Reputation management is the practice of understanding or influencing an individual or business' reputation. It was originally coined as a public relations term, but advancement in computing, the internet and social media made it primarily an issue of search results. Although it is often associated with ethical grey areas such as astroturfing review sites, trying to censor negative complaints or using gamey SEO tactics to influence results, there are also ethical forms of reputation management, such as responding to customer complaints, asking sites to take down incorrect information and using online feedback to influence product development.^[1][2]

Public relations firm Weber Shandwick claims to have coined the term reputation management in 1997. The concept was initially intended to broaden public relations outside of media relations.^[3] Today the rise of the internet and social media has shifted most reputation management to review sites, social media and—most prominently—the top search results on a brand or individual.^[4][5]

In 2007 a study by the University of California Berkeley found that some sellers were doing reputation management on eBay by selling products at a discount in exchange for positive feedback to game the system.^[6]

Reputation management is the practice of monitoring the reputation of an individual or brand, addressing contents which are damaging to it, and using customer feedback to gain insight or get early warning signals to reputation problems. Most of reputation management is focused on pushing down negative search results.^[7] Reputation management may attempt to bridge the gap between how a company perceives itself and how others view it.^[8]

Online reputation management is the practice of monitoring the Internet reputation of a person, brand or business, with the goal of emphasizing positive coverage rather than negative reviews or feedback. Prior to a July 2007, Washington Post front-page story, "Calling In Pros to Refine Your Google Image" the term online reputation management was unknown.^[9][10][11] Reputation management for individuals maybe referred as online identity management (OIM), online image management, online personal branding or personal reputation management (PRM)^{[according to whom?]}.

Cyber bullying removal is the practice of removing grossly offensive and potentially illegal comments, often found on social networking sites. Anti-cyber bullying and anti-stalking sites feature a DIY approach aimed at empowering the victim.^[12]

The practice of reputation management raises many ethical considerations.^[13] There is no agreement within the industry on where to draw the line on issues like disclosure, astroturfing and censorship. Firms have been known to hire staff to pose as a blogger on third party sites without disclosing they were paid. Some have been criticized for asking websites to remove negative posts.^[4][14] In some instances the act of unethical reputation management can itself be risky to the reputation of the firm, if their tactics to hide negative information are exposed.^[15]

Some firms refuse to lie and practice ethical forms of reputation management. The Online Reputation Management Association tries to promote ethical best practices through a certification program.^[4] According to Google, there is nothing inherently wrong with reputation management, but they may take action on companies using spammy or manipulative techniques to alter search results.^[16] Google even introduced a toolset in 2011 for users to monitor their online identity and request removal of unwanted content.^[17] Many firms are selective about clients they accept. For example, they may avoid individuals that committed violent crimes that are looking to push information about their crimes lower on search results.^[13]

According to a 2010 study by Microsoft and Cross-Tab Market Research, 70 percent of companies have rejected candidates based on their online reputation, but only 7 percet of Americans believe it affects their job search.^[18] A survey by CareerBuilder.com found that 1 in 4 hiring managers used search engines to screen candidates. One in 10 also checked candidates' profiles on social networking sites such as MySpace or Facebook.^[19] According to a December 2007 survey by the Ponemon Institute, a privacy research organization, roughly half of U.S. hiring officials use the Internet in vetting job applications.^[20]

There are cases of reputable organizations or individuals—even those with newly created websites—that may find their brand or name listed in search engine's suggestions as scam. Such negative suggestions which are harmful to the reputation of the organization or individual are often caused by negative contents on personal blogs, complaint sites, scraper sites, forums and comment sections. In such cases where it is not possible to ask for the negative contents to be taken down, experts agree that reputation management is justifiable in this regard, and some experts advise that the proper thing to do is to push down the visibility of such negative search engine results through proactively publishing useful, positive information about the organizations or individuals.^[21]

Some examples of websites where a company may conduct reputation management is the feedback system on eBay,^[22] the user submitted writeups on Everything2, and Wikipedia. Google search results are the primary target of reputation management efforts. Some of the tactics used by reputation management firms include the following:^[23]

• Improving the tagging and search engine optimization of company-published materials, such as white papers and positive customer testimonials in order to push down negative content.^[14]

• Publishing new positive websites and social media profiles that outperform negative results in search.^[16]

• Submitting online press releases to authoritative websites in order to promote brand presence and suppress negative content. ^[24]

• Submitting legal take-down requests if someone believes they have been libeled.^[13]

• Getting mentions of the business or individual in third-party sites that rank highly in Google.^[13]

• Creating fake blogs pretending to be a different person that shares the same name in order to push down negative search results on the actual person or brand.^[13]

• Using spam bots and denial-of-service attacks to force sites with damaging content off the Web entirely.^[13]

• Astroturfing third-party websites by creating anonymous accounts that create positive reviews or lash out against negative ones.^[13]

• Proactively offering free products to prominent reviewers.^[25]

• Proactively responding to public criticism stemming from recent changes.^[25]

• Impression management
• Online identity management
• Reputation capital
• Search engine image protection
• Spin (public relations)

v t e Management
Outline of management Index of management articles
By type of organization	Academic Association Business Restaurant Court Healthcare Intelligence Military Public Reputation
By focus, within an organization	On scope Strategic (top-level) Capability Capital Change Communication Financial Innovation Legal Performance Risk Systems On component Facility Product Product lifecycle Brand Project Construction Program On activity or department managed Line Marketing Operations/production Process Quality Sales Staff Accounting Office Records On aspect or relationship Customer relationship Engineering Logistics Perception Supply chain Talent On problem Conflict Crisis Stress On resource Environmental resource Field inventory Human resources Information Information technology Knowledge Land Materials Skills Technology Time
Positions	Interim Middle Senior
Methods, approaches	Adhocracy Collaborative method Distributed Earned value management Evidence-based management Full range leadership model Management by objectives Management style Macromanagement Micromanagement Scientific management Social entrepreneurship Sustainable management Team building Virtual management
Skills, activities	Decision-making Forecasting Leadership
Pioneers, scholars	Peter Drucker Eliyahu M. Goldratt Oliver E. Williamson
Education	Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering Business school Certified Business Manager Chartered Management Institute Critical management studies
Degrees	Bachelor of Business Administration Master of Business Administration PhD in management Doctor of Business Administration
Other	Administration Collaboration Corporate governance Executive compensation Management consulting Management control Management cybernetics Management development Management fad Management system Managerial economics Managerial psychology Managerialism Organization development Organizational behavior management Pointy-haired Boss Williamson's model of managerial discretion
Systems science portal