Indianapolis anchors the 29th largest metropolitan economy in the U.S.,[21] based primarily on the industries of trade, transportation, and utilities; professional and business services; education and health services; government; leisure and hospitality; and manufacturing.[22] The city has notable niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing.[23][24] Indianapolis is home to three Fortune 500 companies, two major league sports teams (the Colts of the NFL and the Pacers of the NBA), five university campuses, and several museums, including the world's largest children's museum.[25][26] The city is perhaps best known for annually hosting the world's largest single-day sporting event, the Indianapolis 500.[27][28] Among the city's historic sites and districts, Indianapolis is home to the largest collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war casualties in the U.S. outside of Washington, D.C.[29][30]
The name Indianapolis is derived from pairing the state's name, Indiana (meaning "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land"[31]), with the suffix -polis, the Greek word for "city". Jeremiah Sullivan, justice of the Indiana Supreme Court, is credited with coining the name.[32] Other names considered were Concord, Suwarrow, and Tecumseh.[33]
An 1820 depiction of IndianapolisAlexander Ralston's "Plat of the Town of Indianapolis" (1821)
In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U.S. Congress donated four sections of federal land to establish a permanent seat of state government.[34] Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818), the Delaware relinquished title to their tribal lands in central Indiana, agreeing to leave the area by 1821.[17] This tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820.[35] The indigenous people of the land prior to systematic removal are the Miami Nation of Indiana (Miami Nation of Oklahoma) and Indianapolis makes up part of Cession 99; the primary treaty between the indigenous population and the United States was the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818).[36]
The availability of new federal lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers, many of them descendants of families from northwestern Europe. Although many of these first European and American settlers were Protestants, a large proportion of the early Irish and German immigrants were Catholics. Few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840.[37] The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families. The McCormicks are generally considered to be the first permanent settlers; however, some historians believe George Pogue and family may have arrived first, on March 2, 1819, and settled in a log cabin along the creek that was later called Pogue's Run. Other historians have argued as early as 1822 that John Wesley McCormick and his family and employees became the area's first European American settlers, settling near the White River in February 1820.[38]
On January 11, 1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital.[39] The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6, 1821.[2] In April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement.[40] Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when Marion County, was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832 when Indianapolis was incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. Samuel Henderson, the city's first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded.[41] Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government moved to Indianapolis from Corydon, Indiana. In addition to state government offices, a U.S. district court was established at Indianapolis in 1825.[42]
Growth occurred with the opening of the National Road through the town in 1827, the first major federally funded highway in the United States.[43] A small segment of the ultimately failed Indiana Central Canal was opened in 1839.[44] The first railroad to serve Indianapolis, the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, began operation in 1847, and subsequent railroad connections fostered growth.[45]Indianapolis Union Station was the first of its kind in the world when it opened in 1853.[46]
During the American Civil War, Indianapolis was mostly loyal to the Union cause. GovernorOliver P. Morton, a major supporter of PresidentAbraham Lincoln, quickly made Indianapolis a rallying place for Union army troops. On February 11, 1861, President-elect Lincoln arrived in the city, en route to Washington, D.C. for his presidential inauguration, marking the first visit from a president-elect in the city's history.[47] On April 16, 1861, the first orders were issued to form Indiana's first regiments and establish Indianapolis as a headquarters for the state's volunteer soldiers.[48][49] Within a week, more than 12,000 recruits signed up to fight for the Union.[50]
Indianapolis became a major logistics hub during the war, establishing the city as a crucial military base.[51][52] Between 1860 and 1870, the city's population more than doubled.[45] An estimated 4,000 men from Indianapolis served in 39 regiments, and an estimated 700 died during the war.[53] On May 20, 1863, Union soldiers attempted to disrupt a statewide Democratic convention at Indianapolis, forcing an adjournment of the proceedings, sarcastically referred to as the Battle of Pogue's Run.[54] Fear turned to panic in July 1863, during Morgan's Raid into southern Indiana, but Confederate forces turned east toward Ohio, never reaching Indianapolis.[55] On April 30, 1865, Lincoln's funeral train made a stop at Indianapolis, where an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 people passed the assassinated president's bier at the Indiana Statehouse.[52][56]
Following the Civil War—and in the wake of the Second Industrial Revolution—Indianapolis experienced tremendous growth and prosperity. In 1880, Indianapolis was the world's third-largest pork packing city, after Chicago and Cincinnati, and the second-largest railroad center in the U.S. by 1888.[57][58] By 1890, the city's population surpassed 100,000.[45] Some of the city's most notable businesses were founded during this period of growth and innovation, including L. S. Ayres (1872), Eli Lilly and Company (1876), Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company (1910), and Allison Transmission (1915).
Some of the city's most prominent architectural features and best-known historical events date from the turn of the 20th century. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, dedicated on May 15, 1902, would later become the city's unofficial symbol.[59]Ray Harroun won the inaugural running of the Indianapolis 500, held May 30, 1911, at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Indianapolis was one of the hardest hit cities in the Great Flood of 1913, resulting in five known deaths[60][61][62] and the displacement of 7,000 families.[63]
As a stop on the Underground Railroad, Indianapolis had one of the largest black populations in the Northern States, until the Great Migration.[66] Led by D. C. Stephenson, the Indiana Klan became the most powerful political and social organization in Indianapolis from 1921 through 1928, controlling the City Council and the Board of School Commissioners, among others. At its height, more than 40% of native-born white males in Indianapolis claimed membership in the Klan.
Amid the changes in government and growth, the city pursued an aggressive economic development strategy to raise the city's stature as a sports tourism destination, known as the Indianapolis Project.[76] During the administration of the city's longest-serving mayor, William Hudnut (1976–1992), millions of dollars were invested into sports venues and public relations campaigns. The strategy was successful in landing the U.S. Olympic Festival in 1982, securing the relocation of the Baltimore Colts in 1984, and hosting the 1987 Pan American Games.[24]
The Ballard administration oversaw the lease of the city's parking meters and the sale of the city's water and wastewater utilities with proceeds financing street repairs. Ballard pursued several environmental sustainability efforts, including establishing an office of sustainability, installing 200 miles (320 km) of bike lanes and trails, and spearheading a controversial deal to start an electric carsharing program.[80][81] Two of the city's largest capital projects, the Indianapolis International Airport's new terminal and Lucas Oil Stadium, were completed in 2008.[82][83] In 2012, construction began on a $2 billion tunnel system designed to reduce sewage overflows into the city's waterways.[84]
Since 2016, the administration of Joe Hogsett has focused on addressing a rise in gun violence and the city's racial disparities. In recent years, significant capital and operational investments have been made in public safety, criminal justice, and public transit. The city also established rental assistance and food security programs. In 2020, the George Floyd protests in Indiana prompted a series of local police reforms and renewed efforts to bolster social services for mental health treatment and homelessness.[85][86] In 2021, a mass shooting occurred at a FedEx facility on the city's southwest side, killing nine including the gunman and injuring seven others.[87][88]
Geography
Sentinel-2 true-color image of the Indianapolis metropolitan area
As a consolidated city-county, the city's municipal boundaries are coterminous with Marion County, except the autonomous and semi-autonomous municipalities outlined in Unigov.[45][90] Nine civil townships form the broadest geographic divisions within the city and county.[91] The consolidated city-county borders the adjacent counties of Boone to the northwest; Hamilton to the north; Hancock to the east; Shelby to the southeast; Johnson to the south; Morgan to the southwest; and Hendricks to the west.[92]
Between 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, the Indianapolis area was situated on the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The erosive advance and retreat of glacial ice produced a flat or gently sloping landscape, known as a till plain. Elevations across Indianapolis vary from about 650 feet (198 m) to 900 feet (274 m) above mean sea level.[93] The city lies about 25 miles (40 km) north of the Knobstone Escarpment, a rugged geological area characterized by rolling hills and karst topography.
The plan, known as the Mile Square, is bounded by East, West, North, and South streets, centered on a traffic circle, called Monument Circle (originally Circle Street), from which Indianapolis's "Circle City" nickname originated.[97] Four diagonal streets radiated a block from Monument Circle: Massachusetts, Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana avenues.[98] The city's address numbering system begins at the intersection of Washington and Meridian streets.[99] Before its submersion into a sanitary tunnel, Pogue's Run was included into the plan, disrupting the rectilinear street grid to the southeast.
Compared to American cities of similar populations, Indianapolis is unique in that it contains some 200 farms covering thousands of acres of agricultural land within its municipal boundaries.[100] Equestrian farms and corn and soybean fields interspersed with suburban development are commonplace on the city's periphery, especially in Franklin Township.[101]
After completion of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, an ordinance was passed in 1905 restricting building heights on the traffic circle to 86 ft (26 m) to protect views of the 284 ft (87 m) monument.[104] The ordinance was revised in 1922, permitting buildings to rise to 108 ft (33 m), with an additional 42 ft (13 m) allowable with a series of setbacks.[104] A citywide height restriction ordinance was instituted in 1912, barring structures over 200 ft (61 m).[105] Completed in 1962, the City-County Building was the first high-rise in the city to surpass the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in height.[106] A building boom, lasting from 1982 to 1990, saw the construction of six of the city's ten tallest buildings.[107][108] The tallest is Salesforce Tower, completed in 1990 at 811 ft (247 m).[109]
Indiana limestone is the signature building material in Indianapolis, widely included in the city's many monuments, churches, academic, government, and civic buildings.[107]
For statistical purposes, the consolidated city-county is organized into 99 "neighborhood areas" with most containing numerous individual historic and cultural districts, subdivisions, and some semi-autonomous towns. In total, some 500 self-identified neighborhood associations are listed in the city's Registered Community Organization system.[110] As a result of the city's expansive land area, Indianapolis has a unique urban-to-rural transect, ranging from dense urban neighborhoods to suburban tract housing subdivisions, to rural villages.[111]
Typical of American cities in the Midwest, Indianapolis urbanized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting in the development of relatively dense, well-defined neighborhoods clustered around streetcar corridors, especially in Center Township.[112] Notable streetcar suburbs include Broad Ripple, Irvington, and University Heights.[113] Starting in the mid-20th century, the post–World War II economic expansion and subsequent suburbanization greatly influenced the city's development patterns. From 1950 to 1970, nearly 100,000 housing units were built in Marion County, most outside Center Township in suburban neighborhoods such as Castleton, Eagledale, and Nora.[113]
The city of Indianapolis maintains 212 public parks, totaling 11,258 acres (4,556 ha) or about 5.1% of the city's land area.[121][122]Eagle Creek Park, Indianapolis's largest and most visited park, ranks among the largest municipal parks in the U.S., covering 4,766 acres (1,929 ha).[123]
Typically, summers are fairly hot, humid, and wet. Winters are generally cold with moderate snowfall. The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C). High temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 18 days each year,[150] and occasionally exceed 95 °F (35 °C). Spring and autumn are usually pleasant, if at times unpredictable; midday temperature drops exceeding 30 °F or 17 °C are common during March and April, and instances of very warm days (80 °F or 27 °C) followed within 36 hours by snowfall are not unusual during these months. Winters are cold, with an average January temperature of 28.1 °F (−2.2 °C). Temperatures dip to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below an average of 3.7 nights per year.[150]
The rainiest months occur in the spring and summer, with slightly higher averages during May, June, and July. May is typically the wettest, with an average of 5.05 inches (12.8 cm) of precipitation.[150] Most rain is derived from thunderstorm activity; there is no distinct dry season, although occasional droughts occur. Severe weather is not uncommon, particularly in the spring and summer months; the city experiences an average of 20 thunderstorm days annually.[151]
The city's average annual precipitation is 42.4 inches (108 cm), with snowfall averaging 25.9 inches (66 cm) per season. Official temperature extremes range from 106 °F (41 °C), set on July 14, 1936,[152] to −27 °F (−33 °C), set on January 19, 1994.[152][153]
In 2015, Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minor-emerging immigrant gateway with a foreign-born population of 126,767, or 6.4% of the total population, a 131% increase from 2000.[161] Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of Burmese-Chin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis, particularly Perry Township, since the late 1990s.[162] Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations of Chin people outside of Myanmar (formerly Burma), with an estimated population ranging from 17,000 to 24,000.[163][164][165]
The Williams Institute reported that the Indianapolis metropolitan area had an estimated 4.6% LGBT adult population in 2020, totaling about 68,000.[166]
Ethnic origins in IndianapolisMap of racial distribution in Indianapolis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other
Indianapolis, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
At the 2020 census, Indianapolis had a population of 887,642 and a population density of 2,455 people per square mile (948/km2). The estimated population was 880,621 in 2022.[13] By population, Indianapolis is the state's largest city and the country's 16th largest.[173]
The Indianapolis metropolitan area, officially the Indianapolis–Carmel–Greenwood, IN metropolitan statistical area (MSA), consists of Marion County and the surrounding counties of Boone, Brown, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Madison, Morgan, Shelby, and Tipton.[174] In 2020, the metropolitan area's population was 2,111,040, the most populous in Indiana and home to 31% of the state's residents. In 2022, the estimated population was 2,141,779.[14] In 2020, the larger Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN combined statistical area (CSA) had a population of 2,492,514, home to nearly 37% of Indiana residents across 20 of Indiana's 92 counties.[174] In 2022, the estimated population was 2,524,790.[15]
According to the U.S. Census of 2010, 97.2% of the Indianapolis population was reported as one race: 61.8% White, 27.5% Black or African American, 2.1% Asian (0.4% Burmese, 0.4% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% other Asian); 0.3% American Indian, and 5.5% as other. The remaining 2.8% of the population was reported as multiracial (two or more races).[175] The city's Hispanic or Latino community constituted 9.4% of the city's population in the 2010 U.S. Census: 6.9% Mexican, 0.4% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Cuban, and 2% as other.[175]
In 2010, the median age for Indianapolis was 33.7 years. Age distribution for the city's inhabitants was 25% under the age of 18; 4.4% were between 18 and 21; 16.3% were age 21 to 65; and 13.1% were age 65 or older.[175] For every 100 females, there were 93 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 males.[176]
The 2010 census reported 332,199 households in Indianapolis, with an average household size of 2.42 and an average family size of 3.08.[175] Of the total households, 59.3% were family households, with 28.2% of these including the family's own children under the age of 18; 36.5% were husband-wife families; 17.2% had a female householder (with no husband present) and 5.6% had a male householder (with no wife present). The remaining 40.7% were non-family households.[175] As of 2010[update], 32% of the non-family households included individuals living alone, 8.3% of these households included individuals age 65 years of age or older.[175]
The U.S. Census Bureau's 2007–2011 American Community Survey indicated the median household income for Indianapolis city was $42,704, and the median family income was $53,161.[177] Median income for males working full-time, year-round, was $42,101, compared to $34,788 for females. Per capita income for the city was $24,430, 14.7% of families and 18.9% of the city's total population living below the poverty line (28.3% were under the age of 18 and 9.2% were age 65 or older).[177]
Homelessness
In 2023, a Point-In-Time Count conducted by the Coalition for Homelessness Intervention and Prevention identified 1,619 homeless individuals in Indianapolis. About 78% of the city's homeless population was sheltered (64% residing in emergency shelters and 14% in transitional housing) while the remaining 22% were unsheltered.[178]
Interior of St. Mary Catholic Church. The parish was established in 1858 to serve the city's German population. As of 2020[update], St. Mary holds daily mass in both English and Spanish.[179]
Of the 42.42% of the city's residents who identify as religious, Roman Catholics make up the largest group, at 11.31%.[180] The second highest religious group in the city are Baptists at 10.31%, with Methodists following behind at 4.97%. Presbyterians make up 2.13% of the city's religiously affiliated population, followed by Pentecostals and Lutherans. Another 8.57% are affiliated with other Christian faiths.[180] 0.32% of religiously affiliated persons identified themselves as following Eastern religions, while 0.68% of the religiously affiliated population identified as Jewish, and 0.29% as Muslim.[180] According to the nonpartisan and nonprofit Public Religion Research Institute's American Values Atlas, 22% of residents identify as religiously "unaffiliated", consistent with the national average of 22.7%.[181]
Indianapolis anchors the 29th largest metropolitan economy in the U.S., with a gross domestic product of (USD) $184.4 billion in 2022.[21] The city's major exports include pharmaceuticals, motor vehicle parts, medical equipment and supplies, engine and power equipment, and aircraft products and parts.[19] According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the largest industries by employment in the Indianapolis metropolitan area are trade, transportation, and utilities; professional and business services; education and health services; government; leisure and hospitality; and manufacturing, respectively. The region's unemployment rate was 1.2 percent in December 2021.[22]
Indianapolis's central location and extensive highway and rail infrastructure have positioned the city as an important logistics center. According to the Indy Chamber, the region was home to some 4,300 establishments employing nearly 110,000 in 2020.[189]Amazon has a major presence in the Indianapolis metropolitan area, employing 9,000.[190]FedEx employs 7,000[191] workers across 35 facilities in the city, including FedEx Express's National Hub, which employs 5,800 workers in sorting, distribution, and shipping at Indianapolis International Airport.[192] Other logistics companies in the region with large workforces include Ingram Micro and Venture Logistics.[191]
Indianapolis anchors one of the largest life sciences clusters in the U.S., notably in the subsectors of drugs and pharmaceuticals and agricultural feedstock and chemicals.[193][194] Life sciences employ between 21,200 and 28,700[195] among nearly 350 companies located in the region.[196] Pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly is the city's largest private employer, with a workforce of 11,000 in research and development, manufacturing, and executive administration.[197] Other major employers include Corteva,[187]Labcorp Drug Development,[198] and Roche's North American headquarters.[199][200][201]
Historically, manufacturing has been a critical component of Indianapolis's economy; however, deindustrialization since the mid-20th century has significantly impacted the city's workforce. Indianapolis is typically considered part of the Rust Belt, a region of the Northeastern and Midwestern U.S. beleaguered by industrial and population decline.[214] Between 1990 and 2012, approximately 26,900 manufacturing jobs were lost in the city as it continued diversification efforts and transitioned to a service economy.[215]RCA and Western Electric formerly employed thousands at their Indianapolis manufacturing plants.[216][217]
Indianapolis is home to Allison Transmission's headquarters and manufacturing facilities, employing 2,500 in the design and production of automatic transmissions and hybrid propulsion systems.[197]Rolls-Royce North America dates its local presence to the establishment of the Allison Engine Company in 1915. Its Indianapolis Operations Center has a workforce of 4,000 in aircraft engine development and manufacturing.[220][197] Other major manufacturing employers include Allegion and RTX Corporation.[197] In 2016, Carrier Corporationannounced the closure of its Indianapolis plant, moving 1,400 manufacturing jobs to Mexico.[221] Carrier later negotiated with the incoming Trump administration to save some jobs. The company's local workforce numbers 800 in gas furnace production.[222]
Since 2020, the arts and social justice organization Ganggang has been a prominent supporter of Black artists in the city. Their annual art fair "BUTTER" is a multi-day art exhibition that takes place over Labor Day weekend at The Stutz building in downtown Indianapolis, as well as a pop-up edition during the 2024 NBA All-Star weekend. In November 2022, The New York Times stated that Ganggang, despite being "barely two years old, [... was] already finding its way into the national art scene, elevating artists of color, maximizing their earnings by giving them all the profit for their work, and proving that Indianapolis is more than a sports city."[229][230][231][232]
All my jokes are Indianapolis. All my attitudes are Indianapolis. My adenoids are Indianapolis. If I ever severed myself from Indianapolis, I would be out of business. What people like about me is Indianapolis.[268][267]
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis is the largest of its kind in the world, with 433,000 square feet (40,227.02 m2) of exhibit space and a collection of over 120,000 artifacts.[271][272] Because of its leadership and innovations, the museum is a world leader in its field.[273]Child and Parents magazine have both ranked the museum as the best children's museum in the U.S.[274] It is one of the city's most popular attractions, drawing nearly 1.3 million visitors in 2019.[275]
The Indianapolis Zoo houses more than 1,400 animals of 235 species while the adjoining White River Gardens contains more than 50,000 plants of nearly 3,000 species, respectively.[276] The zoo is a leader in animal conservation and research, recognized for its biennial Indianapolis Prize award.[277] It is the only American zoo accredited as a zoo, aquarium, and zoological garden by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.[278] It is among the largest privately funded zoos in the U.S.[279] and one of the city's most visited attractions, with 1.1 million guests in 2019.[275]
Beginning construction in 1836, the Indiana Central Canal is the oldest extant artificial facility in the city, recognized as an American Water Landmark since 1971.[284] Between 1985 and 2001, nearly 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the former canal in downtown Indianapolis were reconstructed to link several cultural institutions.[285] This section, known as the Canal Walk, is flanked by walking and bicycling paths and offers gondola rides, pedal boats, kayaks, and surrey rentals.
Indianapolis has an emerging food scene as well as established eateries.[287] Founded in 1821 as the city's public market, the Indianapolis City Market has served the community from its current building since 1886. Before World War II, the City Market and neighboring Tomlinson Hall were home to meat and vegetable vendors. As consumer habits evolved and residents moved from the central city, City Market transitioned from a traditional marketplace to a food hall.[288] In addition to City Market, The AMP and The Garage food halls opened in 2021.[289]
Situated in the Corn Belt, Indianapolis has maintained close ties to farming and food production. Urban agriculture in the city dates to the 1930s, when Flanner House began teaching Black arrivals how to farm on vacant lots during the Great Migration. Within a few years, more than 200 families were tending 600 garden plots on nearly 100 acres (40 ha) of land on the city's near north side.[290] Urban agriculture has made a comeback in recent years in an effort to alleviate food deserts.[291] According to the city's Office of Sustainability, there were 129 community farms and gardens in 2020.[292] As of 2020[update], several farmers' markets have been established throughout Indianapolis.[293]
In 2016, Condé Nast Traveler named Indianapolis the "most underrated food city in the U.S.", while ranking Milktooth as one of the best restaurants in the world.[301][302]Food & Wine called Indianapolis the "rising star of the Midwest", recognizing Milktooth, Rook, Amelia's, and Bluebeard, all in Fletcher Place.[303][304] Several Indianapolis chefs and restaurateurs have been semifinalists in the James Beard Foundation Awards in recent years.[305][306]Microbreweries have become a staple in the city, increasing fivefold since 2009.[307] There are now about 50 craft brewers in Indianapolis, with Sun King Brewing being the largest.[308]
Film Indy was established in 2016 to support local visual artists, filmmakers, and aspiring filmmakers; recruit film and television-related marketing opportunities to the region, and provide resources for producers interested in filming in the city.[321] Since 2016, more than 350 film and media projects have been produced in the Indianapolis region with a collective economic impact of $24.1 million and the creation of 1,900 local jobs.[337]
Indianapolis—officially the Consolidated City of Indianapolis and Marion County—has a consolidated city-county form of government, a status it has held since 1970 under Indiana Code's Unigov provision. Many functions of the city and county governments are consolidated, though some remain separate.[3] The city has a strong mayor–council form of government overseeing six administrative departments. Marion County also contains some 60 taxing units, nine separate civil township governments, and seven special-purpose municipal corporations.[365][366]
The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor, who serves as the chief executive of both the city and county.[367]Joe Hogsett is the 49th and current mayor of Indianapolis. Indianapolis City-County Council is the legislative body and consists of 25 members, all of whom represent geographic districts. The mayor and council members are elected to unlimited four-year terms.[367][368] The judiciary consists of a circuit court and superior court with four divisions and 32 judges.[3] Each of the county's nine civil townships elects its own township trustee, three-member board, assessor, and a constable and small claims court judge, all of whom serve four-year terms.[91]
Until fairly recently, Indianapolis was considered one of the most conservative major cities in the U.S.[373][71] According to 2014 research published in the American Political Science Review, the city's policy preferences are less conservative than the national mean when compared with other large U.S. cities.[374] While Indianapolis as a whole leans Democratic, the southern third of the city, consisting of Decatur, Perry, and Franklin townships, trends Republican.[375]
The Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD) is the city's primary law enforcement agency. IMPD's jurisdiction covers Marion County, excluding the municipalities of Beech Grove, Lawrence, Southport, and Speedway. In 2020, IMPD had 1,700 sworn police personnel and 250 civilian employees across six districts.[379] In 2022, the Community Justice Campus opened, housing the Marion County Sheriff's Office, a new courthouse, jail, and mental health and substance abuse clinic.[380]
The Indianapolis Fire Department (IFD) comprises seven battalions with 44 fire stations.[381] IFD provides mutual aid to the excluded municipalities of Lawrence and Speedway, as well as Decatur, Pike, and Wayne townships (all of which operate separate fire departments). IFD directs operations for Indiana Task-Force One (IN-TF1), one of 28 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams in the U.S.[382] Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services is the largest provider of pre-hospital medical care in Indiana and responds to 120,000 emergency dispatch calls annually.[383] Similar to IFD, the agency's coverage area excludes Decatur, Pike, and Wayne townships, and the town of Speedway.
Crime
Unlike other major Midwest cities like Detroit and Chicago, the homicide rate for Indianapolis remained below the national average throughout the 1990s.[384] Homicides hit a spike in 1998 when the city reached 162 murders. Murders drastically decreased in the following years but spiked again in 2006 with 153 murders.[385] Until 2019, annual criminal homicide numbers had grown each year since 2011, reaching record highs from 2015 to 2018.[386] With 144 criminal homicides, 2015 surpassed 1998 as the year with the most murder investigations in the city. With 159 criminal homicides, 2018 stands as the most violent year on record in the city.[386]FBI data showed a 7% increase in violent crimes committed in Indianapolis, outpacing the rest of the state and country.[387] Law enforcement has blamed increased violence on a combination of root causes, including poverty, substance abuse, and mental illness.[388]
Indianapolis Public Schools is the largest district in the city, enrolling about 23,000 students across 60 schools.[390] In 2015, the district began contracting with charter organizations and nonprofit managers to operate failing schools.[391] About 63% of the district's students attend traditional neighborhood or magnet schools, while the remaining 37% are enrolled in independently managed schools.[392][393] About 18,000 students are enrolled in tuition-free charter schools sponsored by the Indianapolis Mayor's Office of Education Innovation and Indianapolis Charter School Board.[394]
Central Library, the Indianapolis Public Library's main branch
Libraries
Founded in 1873, the Indianapolis Public Library (IndyPL) consists of the Central Library and 24 branches throughout Marion County.[410] Central Library's special collections include the Center for Black Literature & Culture, the Chris Gonzalez Collection, and the Nina Mason Pulliam Indianapolis Special Collections Room. The library collection contains nearly 1.7 million materials staffed by 410 full-time employees and has a circulation of 14.6 million, making it the 9th largest library by circulation in the United States.[411][412]
Indianapolis's transportation infrastructure consists of a complex network that includes a local public bus system, several private intercity bus providers, Amtrak passenger rail service, four freight rail lines, four primary and two auxiliaryInterstate Highways, two airports, a heliport, bikeshare system, 115 miles (185 km) of bike lanes,[292] and 110 miles (177 km) of trails and greenways.[445][292] Private ridesharing companiesLyft and Uber as well as taxicabs operate in the city.[446] Launched in 2018, electric scooter-sharing systems operating in Indianapolis include Bird, Lime, and Veo.[447]
Urban sprawl and the absence of a comprehensive regional public transit system have contributed to Indianapolis residents driving more vehicle miles per capita than any other U.S. city.[448] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 83.7% of working residents in the city commuted by driving alone, 8.4% carpooled, 1.5% used public transportation, and 1.8% walked. About 1.5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 3.1% of working city residents worked at home.[449] In 2015, 10.5 percent of Indianapolis households lacked a car, which decreased to 8.7 percent in 2016, the same as the national average in that year. Indianapolis averaged 1.63 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[450]
Geist Reservoir in northeast Indianapolis is one of the region's four reservoirs
AES Indiana supplies electricity to more than 500,000 Indianapolis customers[467] and maintains 90,000 street lights.[468] Natural gas, water, and wastewater utilities are provided by Citizens Energy Group.[469] The company's thermal division operates the Perry K. Generating Station which produces and distributes steam for heating and cooling to about 160 customers in downtown Indianapolis.[470] The city's water supply is sourced from the White River and its tributaries as well as aquifers via four surface water treatment plants, four reservoirs, and five groundwater pumping stations throughout the region.[471]
Waste collection services in Indianapolis are provided by the city's Department of Public Works Solid Waste Division, Republic Services, and WM.[474] Solid waste disposal in the city is processed by landfill and incineration. Covanta operates a waste-to-energy plant in the city. About 11% of residents subscribe to private curbside recycling services;[475] however, free public recycling drop-off sites are available throughout the city.[476] Of U.S. cities, Indianapolis is the largest without a universal curbside recycling program, resulting in one of the lowest landfill diversion rates.[475][477]
Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion County oversees the city's public health facilities and programs, including the Marion County Public Health Department, Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services, and Eskenazi Health.[481] Eskenazi Health operates ten primary care sites across the city, including the Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital.[482] Other public hospitals include the Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center (managed by the Veterans Health Administration)[483] and the NeuroDiagnostic Institute (managed by the State of Indiana).[484]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records for Indianapolis kept at downtown from February 1871 to December 1942, and at Indianapolis Int'l since January 1943. For more information, see Threadex
^Indianapolis has one former sister city, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. The relationship was formally established in 1996 but dissolved following the 1998 amalgamation of Toronto.[488][489]
References
^ abBodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 1266–1267. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^James R. Jones III, PhD.; Amy L. Johnson (2016). "Early Peoples of Indiana"(PDF). Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 25, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
^ abDavidson, Donald (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
^An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s when it referenced a tract of land under the control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See Hodgin, Cyrus (1903). "The Naming of Indiana"(pdf transcription). Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society. Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society. 1 (1): 3–11. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^A plaque at the City-County Building commissioned by the Society of Indiana Pioneers in 1962 lists these as considered names: "In an act of January 6, 1821, the Indiana General Assembly, then meeting at Corydon, named the new capital of the state 'Indianapolis'. Jeremiah Sullivan, later an eminent Hoosier jurist, acting in cooperation with Samuel Merrill and the approval of Governor Jonathan Jennings, proposed Indianapolis as the name which was chosen in preference to Tecumseh, Suwarrow, and Concord."
^A. C. Howard (1857). A. C. Howard's Directory for the City of Indianapolis: Containing a Correct List of Citizens' Names, Their Residence, and Place of Business, with a Historical Sketch of Indianapolis from its Earliest History to the Present Day. Indianapolis: A. C. Howard. p. 3. See also Hester Ann Hale (1987). Indianapolis, the First Century. Indianapolis: Marion County Historical Society. p. 9.
^Brown, p. 1; Centennial History of Indianapolis, p. 26; and Howard, p. 2.
^James H. Madison (2014). Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 123. ISBN978-0-253-01308-8.
^Hyman, p. 10, and William A. Browne Jr. (Summer 2013). "The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 25 (3): 8–9. Accessed March 25, 2016.
^Brown, pp. 8, 46 and 49; Centennial History of Indianapolis, p. 30; Esarey, v. 3, pp. 42–43 and 201–2; and Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 1479–80. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^"Indianapolis Union Railroad Station". Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
^Holliday, p. 24; Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, v. I, p. 217; and Leary, pp. 94–98.
^John D. Barnhart (September 1961). "The Impact of the Civil War on Indiana". Indiana Magazine of History. Bloomington: Indiana University. 57 (3): 186. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
^Emma Lou Thornbrough (1995). Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880. History of Indiana. Vol. III. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 124. ISBN0-87195-050-2.
^Leary, pp. 99, 113–14, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 441, 443.
^Thornbrough, p. 202; Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1121; and Kenneth M. Stampp (1949). Indiana Politics During the Civil War. Indiana Historical Collections. Vol. 31. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. pp. 199–201. OCLC952264.
^Barnhart, pp. 212–13, and John Holliday (1911). Indianapolis and the Civil War. E. J. Hecker. pp. 58–59.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 1483.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 23.
^James Philip Fadely (Winter 2006). "The Veteran and the Memorial: George J. Gangsdale and the Soldiers and Sailors Monument". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 18 (1): 33–35. Accessed March 26, 2016.
^Trudy E. Bell (Spring 2006). "Forgotten Waters: Indiana's Great Easter Flood of 1913". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 18 (2): 15.
^Unconfirmed deaths numbered as many as twenty-five. See Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 582.
^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 581–582. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 1356.
^"Unigov's 1st Test Is Due". The Indianapolis News. May 25, 1971. p. 41. Retrieved July 3, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. It meant the city's jurisdiction grew overnight from one that covered 82 square miles and just over 500,000 residents to one with 400 square miles and more than 750,000 people.
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^ abBodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 762–763. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^ abBodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 648. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
^City of New York Board of Estimate and Apportionment (1916). Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions: Final Report. New York: M. B. Brown Printing & Binding Co. p. 62.
^ abBodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 28–37. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
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^Donnelly, Cathleen; Verderame, Jyoti (2021) [1994]. "Center Township". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
^ abBodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 132–39. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
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^Bodenhamer, David J.; Barrows, Robert G., eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 867. ISBN0-253-31222-1.
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^Markisohn, Deborah; Snyder, Morgan; Blair, Lyndsey (2021) [1994]. "Visit Indy". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^Markisohn, Deborah; Blair, Lyndsey (2021) [1994]. "Indiana Convention Center". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
^Johnson Taggart, Charles; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]. "Western Electric". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
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^Johnson Taggart, Charles; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]. "Ford Motor Company". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^Jyoti, Verderame (2021) [1994]. "Carrier Corporation". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^Duvall, Jeffery A. (2021) [1994]. "Art Association of Indianapolis". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
^Brooks, Bradley C.; Owings, Frank N. (2004). Oldfields. Indianapolis Museum of Art. ISBN9780936260785.
^Robinson, Anne P.; Berry, S. L. (2008). Every Way Possible: 125 Years of the Indianapolis Museum of Art. Indianapolis Museum of Art. ISBN9780936260853.
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^Gadski, Mary Ellen (2021) [1994]. "Hilbert Circle Theatre". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^Snyder, Suzanne G.; Huber, Jen (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
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^Erickson, Norma (March 2021). "The Cabaret". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
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^Gibbs, Wilma; Bundles, A'lelia (2021) [1994]. "Madam Walker Legacy Center". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^ abBodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 840–843.
^Tom Moon (Music Reviewer) (May 25, 2015). Review: 'In The Beginning,' Wes Montgomery (Radio). National Public Radio (NPR) All Things Considered. Retrieved October 15, 2017. He was one of the most influential guitarists of all time.
^Gerber, Thomas (February 2021). "IndyBaroque Music". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^Elliott, Bill (February 2021). "Indianapolis Chamber Orchestra". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^Hanlin, George (July 2021). "Indianapolis Men's Chorus". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
^Snyder, Suzanne G.; Van Allen, Elizabeth J. (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Opera". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^Gadski, Mary Ellen (2021) [1994]. "Clowes Memorial Hall". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^Fischer, Jessica Erin (May 2021). "Jazz Kitchen". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
^Newberry, Laura (July 19, 2013). "Indy music store stands test of time". The Indianapolis Star. p. A9. Retrieved May 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. According to the association, 15 to 20 businesses have opened in the neighborhood in the past two years, some of which double as music venues. 'Now not only do we have White Rabbit and Radio Radio within a block of us that do music, there are little places popping up everywhere in people's basements,' said Amy England, Osborne's daughter and the store's service manager. 'There's live music every night.'
^Fuller, Milner (March 2021). "American Pianists Association". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
^Cox, Stephen L.; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]. "Museums". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
^Vanderstel, David G. (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Early Music". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
^Fischer, Jessica Erin (July 2021). "Indianapolis Jazz Foundation". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
^Calder, J. Kent (2021) [1994]. "Golden Age of Indiana Literature". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Libraries & Archives. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
^Hurst, Richard M.; Hillier-Geisler, Megan (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Zoo". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
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^Rollins Stanis, Suzanne T. (2021) [1994]. "Indiana Landmarks". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
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^Lauritz Larson, John (2021) [1994]. "Central Canal". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
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^Stuttgen, J.R. (2007). Cafe Indiana: A Guide to Indiana's Down-Home Cafes. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 178. ISBN978-0-299-22493-6. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
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^Markisohn, Deborah B. (2021) [1994]. "St. Elmo Steak House". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
^Ketzenberger, Jolene (July 13, 2012). "St. Elmo Steak House on Forbes' list of 10 classic restaurants". The Indianapolis Star. p. D6. Retrieved July 15, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. St. Elmo Steak House, established in 1902, was recently included in a Forbes.com gallery of 10 classic restaurants around the world. (...) St. Elmo was honored earlier this year with an America's Classic award from the James Beard Foundation.
^Cohen, Deborah (August 2008). "Chain Reaction". Indianapolis Monthly. pp. 89–99.
^Gadski, Mary Ellen (2021) [1994]. "Hilbert Circle Theatre". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
^Smith, Benjamin (June 20, 1999). "Spotlight to shine again on IPD". The Indianapolis Star. p. B3. Retrieved July 1, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. They're using COPS to do it. This spring, IPD media relations director Sgt. Paul Ciesielski sought out TV producer Murray Jordan, a veteran of Fox's hit show COPS. He reminded Jordan that COPS had successfully shot a 'reality-based' segment with Indianapolis police in 1994. (...) In September, IPD will share COPS season premiere with the Marion County Sheriff's Department and the Speedway Police Department.
^Ketzenberger, John (May 3, 2009). "Developer's hope: Makeover home is transformative event". The Indianapolis Star. Gannett. pp. D1–D2. Retrieved May 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. 'Extreme Makeover' has chosen Indianapolis to finish its season and Estridge to build the house.
^Lindquist, David (September 28, 2013). "'Parks and Rec' is headed back to Indianapolis". The Indianapolis Star. p. A2. Retrieved July 1, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. According to NBC, cast and production crew of Parks and Recreation will be in Indianapolis next week to shoot scenes at Lucas Oil Stadium. (...) In 2010, the sitcom shot scenes at the Indiana Statehouse, but no cast members were present.
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^Opsahl, Sam; Verderame, Jyoti A. (July 2021). "Gainbridge Fieldhouse". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^Bodenhamer, David; Barrows, Robert, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 786.
^Opsahl, Sam (July 2021). "Victory Field". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^Opsahl, Sam (June 2021). "Indy Eleven". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^Opsahl, Sam (June 2021). "Indy Fuel". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
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^Zeigler, Connie; Van Allen, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]. "Amateur Sports Governing Bodies". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^Davidson, Donald (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Motor Speedway". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
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^Verderame, Jyoti A. (February 2021). "500 Festival". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
^Hale, Michelle D.; Verderame, Jyoti A. (2021) [1994]. "Circle City Classic". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^Ogden, R. Dale; Opsahl, Sam (July 2021). "NCAA Basketball Finals". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
^Blomquist, William; Vanderstel, David (2021) [1994]. "Structure of Unigov". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^Kirk, Robert; Vanderstel, David (2021) [1994]. "Unigov and Public Finance". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
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^Blomquist, William; White, Elizabeth (2021) [1994]. "City-County Council". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^Zeigler, Connie (2021) [1994]. "Indiana Government Center". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
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^Doherty, William; Fischer, Jessica Erin (2021) [1994]. "Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
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^"Annual Report 2020"(PDF). Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services. Archived from the original(PDF) on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
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^Titus, Charles; Fischer, Jessica (2021) [1994]. "Ivy Tech Community College". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^"About CAP: INDY". www.bsu.edu. Ball State University. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
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^Schwartz, Robert; Blair, Lyndsey (2021) [1994]. "Martin University". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
^Becker, Edwin; Seay, Scott (2021) [1994]. "Christian Theological Seminary". Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis Public Library. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
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