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((short description|Annual celebration held on May 5))
((Redirect|5th of May|the date|May 5))
((distinguish|text=[[Cry of Dolores|Mexican Independence Day]], which occurs on September 16))
((Use mdy dates|date=May 2019))
((Infobox holiday
 | holiday_name = Cinco de Mayo
 | type         = cultural
 | longtype     = Political 
 | image        = Batalla de Puebla.png
 | caption      = ''[[Battle of Puebla]]''
 | observedby   = [[Mexicans]], [[Mexican Americans]], and people of non-Mexican heritage 
 | significance = Celebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at the [[Battle of Puebla]], on May 5, 1862 
 | date         = May 5
 | scheduling   = same day each year
 | mdy          = yes
 | duration     = 1 day 
 | frequency    = yearly
 | celebrations = Parades, food, music, folkloric dancing, battle reenactments
 | relatedto    = ''El Día de la Batalla de Puebla''
))

'''Cinco de Mayo''' (((IPA-es|ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo|pron)) in Mexico, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Fifth of May") is a yearly celebration held on May 5 to celebrate [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico|Mexico's]] victory over the [[Second French Empire]] at the [[Battle of Puebla]] in 1862,<ref name="NatGeo">((Cite news |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908224754/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2006 |work=[[National Geographic News]] |title=Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday |first=Stefan |last=Lovgren |date=May 5, 2006))</ref><ref name="Congress.gov">((Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2009/05/04/house-section/article/H5069-8|title=Recognizing the Significance of Cinco de Mayo|date=May 4, 2009|website=Congress.gov|publisher=House of Representatives|access-date=May 1, 2017))</ref> led by General [[Ignacio Zaragoza]]. Zaragoza died months after the battle from an illness, and a larger French force ultimately defeated the Mexican army at the [[Siege of Puebla (1863)|Second Battle of Puebla]] and occupied [[Mexico City]]. However, following the end of the [[American Civil War]] in 1865, the [[United States]] began lending money and guns to the Mexican [[Liberal Party (Mexico)|Liberals]], pushing France and Mexican [[Conservative Party (Mexico)|Conservatives]] to the edge of defeat. At the opening of the French chambers in January 1866, [[Napoleon III]] announced that he would withdraw French troops from Mexico. In reply to a French request for American neutrality, the American secretary of state [[William H. Seward]] replied that French withdrawal from Mexico should be unconditional.

More popular in the United States than in Mexico,<ref name="go">((cite web| url= http://gomexico.about.com/od/festivalsholidays/p/cinco_de_mayo.htm| website= About.com| title= Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States, and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico| access-date= May 8, 2007| archive-date= May 7, 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170507151220/http://gomexico.about.com/od/festivalsholidays/p/cinco_de_mayo.htm| url-status= dead))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico?|first=Brian|last=Greene|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/05/04/why-is-cinco-de-mayo-more-popular-in-america-than-in-mexico|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=May 4, 2012|access-date=May 6, 2023))</ref> Cinco de Mayo has become associated with the celebration of [[Mexican-American]] culture.<ref name="mn">((cite news| url= http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887 |date= May 5, 2003| title= University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo| first= Jens |last= Krogstad| work= The Minnesota Daily| publisher= University of Minnesota| access-date= April 25, 2016| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071118214433/http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2003/05/05/38887| archive-date= November 18, 2007| quote= Today, the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico))</ref><ref name="clnet"/><ref name="MexCon">((Cite news|work=Deseret News|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660217535,00.html|title=Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend|access-date=May 8, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193228/http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C660217535%2C00.html|archive-date=September 30, 2007|url-status=dead))</ref> Celebrations began in [[Columbia, California]], where they have been observed annually since 1862.<ref>((cite web |url=http://egpnews.com/2009/04/cinco-de-mayo-the-real-story/ |title=Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David E. |date=April 2009 |website=EGP News |publisher=Eastern Group Publications |access-date=June 2, 2016 |quote=Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612081116/http://egpnews.com/2009/04/cinco-de-mayo-the-real-story/ |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |url-status=dead ))</ref> The day gained nationwide popularity beyond those of Mexican-American heritage in the 1980s due to advertising campaigns by beer, wine, and tequila companies; today, Cinco de Mayo generates beer sales on par with the [[Super Bowl]].<ref name="auto">((cite web|title=What Is Cinco de Mayo?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/business/cinco-de-mayo-facts-history.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2018|date=May 5, 2018))</ref> In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. The city of [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]] marks the event with various festivals and reenactments of the battle. 

Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for [[Cry of Dolores|Mexico's Independence Day]]—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating the [[Cry of Dolores]] in 1810, which initiated the [[Mexican War of Independence]] from Spain.<ref name="NatGeo"/><ref name=DN>((cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |title=Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day |author=Lauren Effron |website=[[Discovery Channel]] |date=May 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508063233/http://news.discovery.com:80/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 8, 2010 |access-date=May 6, 2023 ))</ref> Cinco de Mayo has been referenced and featured in entertainment media, and has become an increasingly global celebration of Mexican culture, cuisine, and heritage.

==Background==
===Events leading to the Battle of Puebla===
[[File:Batalla de Puebla, 5-5-1862 (1870).png|thumb|right|250px|Anonymous painting depicting the Battle of Puebla in 1862, located at the [[Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones]].]]

Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the [[Second French intervention in Mexico]], which took place in the aftermath of the 1846–48 [[Mexican–American War]] and the 1858–61 [[Reform War]]. The Reform War was a civil war that pitted [[Liberal Party (Mexico)|Liberals]] (who believed in [[separation of church and state]] and [[freedom of religion]]) against [[Conservative Party (Mexico)|Conservatives]] (who favored a tight bond between the [[Catholic Church]] and the Mexican state).<ref>((cite web| url= http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/thehistoryofmexico/a/cincodemayo.htm| last= Minster| first= Christopher| title= Cinco De Mayo/The Battle of Puebla| website= About.com| date= December 16, 2013| access-date= April 25, 2016))((Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury. On July 17, 1861, Mexican President [[Benito Juárez]] issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years.<ref name="clnet">((cite web |url=http://clnet.ucla.edu/cinco.html |title=Cinco de Mayo |publisher=[[University of California at Los Angeles]] |access-date=May 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408054236/http://www.clnet.ucla.edu/cinco.html |archive-date=April 8, 2006))</ref><ref name="inside-mexico">((cite web |last=Herz |first=May |url=http://www.inside-mexico.com/featurecinco.htm |title=Cinco de Mayo |website=Inside Mexico |access-date=May 5, 2011 |archive-date=December 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212220958/http://inside-mexico.com/featurecinco.htm |url-status=dead ))</ref> In response, [[France]], [[Spain]], and the [[United Kingdom]] held a [[Convention of London (1861)|convention in London]] and joined in alliance to send naval forces to [[Veracruz]] to demand reimbursement. France, at the time ruled by [[Napoleon III]], decided to use the opportunity to establish an [[Second Mexican Empire|empire in Mexico]] that would favor French interests, whereupon Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and peacefully withdrew. The empire was part of an envisioned "[[Latin America#Origins|Latin America]]" (term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude [[Anglophone]] American territories.((citation needed|date=May 2020))

===French invasion and Mexican victory===
((main|Battle of Puebla))

Late in 1861, a well-armed French fleet attacked Veracruz, landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo |title=Cinco de Mayo |publisher=History.com |access-date=May 5, 2011))</ref> Moving on from Veracruz towards [[Mexico City]], the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to [[Puebla]], at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe.<ref name="mexonline">((cite web|url=http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm |title=Cinco de Mayo |publisher=Mexico Online |date=April 25, 2007 |access-date=May 5, 2011))</ref> The French army of 6,500–8,000<ref>((cite news|url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/end-day/2012/may/2/cinco-de-mayo-whats-all-fuss-about/|title=Cinco de Mayo: What's all the fuss about?|first=Julia|last=Goralka|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=May 2, 2012|access-date=November 15, 2012))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/05/happy-cinco-de-mayo----sorta.html|title=Happy Cinco de Mayo – Sorta.|first=Ray|last=Suarez|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]|date=May 4, 2012|access-date=October 28, 2012|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025114638/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/05/happy-cinco-de-mayo----sorta.html|url-status=dead))</ref><ref name="mexonline" /> attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000.<ref name="mexonline" /><ref group="note">According to Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana|National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution]] the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers.[http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Img/5mayo/5deMayo.pdf] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006180230/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Img/5mayo/5deMayo.pdf|date=October 6, 2012)) And Peter Hicks of the French Foundation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men. [http://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/articles/files/cinco_mexico_france.asp][https://archive.org/stream/expditiondumex00niox#page/162/mode/2up]. Hayes-Batista clarifies on page 60 of his ''El Cinco de Mayo: An American Tradition'' that '''after''' the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5, they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers.</ref> On May 5, 1862,<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo "Cinco de Mayo"]. 2011. The History Channel website. Retrieved May 5, 2011.</ref> the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army.<ref name= "mexica.net">((cite web| url= http://www.mexica.net/literat/Cinco.php |title= The Significance of 'Cinco de Mayo'| first= Ignacio |last= González| year= 1996| access-date= November 15, 2012))</ref><ref>((cite web| url= http://llero.net/culture/cinco-de-mayo-the-backstory.html |title= Cinco de Mayo – The Backstory | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130513020920/http://llero.net/culture/cinco-de-mayo-the-backstory.html |archivedate= May 13, 2013 |first= Tony |last= Azios| website= Llero.net| publisher= Jaws Communication| date= 2010| access-date= November 15, 2012))</ref><ref>((cite web
 |url         = http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt
 |title       = Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May
 |first       = Cheryl 
 |last        = VanBuskirk
 |date        = May 7, 2009
 |work        = [[The Bulletin (Philadelphia newspaper)|The Bulletin]]
 |access-date  = May 10, 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155759/http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt
 |archive-date = May 11, 2009
))</ref> The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large<ref>((cite web| url= http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo |title= Cinco de Mayo| website= HistoryChannel.com| access-date= May 14, 2010))</ref><ref name="time.com">((cite magazine| last= Romero| first= Frances | date= May 5, 2010| url= http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1986906_1986905_1986833,00.html | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100507181016/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1986906_1986905_1986833,00.html |title= Happy Cinco de Mayo: Top 10 Drunkest Holidays| archivedate= May 7, 2010| magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]]| access-date= May 14, 2010))</ref> and helped to establish a sense of national unity and patriotism.<ref>((cite web |url = http://www.mexonline.com/cinco-de-mayo.htm | title = Cinco de Mayo |publisher = Mexico Online | date= April 25, 2007 | access-date=May 5, 2011))</ref>

===Events after the battle===
[[Image:Cinco de Mayo, 1901 poster.jpg|thumb|right|"May 5, 1862 and the siege of Puebla", a 1901 image from the ''Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano'', a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico.]]

The Mexican victory, however, was short-lived. A year later, with 30,000 troops, the French were able to defeat the Mexican army, capture Mexico City, and install [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Emperor Maximilian I]] as ruler of Mexico.<ref name="mexonline" /> The French victory was itself short-lived, lasting only three years, from 1864 to 1867.<ref name="mexonline"/> By 1865, "with the American Civil War now over, the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French."<ref name="mexonline"/> Upon the conclusion of the [[American Civil War]], [[Napoleon III]], facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance, the threat of war with Prussia, and "the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States", retreated from Mexico starting in 1866.<ref>((cite book|author1=Michael C. Meyer|author2=William H. Beezley|title=The Oxford History of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHeMAVmPjhkC&pg=PA387|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=387–8|isbn=9780195112283))</ref> The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City, and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed, along with his Mexican generals [[Miguel Miramón]] and [[Tomás Mejía Camacho]] in [[Cerro de las Campanas]], [[Querétaro]].<ref name="inside-mexico"/><ref name="mexonline"/> "On June 5, 1867, Benito Juárez entered Mexico City where he installed a new government organizing his administration."<ref name="inside-mexico"/>

===Significance===
The Battle of Puebla was significant, both nationally and internationally, for several reasons. First, "This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well-equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years."<ref name="thebulletin.us">[http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt "Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May"]. ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155759/http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt |date=May 11, 2009 )) Cheryl VanBuskirk. ''[[The Bulletin (Philadelphia newspaper)|The Bulletin]]''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/10.html "The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo"]. PBS. Retrieved February 6, 2009.</ref>((refn|It has been pointed out that, contrary to reports on [[PBS]] and in Philadelphia's ''[[The Bulletin (Philadelphia newspaper)|The Bulletin]]'', the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the [[Siege of Petropavlovsk]] in 1854.|group=note)) Second, since the overall failed French intervention, some have argued that no country in the [[Americas]] has subsequently been invaded by any other military force from Europe.<ref>[http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt "Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May"]. ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155759/http://thebulletin.us/articles/2009/05/07/arts_culture/monkeybrains/doc49fa6aad6bd12177671001.txt |date=May 11, 2009 )) Cheryl VanBuskirk. ''The Bulletin'', May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.</ref>((refn|The statement in ''The Bulletin'' is, "This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas."<ref name="thebulletin.us"/> Note it says "invaded", and not "attacked". Thus, since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has ''invaded'' the Americas. The Falklands War, for example, was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas (the Argentine military). They were subsequently defended (not ''invaded'') by the UK. Another example, Pearl Harbor, experienced an attack, not an ''invasion'' by the Japanese. The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation/invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII. This event, however, was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible: the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives, the invasion was short-lived, and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again (Alaska was not yet a full-fledged state). In short, the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla.|group=note)) Historian [[Justo Sierra]] has suggested in his ''Political Evolution of the Mexican People'' that, had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of the [[Confederate States of America]] in the [[American Civil War]] and the United States' destiny could have been different.<ref>((cite news | url = http://www.banderasnews.com/0705/edat-frenchdefeat.htm |title=Mexico's Lasting European Influence. By Jose Antonio Burciaga. Free Lance-Star Publishing. May 2007. (First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981.) | publisher=Banderasnews.com |access-date = May 5, 2011))</ref><ref>((cite journal|title=The Political Evolution of the Mexican People. By Justo Sierra. Translated by Charles Ramsdell. Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press. 1969. |author=Robert L. Bidwell|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|publisher=Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami|jstor=174689|volume=13|number=2|date=Apr 1971|pages=306–308|doi=10.2307/174689))</ref>

==History of the holiday==

===Mexico===
[[File:Vista fuerte derecha.JPG|thumb|left|The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum.]]
On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as "Battle of Puebla Day" or "Battle of Cinco de Mayo".<ref>[http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1200-did-you-know-cinco-de-mayo-is-more-widely-celebrated-in-usa-than-mexico "Did You Know? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico".] Tony Burton. Mexconnect. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://geo-mexico.com/?p=4104 "Cultural adaptation: the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico".] Geo-Mexico. May 2, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2A7Cj2AsbSoC&pg=PA14 "25 Latino Craft Projects: Celebrating Culture in Your Library".] Ana Elba Pabon. Diana Borrego. 2003. American Library Association. Page 14. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.history.com/news/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-cinco-de-mayo "7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo".] Jesse Greenspan. May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCYK7X_SqHIC&pg=PA7488 ''Congressional Record – House'']. Page 7488. 9 May 2001. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Contrary to most other sources, this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8, 1862.</ref>

[[File:El Presidente de la Republica a su llegada al campo de la revista - Cinco de Mayo 1902.jpg|thumb|Porfirio Díaz leading Mexican troops in celebration of Cinco de Mayo in 1902]]

The national celebration of the day peaked during the [[Porfiriato]], the long rule of President/dictator [[Porfirio Díaz]], who had fought in the Battle of Puebla as a young officer.  According to historian [[Kelly Lytle Hernández]],  Díaz "strategically turned the Cinco de Mayo Festival or celebration into a celebration of his power and his reign and made it something that was celebrated across Mexico and even in diasporic Mexican communities in the United States."<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1096408339 | title=Cinco de Mayo and the Rise of Modern Mexico : Throughline | website=[[NPR]] ))</ref>  Because of this association, in much of Mexico, Cinco de Mayo celebrations declined after Díaz was deposed in the [[Mexican Revolution]].

[[File:5 de Mayo Parade in Orizaba 2017 084.jpg|thumb|Cinco de Mayo parade in [[Orizaba]], Veracruz, 2017]]
Today, the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico (i.e. not a [[Public holidays in Mexico#Statutory holidays|statutory holiday]]).<ref>[http://merida.usconsulate.gov/holidays.html "Holidays 2013"]. ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513164436/http://merida.usconsulate.gov/holidays.html |date=May 13, 2013 )) U.S. Consulate in Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref> However, all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5.<ref>[http://www.animalpolitico.com/2013/01/los-dias-de-2013-que-por-ley-debes-descansar/ ''Los días de 2013 que, por ley, debes descansar'']. January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.sep.gob.mx/es/sep1/Calendario_2012__2013 ''Calendario Escolar 2012–2013'']. ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413144732/http://www.sep.gob.mx/es/sep1/Calendario_2012__2013 |date=April 13, 2013 )) Secretaria de Educacion Publica. Government of Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref> The day is an official holiday in the State of [[Puebla]], where the Battle took place, and also a full holiday (no work) in the neighboring State of [[Veracruz]].<ref>[http://calendariolaboral.com.mx/calendario-puebla-2012.html ''Calendario Puebla 2012'']. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://web.ssaver.gob.mx/rhumanos/files/2013/01/Circular-0077-13-Calendario-Oficial-de-Días-Festivos-2013.pdf ''Circular 0077-13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013''].((Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )) Adelante. Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.</ref>

In Puebla, [[historical reenactment]]s, parades, and meals take place to commemorate the battle. Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle.<ref name= "BusinessInsider">((Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mexico-celebrates-cinco-de-mayo-2015-4?op=1/#e-largest-cinco-de-mayo-celebrations-take-place-in-the-city-of-puebla-the-site-where-the-original-battle-took-place-not-only-is-the-city-a-unesco-world-heritage-centre-thanks-to-its-preserved-16th-and-17th-century-cathedrals-its-also-considered-mexicos-gastronomic-capital-1|title=How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico|work=Business Insider|access-date=May 3, 2017|language=en))</ref> Every year the city also hosts the ''Festival Internacional de Puebla'', which gathers national and international artists, traditional musicians and dancers,<ref name= "BusinessInsider"/> as well as the ''Festival Internacional del Mole'', with an emphasis on the city's iconic ''mole poblano''.<ref name= "BusinessInsider"/>

In Mexico City, military commemoration is occasionally held at the [[Campo Marte]].<ref>((cite web|title=Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte|url=http://www.sdpnoticias.com/nacional/2015/05/05/pena-nieto-no-estara-en-puebla-para-desfile-del-5-de-mayo-conmemora-batalla-en-campo-marte|website=SDPnoticias.com|language=es-ES|date=May 5, 2015))</ref> A street, ''((ill|Avenida Cinco de Mayo|es|Avenida Cinco de Mayo (Ciudad de México)|vertical-align=sup))'', in the [[Historic Center of Mexico City]] was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez.

===United States===
[[Image:Cinco de Mayo performers at White House.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Cinco de Mayo performers at the [[White House]]]]
According to a paper published by the [[UCLA]] Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started in [[California]] in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico.<ref name = UCLA>''Southern California Quarterly'' "Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937" Spring 2007 (see [http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Cinco-de-Mayo-Observance-Is-Important-7891.aspx?RelNum=7891 American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California]) Retrieved October 30, 2007.</ref> "Far up in the gold country town of [[Columbia, California|Columbia]] (now [[Columbia State Historic Park|Columbia State Park]]) Mexican [[miner]]s were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off [[rifle]] shots and [[fireworks]], sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches."<ref>((cite web |url=http://egpnews.com/2009/04/cinco-de-mayo-the-real-story/ |title=Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story |last1=Hayes-Bautista |first1=David E. |date=April 2009 |website=EGP News |publisher=Eastern Group Publications |access-date=June 2, 2016 |quote=Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612081116/http://egpnews.com/2009/04/cinco-de-mayo-the-real-story/ |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
[[File:Cinco de Mayo dancers in Washington DC.jpg|thumb|Cinco de Mayo dancers in Washington DC]]
A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that "the holiday, which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863, is virtually ignored in Mexico."<ref name=UCLA/> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine reports that "Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the [[Chicano Movement]]."<ref name="time.com"/> The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers, especially [[beer]] companies, capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/05/05/Cinco-de-Mayo-minor-holiday-in-Mexico/UPI-75471273059999/ "Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico"]. UPI. World News. May 5, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Verified March 20, 2013.</ref><ref>((cite news| url= http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Holiday-of-Cinco-de-Mayo-is-minor-event-in-Mexico-1718459.php |title=Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico| first=Oscar |last=Cesares| work=[[Houston Chronicle]] | date=May 5, 2010| access-date= May 15, 2010))</ref> It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, first in areas with large Mexican-American populations, like [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[Houston]], [[New York City|New York]], followed by [[Cleveland]], [[Boston]], [[Indianapolis]], [[Raleigh]], [[Dallas]], [[San Antonio]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Atlanta]], [[Miami]], [[Orlando]], [[Denver]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Tucson]], [[San Francisco]], [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], and [[San Diego]].<ref>((cite web| url= http://www.history.com/topics/cinco-de-mayo |title=Cinco de Mayo| website= History.com| access-date= March 10, 2013))</ref>

[[Image:Cinco26.jpg|upright|thumb|Cinco de Mayo celebration in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]].]]

In a 1998 study in the ''Journal of American Culture'' it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to José Alamillo, a professor of [[ethnic studies]] at [[Washington State University]] in Pullman, who has studied the [[cultural]] impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border.<ref>((cite web| first= Stefan |last=Lovgren |location=Los Angeles |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100505-cinco-de-mayo-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506032510/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100505-cinco-de-mayo-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 6, 2010 |title=Cinco de Mayo History: From Bloodshed to Beer Fest |work=National Geographic |access-date=May 5, 2011))</ref> Los Angeles' [[Fiesta Broadway]] has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease.<ref>Canalis, John (April 26, 1992). [http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/04/26/LA-hosts-nations-biggest-Cinco-de-Mayo-party/2645704260800/ L.A. hosts nation's biggest Cinco de Mayo party]. UPI Archives. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</ref><ref>Jamison, Peter (April 24, 2016). [http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-0425-fiesta-broadway-20160425-story.html "With thinner crowds in a smaller space, Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</ref>

On June 7, 2005, the [[United States Congress]] issued a [[concurrent resolution]] calling on the [[President of the United States]] to issue a [[proclamation]] calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities.<ref name="thomas.loc.gov">[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/R?r109:FLD001:H04151 Library of Congress (U.S.A.) Declaration] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902181814/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/R?r109:FLD001:H04151 |date=September 2, 2014 )). Retrieved February 6, 2009.</ref> To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners while [[school district]]s hold special events to educate students about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples include ''[[Baile Folklorico|baile folklórico]]'' and [[mariachi]] demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del [[Pueblo de Los Ángeles]], near [[Olvera Street]]. Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis on [[alcoholic beverage]]s,<ref name = times>((cite news| url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFDA173CF931A35756C0A9659C8B63&n=Top/News/Business/Small%20Business/Marketing%20and%20Advertising| title= Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent.|first= Courtney |last= Kane| date=May 2, 2003 |work= The New York Times| access-date= April 25, 2016|quote=[Cinco de Mayo] gives us an opportunity&nbsp;... to really get a jump-start on the summer beer-selling season))</ref><ref name = NYSE>((cite web| title=Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange| url= http://en.acnnewswire.com/press-release/english/9314/constellation-brands-and-crown-imports-ring-in-cinco-de-mayo-at-new-york-stock-exchange| publisher= Asian Corporate News Network| location= Victor, New York| date=May 3, 2012 |website= ACNNewswire.com|access-date=May 8, 2012))</ref> foods, and music.<ref name=Alb>((cite news| url= http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/04/cinco-de-mayos-history-neglected-its-excuse-party/ |title= Cinco de Mayo's history neglected; it's an excuse to party| first= Nancy |last= Salem | date= May 4, 2007|access-date= April 25, 2016| url-status= dead| archive-date= September 14, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070914151001/http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/04/cinco-de-mayos-history-neglected-its-excuse-party/ | work= [[The Albuquerque Tribune]]| quote=From my perspective as a marketing professional, Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party-type theme))</ref><ref name=Corona>((cite web| quote=Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore, the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch| title=Contesting Cinco de Mayo: Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals, 1930–1950| first=José M.| last=Alamillo| url=http://latino.si.edu/researchandmuseums/presentations/alamillo_papers.html| publisher=Smithsonian Institution| access-date=May 8, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510025308/http://latino.si.edu/researchandmuseums/presentations/alamillo_papers.html| archive-date=May 10, 2010| url-status=dead))</ref> According to [[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen]], in 2013 more than $600&nbsp;million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo, more than for the [[Super Bowl]] or [[St. Patrick's Day]].<ref name="auto"/>

The May 4, 2023 edition of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' publicized an article describing the holiday of Cinco de Mayo as an American holiday with Mexican roots and not necessarily a Mexican Holiday.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/05/05/cinco-de-mayo-civil-war/ |title=Cinco de Mayo is not a Mexican holiday. It's an American one. |last=Kinnally |first=Cara Anne |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 5, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023))</ref>

===Elsewhere===
[[File:Cinco De Mayo.jpg|thumb|Cinco de Mayo celebration in Japan, 2019]]
Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States. As in the United States, celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine, culture and music. For example, some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink,<ref name=Canadapubs>[http://www.canada.com/entertainment/About/6557818/story.html Canadian celebration] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827202647/http://www.canada.com/entertainment/About/6557818/story.html |date=August 27, 2012 )); [http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/20120505/SAG0302/305059986/-1/sag0302/romantic-rhythms-and-fiery-food St. Albert, Canada 2012 celebration] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622062417/http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/20120505/SAG0302/305059986/-1/sag0302/romantic-rhythms-and-fiery-food |date=June 22, 2012 )); [http://www.montrealmirror.com/wp/2012/05/03/drag-superstar/ Montreal celebration]((dead link|date=April 2018|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic)). Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> and a sky-diving club near [[Vancouver]] holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event.<ref name = Vanc>((Cite web
| url = http://www.vancouver-skydiving.bc.ca/events.html
| title = Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080419140401/http://www.vancouver-skydiving.bc.ca/events.html
| location = [[Abbotsford, British Columbia]], Canada
| archive-date = April 19, 2008
| url-status = dead
| access-date = May 5, 2008
))</ref> In the [[Cayman Islands]], in the [[Caribbean]], there is an annual Cinco de Mayo [[air guitar]] competition,<ref name=Cayman>[http://www.caymannetnews.com/news-7106--6-6--.html Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116092000/http://www.caymannetnews.com/news-7106--6-6--.html |date=January 16, 2015 )). Retrieved May 5, 2008.</ref> and at [[Montego Bay]], Jamaica, there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration.<ref name=Montego>[http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080509/social/social1.html Jamaica celebration] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718141644/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080509/social/social1.html |date=July 18, 2012 )). Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> The city of [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia, holds an annual Mexican Festival<ref name=Bris>[http://www.cincodemayo.com.au "Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival"]; [http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2012/05/the-mexican-festival-of-cinco-de-mayo-4th-may-2012.html Brisbane celebration] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709085304/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2012/05/the-mexican-festival-of-cinco-de-mayo-4th-may-2012.html |date=July 9, 2012 ))</ref> to honor the day, and celebrations are held in [[London]]<ref name = London>[http://londonist.com/2012/05/where-to-celebrate-cinco-de-mayo-in-london.php "Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London"]. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> and New Zealand.<ref name = nz>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/americas/6861500/Mexicans-to-celebrate-Cinco-De-Mayo Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo]. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> Other celebrations of the day can also be found in [[Cape Town]], South Africa,<ref>[http://www.food-blog.co.za/cinco-de-mayo-at-the-office/ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa] Retrieved May 5, 2016</ref> [[Lagos]], Nigeria,<ref>[http://www.fornaija.com/cinco-de-mayo-at-bottles-restaurant-this-thursday/ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos, Nigeria] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604000920/http://www.fornaija.com/cinco-de-mayo-at-bottles-restaurant-this-thursday/ |date=June 4, 2016 )) Retrieved May 5, 2016</ref> and in [[Paris]], France.<ref name="Paris">[http://www.soonnight.com/paris/paris/jeudi-05-mai-el-cinco-de-mayo,1,424658.html "El cinco de mayo – Paris – jeudi 05 mai"] After Work. Retrieved May 8, 2012.</ref> Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in [[Osaka]] and in [[Tokyo]]'s [[Yoyogi Park]] Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture.<ref>[http://www.cincodemayo.jp/english.html Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505150957/http://www.cincodemayo.jp/english.html |date=May 5, 2016 )) Retrieved May 5, 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.japanbases.com/forums/aft/10628.aspx "Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170941/http://www.japanbases.com/forums/aft/10628.aspx |date=February 22, 2014 )) JapanBases.com. Retrieved August 16, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.cincodemayo.jp/ "Cinco de Mayo 2013: Celebrating the Americas"] Cinco de Mayo Festival. Retrieved August 16, 2013.</ref>

==See also==
((Portal|Holidays|Mexico|United States))
* [[List of occasions known by their dates]]
* [[Siege of Puebla (1863)]], fall of Puebla to the French
* [[Third Battle of Puebla]] (1867), recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic.

==Notes==
((reflist|group=note))

==References==
((reflist|30em))

==External links==
((Commons category|Cinco de Mayo))
* [https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/cinco-de-mayo-video Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel]
* [https://www.inside-mexico.com/2022/05/01/cinco-de-mayo-facts/ Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904003006/https://www.inside-mexico.com/2022/05/01/cinco-de-mayo-facts/ |date=September 4, 2022 ))
* [https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2011/05/cinco-de-mayo-is-not-mexican-independence-day/ "Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day?" on The Law Library of Congress's blog]
* [https://www.mexican-american.org/articles/2016/05/05/origin-of-cinco-de-mayo-celebration_mexican-american-miners-of-northern-california.html "Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration" – Mexican American News / Xcano Media]
* ((Cite web |last=Renteria |first=Joanna |date=May 5, 2018 |title=The Real Meaning Behind Cinco de Mayo — and Why Mexicans Don't Really Celebrate the Date |url=https://www.popsugar.com/latina/Real-Meaning-Behind-Cinco-de-Mayo-40579049 |website=PopSugar))

((Mexico Holidays))
((US Holidays))

((authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Cinco De Mayo))
[[Category:1862 establishments in Mexico]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1862]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Mexico]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the United States]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Mexican-American culture]]
[[Category:Second French intervention in Mexico]]
[[Category:Remembrance days]]
[[Category:Spring (season) events in Mexico]]

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Module:Portal/images/h (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/m (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/u (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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