
Hall of Remembrance
Beside the main gallery of the museum is a permanent exhibit called the "Hall or Remembrance," which provides more details about the lives of the heroes and martyrs honored on the Wall of Remembrance outside.[17] The Hall or Remembrance groups the heroes and martyrs into the various sectors that came together to fight the dictatorship, and features "capsule biographies" of each honoree.[17]
Other exhibits
Other significant displays at the Bantayog include artifacts such as the Senate Seal used during the term of Jovito Salonga and artwork by such as Jerry Araos' Utang na Labas (lit. "External Debt") - a play on the Filipino concept of Utang na loob (inner or soul debt), and how the Marcos administration empoverished the Filipino nation.[13]
The Salonga building and the Bantayog grounds often also host temporary exhibits, such as Toym Imao's "Desaparacidos."[23][24]
^Cabato, Regine D.; Sayson, Frances P. (September 11, 2014). "Braving the storm". The Guidon. Ateneo de Manila University. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
^ abcdefg"About". Bantayog ng mga Bayani. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
^Roxas-Mendoza, Psyche (December 10, 2017). "A Time for Heroes". The Philippines Graphic. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
^Daroy, Petronilo Bn. (1988). "On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution". In Javate-de Dios, Aurora; Daroy, Petronilo Bn.; Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna (eds.). Dictatorship and Revolution: Roots of People’s Power. Metro Manila: Conspectus Foundation. pp. 1–25.
^Enano, Jhesset O. (September 17, 2017). "Battle not yet over for Bantayog". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ ab
Claudio, Lisandro E. (2013) Taming People's Power: The EDSA Revolutions and Their Contradictions. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN9789715506557
