State Socialism (German: Staatssozialismus) was a set of social programs implemented in the German Empire that were initiated by Otto von Bismarck in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the working class and detract support for socialism and the Social Democratic Party of Germany following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.[1][2] As a term, it was coined by Bismarck's liberal opposition to these social welfare policies, but it was later accepted by Bismarck.[3][4] This did not prevent the Social Democrats from becoming the biggest party in the Reichstag by 1912. According to historian Jonathan Steinberg, "[a]ll told, Bismarck's system was a massive success—except in one respect. His goal to keep the Social Democratic Party out of power utterly failed. The vote for the Social Democratic Party went up and by 1912 they were the biggest party in the Reichstag".[5]
In spite of its name, State Socialism was a conservative ideology which supported the aristocracy, the church and the monarchy while maintaining harmony with capitalists and workers, in opposition to both liberalism and socialism. Hence, its supporters called themselves the Conservative Party while its opponents called themselves the National Liberal Party and the Socialist Workers' Party. Historian Alexander Nove argued that social ownership through government can only occur if the government is socially controlled which was not the case where an emperor rules by the will of God as in Germany since the Emperor was not the public. Nove's definition of social ownership, a common characteristic that accomunates types of socialism,[6] refers to "the major part of means of production",[7] but this remained in private hands under State Socialism. In "Why I Am Not a Conservative", Friedrich Hayek explained that "[t]here are, however, two economic and philosophical estimates of society with which State Socialism may be brought into broad contrast", namely liberalism and socialism.[8] According to journalist William Harbutt Dawson, an acknowledged expert on German politics and society, "[t]he great disagreement between Socialism and State Socialism is that the former would entirely subvert the State, while the latter accepts its political form as it is. Socialism would abolish the existing order altogether, while State Socialism would use the State for the accomplishment of great economic and social purposes, especially restoring to it the function, which Frederick the Great held to be the principal business of the State, of 'holding the balance [...] between classes and parties".[9]
Bismarck's biographer A. J. P. Taylor wrote that "[i]t would be unfair to say that Bismarck took up social welfare solely to weaken the Social Democrats; he had had it in mind for a long time, and believed in it deeply. But as usual he acted on his beliefs at the exact moment when they served a practical need".[10] When a reference was made to his friendship with Ferdinand Lassalle, a democratic and state-oriented reformist socialist, Bismarck stated that he was a more practical socialist than the Social Democrats.[10] Bismarck justified his social welfare programs by stating that "[w]hoever has pensions for his old age is far more easy to handle than one who has no such prospect. Look at the difference between a private servant in the chancellery or at court; the latter will put up with much more, because he has a pension to look forward to".[11]
During the industrial revolution in Germany more and more people became workers in the factories. They moved to the big industrial centers providing workforce in industrialisations key branches such as fuel generating coal mines, textile industry and steel and railway factories.[12] The changes can be characterised by a transition from small-scale production in manufactures to a lots of goods providing large-scale industry.
Many workers where farmers running subsistence farming before. Working in factories made them dependent on their salaries and goods they could get in shops instead of producing them on their own. Fast growing cities such as Berlin, Vienna, London, Paris, could not provide healthy housing for the workers, as described by Friedrich Engels in "the housing question". Families living in a single room and cellar apartments causing health issues due to a lack of rest can be seen as a cause of growing poverty.[13] To describe worsening conditions the German term of "schlafgänger"[14] became common, describing workers renting a shared bed for a few hours of the day.[15]
Child labour was common since there were no schools but a lot of children and poverty. Families did not know about contraception and children's rights were unprotected.[16] The working class was suffering from alcoholism.[17]
Due to low wages poverty was very common even though the employed were working 12-16 hrs a day, accidents occurred often, tuberculosis was common.
Reacting to these conditions, parties, unions and communities like the ADAV General German Workers' Association were found. The workers started strikes and formed parties such as the Social Democratic Party of Germany which is ruling Germany nowadays. Riots and demonstrations occurred.[18] Marx and Engels wrote the communist manifesto analysing the problems and trying to solve them. Social democratic, socialist, communist and anarchist movements grew in power. Conservatives were scared.
Overview
According to William Harbutt Dawson, despite being labeled socialist by his opponents, Bismarck's social legislation sought to preserve the existing economic order and state in Germany. This was in stark contrast to socialists, who sought to subvert the power of the existing state and eventually replace the capitalist order with a socialist economy.[9]
The 1880s were a period when Germany started on its long road towards the welfare state as it is today. The Centre, National Liberal and Social Democratic political parties were all involved in the beginnings of social legislation, but it was Bismarck who established the first practical aspects of this program. The program of the Social Democrats included all of the programs that Bismarck eventually implemented, but it also included programs designed to preempt the programs championed by radicals. Bismarck's idea was to implement the minimum aspects of these programs that were acceptable to the German government without any of the overtly socialistic aspects.[19]
Bismarck opened debate on the subject on 17 November 1881 in the Imperial Message to the Reichstag, using the term practical Christianity to describe his program.[20] In 1881, Bismarck had also referred to this program as Staatssozialismus ("State Socialism") when he made the following accurate prediction to a colleague:
It is possible that all our politics will come to nothing when I am dead but state socialism will drub itself in (Der Staatssozialismus paukt sich durch).[21]
Bismarck's program centered squarely on insurance programs designed to increase productivity and focus the political attentions of German workers on supporting the Junker's government. The program included health insurance, accident insurance (workman's compensation), disability insurance and an old-age retirement pension, none of which then in existence to any great degree. After Bismarck left office in 1890, further social legislation regulated working time and conditions and sought to protect more vulnerable workers (women and children) and establish a system to allow redress for employer abuse.[citation needed]
Based on Bismarck's message, the Reichstag filed three bills designed to deal with the concept of accident insurance and one for health insurance, although other bills were passed after Bismarck left office. Retirement pensions and disability insurance were placed on the back burner for the time being.[22]
The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that if he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. If he falls into poverty, even if only through a prolonged illness, he is then completely helpless, left to his own devices, and society does not currently recognize any real obligation toward him beyond the usual help for the poor, even if he has been working all the time ever so faithfully and diligently. The usual help for the poor, however, leaves a lot to be desired, especially in large cities, where it is very much worse than in the country.[24]
Health Insurance Bill of 1883
The first bill that had success was the Health Insurance bill which was passed in 1883. The program was considered the least important from Bismarck's point of view and the least politically troublesome. The program was established to provide health insurance for the largest segment of the German workers. The health service was established on a local basis, with the cost divided between employers and the employed. The employers contributed one-third, the workers the rest. The contributions were made to "sickness funds" which employees could draw from when they needed medical care. The minimum payments for medical treatment and sick pay for up to 13 weeks were legally fixed. The individual local health bureaus were administered by a committee elected by the members of each bureau and this move had the unintended effect of establishing a majority representation for the workers on account of their large financial contribution. This worked to the advantage of the Social Democrats, who through heavy worker membership achieved their first small foothold in public administration.[22]
Accident Insurance Bill of 1884
Bismarck's government had to submit three draft bills before it could get one passed by the Reichstag in 1884. Bismarck had originally proposed that the federal government should pay a portion of the accident insurance contribution to show the willingness of the German government to lessen the hardship experienced by the German workers as a means of weaning them away from the various left-wing parties, most importantly the Social Democrats. The National Liberals took this program to be an expression of state socialism which they were strongly against. The Centre Party was afraid of the expansion of federal power at the expense of states' rights. The only way the program could be passed at all was for the entire expense to be underwritten by the employers. To facilitate this, Bismarck arranged for the administration of this program to be placed in the hands of "the organization of employers in occupational corporations". This organization established central and bureaucratic insurance offices on the federal and in some cases the state level to perform the actual administration. The program kicked in to replace the health insurance program as of the 14th week. It paid for medical treatment and a pension of up to two-thirds of earned wages if the worker was fully disabled. This program was expanded in 1886 to include agricultural workers.[22]
Old Age and Disability Insurance Bill of 1889
The old age pension program, financed by a tax on workers, was designed to provide a pension annuity for workers who reached the age of 70. At the time, the life expectancy for the average Prussian was 45, although this reflects the high infant mortality of the era and retired workers could expect to live until 70 years. Unlike accident insurance and health insurance, this program covered industrial, agrarian, artisans and servants from the start. Unlike the other two programs, the principle that the federal government should also contribute a portion of the underwriting cost, with the other two portions prorated accordingly, was accepted without question. The disability insurance program was intended to be used by those permanently disabled. This time, the state supervised the programs directly.[22]
Workers Protection Act of 1891
The law set up stricter regulations to ensure greater workplace safety, banned work on Sundays, introduced a maximum working day of eleven hours for women and ten hours for workers under 16 years of age and prohibited night work by them, banned those under the age of 13 from working in industry and encouraged the establishment of worker's committees in factories to address disputes. Industrial tribunals were set up to settle disputes between employees and employers.[25]
Children's Protection Act of 1903
The law further tightened regulations on child labor to prevent exploitation of children.[25]
^Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century. Nashville: Southwestern Publishing House. p. 207. ISBN9780618261819. "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced social welfare legislation in Germany between 1883 and 1888, despite violent political opposition, as a direct attempt to stave off Marx's (prediction of a) socialist revolution".
^Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2002) [1970]. Bismarck. London: Routledge. p. 221. ISBN9780415216142.
^O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy. 2. London: Routledge. p. 71. ISBN9780415154260. "In order of increasing decentralization (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity."
^Nove, Alexander (2008). "Socialism". New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN9780333786765.
^Hayek, Friedrich; Hamowy, Ronald, ed. (2011) [1960]. "Why I am Not a Conservative". The Constitution of Liberty: The Definitive Edition. Chicago: Chicago University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN9780226315393.
^ abDawson, William Harbutt (1891). Bismarck and State Socialism: An Exposition of the Social and Economic Legislation of Germany Since 1870. London: S. Sonnenschein. p. 2.
^ abTaylor, A. J. P. (1955). Bismarck. The Man and the Statesman. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 202. "Since he could not shake the Centre, he would win over the Social Democrats—not certainly by appealing to their leaders, whom he was persecuting and sending to prison, but by a constructive social programme, which he hoped would detach the working-class voters from the Social Democratic party. It would be unfair to say that Bismarck took up social welfare solely to weaken the Social Democrats; he had had it in mind for a long time, and believed in it deeply. But as usual he acted on his beliefs at the exact moment when they served a practical need. challenge drove him forward. He first avowed his social programme when Bebel taunted him with his old friendship with Lassalle. He answered by calling himself a Socialist, indeed a more practical Socialist than the Social Democrats; and he provocatively rejoiced in echoing Frederick the Great's wish to be le roi des guex, king of the poor. Richter, the Progressive leader, called Bismarck's proposals 'not Socialistic, but Communistic'. The proposal was merely that part of the cost of Socials Insurance should be borne by the state; and nowadays Bismarck seems the progressive, Richter the unenlightened reactionary".
^Taylor, A. J. P. (1955). Bismarck. The Man and the Statesman. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 203.
^Steinberg, Jonathan (2013). Bismarck: A Life. Oxford University Press.
^Busch, Moritz (1898). Bismarck: Some Secret Pages of His History. II. New York: Macmillan. II, p. 282.
^Richter, Werner (1965). Bismarck. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 275.
^ abcdHolborn, Hajo (1969). A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 291–293.
^Bismarck, Otto (20 March 1884). "Reichstagsprotokolle, 1884,1". Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags (in German). Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^Frölich, Markus; Kaplan, David; Pages, Carmen; Rigolini, Jamele; Robalino, David A., eds. (2014). Social Insurance, Informality, and Labour Markets: How to Protect Workers While Creating Good Jobs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN9780199685233.
^ abBerger, Stefan (2014). Social Democracy and the Working Class: in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Germany. London: Routledge. p. 73. ISBN9781317885764.
