Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with painting, handicraft, jewellery, literature, dialect and clothing prominent even today. For its cuisine, the city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO. The Telugu film industry based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India as of 2021[update].
Until the 19th century, Hyderabad was known for the pearl industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats, and industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and information technology. The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and HITEC City, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.
The name Hyderabad means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from haydar 'lion' and ābād 'city', after CaliphAli Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.[6]
The city was originally called Baghnagar ("city of gardens"[7]), and later acquired the name Hyderabad.[7][8] The European travellers von Poser and Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th century.[9][10][11]: 6
One popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named it Bhagya-nagar ("fortunate city"[12]) after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl whom he married. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city would have been named Hyderabad in her honour.[11]: 6 [13]
The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles in the suburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor, a polymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the Stone Age.[14][15] In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE.[16] The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE.[17] Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal—148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[18] The Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva (1199–1262) built a hilltopoutpost—later known as Golconda Fort—to defend their western region.[15]
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Khalji's general.[19] During this period, Khalji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golconda, to Delhi.[20]Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty; Malik Maqbul Tilangani was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains Musunuri Nayakas—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.[21] In 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga—200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[22][23][24]
In 1496 Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and fortified the old mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[18][25][26] The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,[27][28] to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.[29] During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city.[30] On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperorAurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golconda Fort.[31][32] The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War),[33] whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province Hyderabad Subah.[34] Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: Jan Sipar Khan (1688–1700), his son Rustam Dil Khan (1700–13) and Mubariz Khan (1713–24).[35]
Modern history
In 1713, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he fortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.[36] In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire.[37] His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.[38][39] Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan, to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda.[38]: 93–94 In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[36][40] The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—Nasir Jung (1748–1750), Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751) and Salabat Jung (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam—by which the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast.[41]
Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake,[42] and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj.[36][40]
Post-Independence
A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.
On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,[47][48][49] with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.[50] The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives;[51] terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots;[52] and two bombs exploded in February 2013.[53] On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,[54] and in February 2014 both houses of Parliamentpassed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.[55]
A satellite view of Hyderabad captured by Sentinel-2A, the yellow and brown colours features the city core, the light green shows arid fields and the dark green depicts vegetation. The Musi river and its adjecent small water bodies are highlighted with the blue colour.[56]
Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 km (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 km (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road.[57] It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,[58] along the banks of the Musi River, a tributary of Krishna River located on the Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South India.[59][60][61] Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.[62] With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 m (2,205 ft).[61][63]The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.[61][64] As of 1996[update], the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).[65]
Climate
Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (KöppenAw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).[66] The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F).[67] Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;[68] maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June.[67] The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F).[67] May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26–39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5–28 °C (58.1–82.4 °F).[68]
Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.[68] Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm (10 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C (43 °F) on 8 January 1946.[69] The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.[70]
According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:[81] "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."
The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–(Charminar), East Zone–(L. B. Nagar), West Zone–(Serilingampally), North Zone–(Kukatpally), Northeast Zone–(Secunderabad) and Central Zone–(Khairatabad); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote, as of 2020[update] the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female.[82] The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.[83] The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[62]: 3 The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),[84]: 93 where there are several military camps.[85]: 2 [86] The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.[84]: 93 Appointed in February 2021, Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the mayor of GHMC.[87]
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).[90]
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand.[97][98] The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.[99] As of 2014[update], there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.[100] The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.[61]
Pollution control
Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar.[101] Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.[102] Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB).[103][104] The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.[105] Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.[106] The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low air quality index ratings, suffering from high levels of PM2.5's.[107]Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,[108] is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.[109][110] This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.[111]
The NTR Gardens is among the gardens in the vicinity of Hussain Sagar lake serving as a recreation park.
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.[112][113] As of 2010[update]–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,[114] 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.[115] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[116] 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[115] The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.[117] Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,[118]: 60–61 despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.[118]: 41 As of 2012[update], many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.[117] Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.[119]
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,[118]: 47 which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.[118]: 98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[118]: 97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,[118]: 44, 55–56 while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.[118]: 57
When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[62][122] Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 as of 2001[update] census to 6,809,970 as of 2011[update] census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,[85]: 2 making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city.[1][3] As of 2011[update], the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)[123] and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country.[3] as of 2011[update]census, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[124][125] Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[124][126] The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.[127]
Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority, and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City of Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches, mosques and temples.[134] According to the 2011[update] census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.[135]
Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual.[137] The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is called Deccani.[138]: 1869–70 [139] English is a "Secondary official language" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.[140] A significant minority speak other languages, including Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi and Tamil.[128][failed verification]
Slums
As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line.[141] According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements.[142] About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.[85]: 55 Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depends on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.[143]: 70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹20,000 (US$250) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹24,000 (US$300) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.[85]: 59
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.[144] Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.[145]
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches.[156] The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.[153][157][158]: 11–18 [159]
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from US$40-US$74 billion (PPPGDP), and have ranked it either fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India.[165] Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012.[166] Its per capita annual income in 2011 was ₹44,300 (US$550).[167] As of 2006[update], the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).[168] According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.[169] The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.[170]
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,[180] sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[181] Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.[182][183]
The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.[184] As of 2010[update], the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,[185][186] contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India".[187] Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City).[150][151] As of 2013[update], it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors[188] and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city.[167] The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.[150] The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Oracle Corporation, Dell, Facebook, CISCO,[85]: 3 [189] and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris, Cyient and Wipro.[85]: 3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business.[190] The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.[167]
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.[143]: 71 According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.[194]: 9 Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,[195]: 12 and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.[195]: 15–16 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[195]: 19 Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (63¢ US) to ₹800 (US$10) per day.[194]: 25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.[143]: 71 [196]
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian subcontinent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.[197][198] This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.[199][200]: viii A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana.[201] The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.[202]
Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta–paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez.[203][204][205] Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors.[206] In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths.[207]
Literature
In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia), Qawwali (devotional songs) and Dholak ke Geet (traditional folk songs).[208][209][210] The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.[211]Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.[212] The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.[213] In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.[214] Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.[215] Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,[216] and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.[217]
South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,[218] and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.[219] This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, Dholak ke Geet (household songs based on local folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.[220][221] The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.[222]
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,[223] the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals[224][225] in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika, Lalithakala Thoranam and Lamakaan. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.[226]
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting.[232] Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.[233] The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.[232]
Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Wootz steel, Filigree work, Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act;[153][234] and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.[235]Chintz—a glazed calico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century.[236][237] and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques.[238] Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"[239]), the Telangana State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.[240]
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the government of India's public service broadcaster,[254] which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV.[255] Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television.[252][256] Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.[257] The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998.[258] In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.[259]
During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.[281]: 18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing[282] especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.[283] In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1⁄4 Mile Drag,[284]TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.[285] The 2023 Hyderabad ePrix, at the Hyderabad Street Circuit, was the first FIA Formula E World Championship race in India.[286]
As of 2018[update], the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.[287][288]
Hyderabad Metro, a light-rail rapid transit system, was inaugurated in November 2017. As of 2020[update] it is a 3 track network spread upon 69.2 km (43 mi) with 57 stations, and is the third-largest metro rail network in India after Delhi metro and Namma Metro. Hyderabad's Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180,000 passengers daily.[287] Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities).[289] Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad railway station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan, Kacheguda, Begumpet, Malkajgiri and Lingampalli.[290]
As of 2018[update], there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.[287] The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area[84]: 79 —has led to widespread traffic congestion[291] especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.[292]: 3 The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India,[293] and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and buses.[294]
Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008,[296] capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the 15-25 million passenger category.[297]
^Holister, John Norman (1953). The Shia of India(PDF). Luzac and company limited. pp. 120–125. Archived(PDF) from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
^The march of India. Publications Division, Ministry of Informations and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1959. p. 89. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
Khan, Masud Ḥusain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 14–15. ISBN978-81-260-0233-7.
Reddy, Gayatri (2005). With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in south India. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. ISBN978-0-226-70755-6.
Malleson, George Bruce (2005). An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government. Asian Education Services. pp. 280–292. ISBN978-81-206-1971-5.
Townsend, Meredith (2010). The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14. BiblioBazaar. p. 467. ISBN978-1-145-42314-5.
^Ambedkar, Mahesh (2005). The Architect of Modern India Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar. Diamond Pocket Books. pp. 132–133. ISBN978-81-288-0954-5.
^Falzon, Mark-Anthony (2009). Multi-sited ethnography: theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 165–166. ISBN978-0-7546-9144-0.
^Chande, M.B (1997). The Police in India. Atlantic Publishers. p. 142. ISBN978-81-7156-628-0.
^Guha, Ramachandra (30 January 2013). "Living together, separately". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
Norman, Michael John Thornley; Pearson, C.J; Searle, P.G.E (1995). The ecology of tropical food crops. Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–251. ISBN978-0-521-41062-5.
^Gurjar, Bhola R.; Molina, Luisa T.; Ojha, Chandra S.P., eds. (2010). Air pollution:health and environmental impacts. Taylor and Francis. p. 90. ISBN978-1-4398-0963-1.
^Chunduri, Mridula (29 November 2003). "Manjira faces pollution threat". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^Kennedy, Loraine; Duggal, Ravi; Lama-Rewal, Stephanie Tawa (2009). "7: Assessing urban governance through the prism of healthcare services in Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai". In Ruet, Joel; Lama-Rewal, Stephanie Tawa (eds.). Governing India's metropolises: case studies of four cities. Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-55148-9.
Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, W.G. (1997). Hadhrami traders, scholars, and statesmen in the Indian ocean, 1750s–1960s. Brill Publishers. pp. 77–81. ISBN978-90-04-10771-7.
Ifthekhar, J.S. (10 June 2012). "Hyderabad appeal endures". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^The Land of the Rupee. Bennett, Coleman and Company and The University of Michigan. 1912. p. 311. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023. Perhaps there is no city in India with a population so varied or so warlike as that of Hyderabad. Every man goes about armed with a weapon of some kind, while the military classes are literally armed to the teeth. Here may be seen the Arab, the Siddi, the Rohilla, the Pathan, the Mahratta, the Turk, the Sikh, Persians, Parsis, Madrasis, Negroes, and others.
Hyderabad: an expat survival guide. Chillibreeze. 2007. p. 21. ISBN978-81-904055-5-3.
Leonard, Karen (2011). "Hindu temples in Hyderabad: State patronage and politics in South Asia". South Asian History and Culture. 2 (3): 352. doi:10.1080/19472498.2011.577568. S2CID132551060.
^"C-1 Population By Religious Community". Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2020. On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for "GHMC (M Corp. + OG)" is at row 11 of the downloaded excel file.
^ abcdAlam, Shah Manzoor; Reddy, A. Geeta; Markandey, Kalpana (2011). Urban growth theories and settlement systems of India. Concept Publishing. pp. 79–99. ISBN978-81-8069-739-5.
^ abGopi, K.N (1978). Process of urban fringe development:a model. Concept Publishing. pp. 13–17. ISBN978-81-7022-017-6.
Nath, Viswambhar; Aggarwal, Surinder K (2007). Urbanization, urban development, and metropolitan cities in India. Concept Publishing. pp. 375–380. ISBN978-81-8069-412-7.
Alam, Shah Manzoor; Khan, Fátima Ali (1987). Poverty in metropolitan cities. Concept Publishing. pp. 139–157. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
^ abcdBloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2009). The grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture, volume 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 179 and 286. ISBN978-0-19-530991-1.
^Tillotson, G. H. R. (1993). "Vincent J. Esch and the Architecture of Hyderabad, 1914–36". South Asian Studies. 9 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1080/02666030.1993.9628458.
^ abcSivaramakrishnan, K.C. (12 July 2011). "Heat on Hyderabad". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
^"Employee census 2006". Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh Government. 2006. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
^"Other Albion CX19". Albion CX19 restoration project. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
^ abEconomy, population and urban sprawl(PDF). Urban population, development and environment dynamics in developing countries. 13 June 2007. pp. 7–19. Archived(PDF) from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
^Bharadwaj Chand, Swati (14 November 2011). "Brand Hyderabad loss of gloss?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
^Venkateshwarlu, K. (10 March 2004). "Glory of the gates". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
^Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica educational publishing. p. 188. ISBN978-1-61530-202-4.
Felker, Greg; Chaudhuri, Shekhar; György, Katalin (1997). "The pharmaceutical industry in India and Hungary". World and Regional Supply and Demand Balances for Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potash. World Bank Publications: 9–10. ISSN0253-7494.
^"Biotech industry India"(PDF). Department of Information Technology, Biotechnology and Science & Technology, Government of Karnataka. 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
^Jaisi, sadiq; Luther, Narendra (2004). The Nocturnal Court: The Life of a Prince of Hyderabad. Oxford University Press. p. xlii. ISBN978-0-19-566605-2.
^Hussain Khan, Masud (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 50–77. ISBN978-81-260-0233-7.
^Husain, Ali Alber (2001). Scent in the Islamic Garden: A Study of Deccani Urdu Literary Sources. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN978-0-19-579334-5.
^Datta, Amaresh (2005). Encyclopaedia of Indian literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1260, 1746–1748. ISBN978-81-260-1194-0.
Salam, Zia Us (20 September 2012). "Ankur (1974)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
^Kavirayani, Suresh (1 May 2011). "New breed of Hyderabadi stars". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
James, Ralph; Lefèvre, L (2010). National exhibition of works of art, at Leeds, 1868: official catalogue. The Executive Committee. pp. 301–313. ISBN978-1-165-04393-4.
^Singh, Seema (1988). "Golconda Chintz: Manufacture and Trade in The 17th Century". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 49: 301–305. JSTOR44148394.
^"Central universities". Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^Prasad, Dharmendra (1986). Social and cultural geography of Hyderabad city: a historical perspective. Inter-India Publications. ISBN978-81-210-0045-1.
Sardar, Marika (2007). Golconda through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan (PhD thesis). New York University. ISBN978-0-549-10119-2.
Further reading
Ahmad, Akbar S. (July 1985). "Muslim society in South India: the case of Hyderabad". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 6 (2): 317–331. doi:10.1080/13602008508715945.
Krishnan, Usha Ramamrutham Bala (2001). Jewels of the Nizams. Department of Culture, Government of India, India Book House. ISBN978-81-85832-15-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976). A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press. p. 192. ISBN978-0-19-560686-7.
.svg)
India
-_Male_%26_female_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_7268.jpg)
.jpg)
