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((Short description|Language spoken in Rajasthan, India))
((More citations needed|date=August 2014))
((EngvarB|date=January 2020))
((Use dmy dates|date=January 2020))
((Infobox language family
| name             = Marwari
| image            = Marwari_dev_mahajani_urdu.png
| pronunciation    = ((IPA-hi|mɑɾvɑɽi|))
| states           = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| ethnicity        = [[Marwari people|Marwari]]
| region           =
| speakers         = ((sigfig|20.609400|2)) million, total count
| date             = 2011 census
| speakers2        = (additional speakers counted under Hindi)<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018))</ref>
| ref              = e26
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>
| fam5             = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| script           = [[Devanagari]]<br />[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]<br />[[Mahajani]] (historical)
| iso1             = 
| iso2             = mwr
| iso3             = mwr
| lc1              = dhd
| ld1              = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]]
| lc2              = rwr
| ld2              = Marwari (India)
| lc3              = mve
| ld3              = Marwari (Pakistan)
| lc4              = wry
| ld4              = [[Merwari language|Merwari]]
| lc5              = mtr
| ld5              = [[Mewari language|Mewari]]
| lc6              = swv
| ld6              = [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]]
| lc7              = jog
| ld7              = [[Jogi language|Jogi]]
| lc8              = gdx
| ld8              = [[Godwari dialect|Godwari]]
| lc9              = gig
| ld9              = [[Goaria language|Goaria]]
| lc10             = lrk
| ld10             = [[Loarki language|Loarki]]
| lc11             = gda
| ld11             = [[Loarki language|Gade Lohar]] (duplicate of Loarki)
| lc12             = mki
| ld12             = [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]]
| glotto           = none
| glotto2          = raja1256
| glottoname2      = scattered in Rajasthani
| glottorefname2   = Rajasthani
| map              = File:Marwari map.PNG
| mapcaption       = Dark green indicates Marwari speaking home area in Rajasthan, light green indicates additional dialect areas where speakers identify their language as Marwari.
| child1           = Marwari
| child2           = [[Loarki]]
| child3           = [[Mewari]]
| child4           = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]]
| child5           = [[Shekhawati]]
| child6           = [[Dhatki]]
| child7           = [[Jogi language|Jogi]]
| child8           = [[Goaria]]
| child9           = [[Godwari]]
))
[[File:Rajasthani dialects.gif|thumb|Geographical distribution of Rajasthani languages]]

'''Marwari''' (((lang|mwr|मारवाड़ी)), ((transl|mwr|Mārwāṛī)); also rendered as ''Marwadi'' or ''Marvadi'') is a language within the [[Rajasthani language family]] of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Marwari and its closely related varieties like [[Dhundhari language|Dhundhari]], [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]] and [[Mewari language|Mewari]] form a part of the broader Marwari language family. It is spoken in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], as well as the neighbouring states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Haryana]], some adjacent areas in eastern parts of [[Pakistan]], and some migrant communities in [[Nepal]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ftQEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22marwari+language%22+%22gujarat%22&pg=PA294 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |date=2003-05-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977178-3 |language=en |quote="Marwari : also called Rajasthani, Merwari, Marvari. 12,963,000 speakers in India and Nepal. In India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, throughout India. Dialects are Standard Marwari, Jaipuri, Shekawati, Dhundhari, Bikaneri."))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Upreti |first=Bhuwan Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi5uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22marwari+language%22+%22nepal%22 |title=Indians in Nepal: A Study of Indian Migration to Kathmandu |date=1999 |publisher=Kalinga Publications |isbn=978-81-85163-10-9 |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Marwari Mahotsav 2018 |url=http://ecs.com.np/features/marwari-mahotsav-2018 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=ECS NEPAL |language=en))</ref> Most prominent languages included within Marwari are Marwari, . There are two dozen varieties of Marwari. Marwari is also referred to as simply Rajasthani.

Marwari is popularly written in [[Devanagari]] script, as are many languages of India and Nepal, including [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], and [[Sanskrit]]; although it was historically written in [[Mahajani]], it is still written in the [[Perso-Arabic script]] by the Marwari minority in Eastern parts of Pakistan (the standard/western [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script variant is used in [[Sindh Province]], and the eastern [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastalik]] variant is used in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]), where it has educational status but where it is rapidly shifting to [[Urdu]].<ref name="ethnologue-mve">((cite web |title=Pakistani Marwari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mve |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en))</ref>

Marwari has no official status in India and is not used as a language of education. Marwari is still spoken widely in [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]], [[Pali district|Pali]], [[Jaisalmer]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Nagaur]], [[Bikaner]].

== History ==
It is believed that Marwari and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] evolved from ''[[Old Western Rājasthāni|Old Western Rajasthani]]'' or ''[[Dingal]]''.<ref>((Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC |title=Against History, Against State |date=2006 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 |pages=43 |language=en |quote=The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.))</ref> Formal grammar of Gurjar Apabhraṃśa was written by [[Jain]] monk and [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] scholar [[Acharya Hemachandra|Hemachandra Suri]].((citation needed|date=August 2020))

== Geographical distribution ==
Marwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in the neighbouring state of [[Gujarat]] and in Eastern [[Pakistan]]. Speakers are also found in [[Bhopal]]. With around 7.9 million speakers in India according to the 2001 census.<ref>((cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in |website=censusindia.gov.in))</ref>

Some [[Dialect|dialects]] of Marwari are:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Marwari Dialects
! Dialect !! Spoken in
|-
| [[Thali dialect|Thali]]|| [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]], [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]], [[Phalodi district|Phalodi]], [[Balotra district|Balotra]] districts
|-
| [[Godwari dialect|Godwari]]|| [[Jalore district|Jalore]], [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]], [[Sanchore district|Sanchore]], [[Pali district|Pali]] districts
|-
| [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]]|| Eastern [[Sindh]] and [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
|-
| [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]]||
[[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]], [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Neem Ka Thana district|Neem ka thana]] districts
|-
| [[Mewari language|Merwari]]|| [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]], [[Beawar district|Beawer]], [[Kekri district|Kekri]], [[Nagaur district|Nagore]], [[Dudu district|Dudu]] districts
|}
<ref>((Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| pages = 12, 444))</ref>

== Lexis ==
Indian Marwari [rwr] in Rajasthan shares a 50%–65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a [[Swadesh list|Swadesh 210 word list]] comparison). It has many [[cognate]] words with Hindi.  Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Marwari. For example, /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari).

Pakistani Marwari [mve] shares 87% lexical similarity between its Southern subdialects in Sindh (Utradi, Jaxorati, and Larecha) and Northern subdialects in Punjab (Uganyo, Bhattipo, and Khadali), 79%–83% with [[Dhatki language|Dhakti]] [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr] is decreasing due to the rapid shift of active speakers in Pakistan to Urdu, their use of the Arabic script and different sources of support medias, and their separation from Indian Marwaris, even if there are some educational efforts to keep it active (but absence of official recognition by Pakistani or provincial government level). Many words have been borrowed from other Pakistani languages.<ref name="ethnologue-mve"/>

Merwari [wry] shares 82%–97% intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve], with 60%–73% lexical similarity between Merwari varieties in Ajmer and Nagaur districts, but only 58%–80% with Shekhawati [swv], 49%–74% with Indian Marwari [rwr], 44%–70% with Godwari [gdx], 54%–72% with Mewari [mtr], 62%–70% with Dhundari [dhd], 57%–67% with Haroti [hoj]. Unlike Pakistani Marwari [mve], the use of Merwari remains vigorous, even if its most educated speakers also proficiently speak [[Hindi]] [hin].<ref name="ethnologue-wry">((cite web|title=Merwari|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wry|website=Ethnologue|access-date=4 September 2019|language=en))</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Marwari Dialects Comparison
! Dialect !! Lexical Similarity with [[Hindi]]!! Phonetic Correspondences
|-
| Indian Marwari [rwr] || 50%–65% || Notable: /s/ in Hindi → /h/ in Marwari (e.g., /sona/ 'gold' → /hono/ 'gold')
|-
| Pakistani Marwari [mve] || 87% (Southern [[Sindh]]) / 79%–83% ([[Dhatki language|Dhakti]] [mki]) / 78% (Meghwar, Bhat Marwari) || Mutual intelligibility decreasing due to shifts in [[Pakistan]]
|-
| Merwari [wry] || 82%–97% (with Pakistani Marwari [mve]) / 60%–73% ([[Ajmer district|Ajmer]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]) || 58%–80% ([[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]] [swv]) / 49%–74% (Indian Marwari [rwr]) / 44%–70% ([[Godwari dialect|Godwari]] [gdx]) / 54%–72% ([[Mewari language|Mewari]] [mtr]) / 62%–70% ([[Dhundari language|Dhundari]] [dhd]) / 57%–67% ([[Hadauti language|Haroti]] [hoj])
|-
| Merwari [wry] vs. Pakistani Marwari [mve] || Intelligibility: 82%–97% || 
|-
| Merwari [wry] vs. Indian Marwari [rwr] || Intelligibility: 49%–74% || 
|-
| Merwari [wry] vs. Shekhawati [swv] || Intelligibility: 58%–80% ||
|-
| Merwari [wry] vs. Godwari [gdx] || Intelligibility: 44%–70% ||
|-
| Merwari [wry] vs. Mewari [mtr] || Intelligibility: 54%–72% ||
|-
| Merwari [wry] vs. Dhundari [dhd] || Intelligibility: 62%–70% ||
|-
| Merwari [wry] vs. Haroti [hoj] || Intelligibility: 57%–67% ||
|}

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels<ref name=Kakali>
((cite thesis| first=Kakali|last=Mukherjee |year=2013 |title=Marwari  |publisher=Linguistic Survey of India LSI Rajasthan|url= https://www.academia.edu/44366931))</ref>
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[Close vowel|Close]]
|((IPA link|i))
|
|colspan="2"|((IPA link|u))
|-
|((IPA link|ɪ))
|
|colspan="2"|((IPA link|ʊ))
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|((IPA link|e))
|rowspan="2"|((IPA link|ə))
|((IPA link|o))
|-
|((IPA link|ɛ))
|((IPA link|ɔ))
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|((IPA link|ä))
|
|}
*Nasalization of vowels is phonemic, all of the vowels can be nasalized.<ref name=Kakali/>
*Diphthongs are /ai, ia, ae, əi, ei, oi, ui, ua, uo/<ref name=Kakali/>

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonants<ref name=Kakali/>
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Post alveolar consonant|Post-alv]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| ((IPA link|m))
| ((IPA link|n))
| ((IPA link|ɳ))
|
| ((IPA link|ŋ))
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
| ((IPA link|p))
| ((IPA link|t))
| ((IPA link|ʈ))
| ((IPA link|t͡ɕ))
| ((IPA link|k))
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|<small>aspirated</small>]]
| ((IPA|pʰ))
| ((IPA|tʰ))
| ((IPA|ʈʰ))
| ((IPA|t͡ɕʰ))
| ((IPA|kʰ))
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
| ((IPA link|b))
| ((IPA link|d))
| ((IPA link|ɖ))
| ((IPA link|d͡ʑ))
| ((IPA link|ɡ))
|
|-
![[Breathy consonant|<small>breathy</small>]]
| ((IPA|bʱ))
| ((IPA|dʱ))
| ((IPA|ɖʱ))
| ((IPA|d͡ʑʱ))
| ((IPA|ɡʱ))
|
|-
![[Implosive consonant|<small>implosive</small>]]
| ((IPA link|ɓ))
| ((IPA link|ɗ))
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
| ((IPA link|s))
|
|
|
| ((IPA link|h))
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Sonorant]]
! <small>[[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]</small>
|
| ((IPA link|r))
| ((IPA link|ɽ))
|
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|((IPA link|w))
| ((IPA link|l))
| ((IPA link|ɭ))
|((IPA link|j))
|
|
|}
*Implosives are mostly only found word initially and it formed due to the influence of neighbouring languages.<ref name=Kakali/>
*/((IPA link|w))/ is [((IPA link|ʋ))] before front vowels and [((IPA link|w))] elsewhere e.g. [ʋɪwwa] 'marriage'.<ref>((cite book |last1=Gusain |first1=Lakhan |title=Marwari |url=https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Indo-European/Indo-Aryan/Marwari%20%28Gusain%29.pdf))</ref>

== Morphology ==
Marwari languages have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani (Hindi or Urdu).((citation needed|date=September 2019)) Their primary word order is [[subject–object–verb]]<ref name="ethnologue-rwr">((cite web |title=Indian Marwari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rwr |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en))</ref><ref name="ethnologue-dhd">((cite web |title=Dhundari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rwr |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en))</ref><ref name="ethnologue-swv">((cite web |title=Shekhawati |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rwr |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en))</ref><ref name="ethnologue-mtr">((cite web |title=Mewari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wry |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en))</ref><ref name="ethnologue-hoj">((cite web |title=Haroti |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoj |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en))</ref> Most of the pronouns and interrogatives used in Marwari are distinct from those used in Hindi; at least Marwari proper and [[Harauti language|Harauti]] have a [[clusivity]] distinction in their plural pronouns.((citation needed|date=September 2019))

== Vocabulary ==
((Unreferenced section|date=July 2020))
Marwari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], however, elements of grammar and basic terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility.

== Writing system ==
Marwari is generally written in the Devanagari script, although the [[Mahajani]] script is traditionally associated with the language. In Pakistan it is written in the [[Perso-Arabic script]] with modifications. Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters.<ref>((cite web|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|date=23 May 2011|url=http://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3970.pdf|title=Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari|access-date=6 January 2021))</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | Marwari in Devanagari and Perso-Arabic script<ref>((cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/marwari.htm|title=Marwari|website=Omniglot.com|access-date=6 January 2021))</ref>((better source needed|date=December 2020))
!Devanagari
!Perso-Arabic
!Latin
!IPA
|-
|अ
|—
|a
|ə
|-
|आ
|ﺍ
|ā
|ɑ
|-
|इ
|ـِ
|i
|ɪ
|-
|ई
|ﺍیِ
|ī
|i
|-
|उ
|ـُ
|u
|ʊ
|-
|ऊ
|ﺍۇ
|ū
|u
|-
|ए
|اے
|e
|e
|-
|ओ
|ﺍو
|o
|o
|-
|अं
| rowspan="8" |—
|ã
|ə̃
|-
|आं
|ā̃
|ɑ̃
|-
|इं
|ĩ
|ɪ̃
|-
|ईं
|ī̃
|ĩ
|-
|उं
|ũ
|ʊ̃
|-
|ऊं
|ū̃
|ũ
|-
|एं
|ẽ
|ẽ
|-
|ओं
|õ
|õ
|-
|क
|ک
|k
|k
|-
|ख
|کھ
|kh
|kʰ
|-
|ग
|گ
|g
|g
|-
|घ
|گھ
|gh
|gʱ
|-
|च
|چ
|c
|t͡ʃ
|-
|छ
|چھ
|ch
|t͡ʃʰ
|-
|ज
|ج
|j
|d͡ʒ
|-
|झ
|جھ
|jh
|d͡ʒʰ
|-
|ट
|ٹ
|ṭ
|ʈ
|-
|ठ
|ٹه
|ṭh
|ʈʰ
|-
|ड
|ڈ
|ḍ
|ɖ
|-
|ढ
|ڈه
|ḍh
|ɖʰ
|-
|ॾ
|ڏ
|d̤
|ᶑ
|-
|ॾ़
|ڏه
|d̤h
|ᶑʰ
|-
|ण
|ݨ
|ṇ
|ɳ
|-
|ण़
|ݨه
|ṇh
|ɳʰ
|-
|त
|ت
|t
|t̪
|-
|थ
|تھ
|th
|t̪ʰ
|-
|द
|د
|d
|d̪
|-
|ध
|ده
|dh
|d̪ʰ
|-
|न
|ن
|n
|n
|-
|ऩ
|نھ
|nh
|nʰ
|-
|प
|پ
|p
|p
|-
|फ
|پھ
|ph
|pʰ
|-
|ब
|ب
|b
|b
|-
|भ
|بھ
|bh
|bʰ
|-
|ॿ
|ٻ
|b̤
|ɓ
|-
|ॿ़
|ٻه
|b̤h
|ɓʰ
|-
|म
|م
|m
|m
|-
|म़
|مھ
|mh
|mʰ
|-
|य
|ےٜٜ
|y
|j
|-
|र
|ر
|r
|ɾ
|-
|ड़
|رؕ
|r̤
|ɽ
|-
|ढ़
|رؕه
|r̤h
|ɽʰ
|-
|ज़
|ز
|z
|z
|-
|ॼ़
|زه
|zh
|zʰ
|-
|ल
|ل
|l
|l
|-
|ल़
|لھ
|lh
|lʰ
|-
|ळ
|ݪ
|ḷ
|ɭ
|}

==See also==
* [[Hadauti language|Hadauti]]
* [[Lambadi]]
* [[List of Indian languages by total speakers]]
* [[Marwari Muslims]]
* [[Marwari people]]
* [[Shekhawati]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Lakhan Gusain (2004). Marwari. Munich: Lincom Europa (LW/M 427)
* ((cite web|last = Mukherjee| first = Kakali| title = Marwari| year = 2011| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_Rajasthan/5_Marwari.pdf))

== External links ==
((Incubator|code=rwr))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716011927/http://www.freewebs.com/hanvant/rajasthani_dictionary.htm Hanvant's Rajasthani Dictionary]

((Rajasthani languages))
((Indo-Aryan languages))
((Languages of India))
((Languages of Pakistan))
((Languages of Nepal))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Western Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Sindh]]
[[Category:Marwar]]
[[Category:Rajasthani languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

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